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Gastrointestinal Motor Function

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Gastrointestinal Physiology

Abstract

One of the major functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is to carry out some types of movement that allows the aborally directed flow of luminal contents. This function is referred to as GI motor function or motility. GI motor function is the result of the activities of muscles located in different layers of the tract. The muscles of the digestive apparatus function to ensure proper chewing in the mouth, swallowing, and movement of luminal contents through the digestive tract and removal of undigested residues from the body. The functions of muscles of the gut are to a large extent determined by the influences from the surrounding environment. However, the gut at certain locations maintains a basal level of motility, which, in part, is due to the functional pacemaker activity of the intestine. The discovery of GI motility (mechanical activity or mechanistic functions of the gut) and the basis of its functionality provided important information on future research directions, which now form the basis of our understanding of GI motility. This chapter aims to identify the course and key milestones in GI motility research. The basis and regulation of gut motility are also discussed. The chapter lays down basic concepts and principles of motility of different regions of the gut and their relationship to the maintenance of the functioning of digestion.

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Abbreviations

ADF:

Actin-depolymerizing factor

Ang II:

Angiotensin II

Arp2/3:

Actin-related protein-2 and -3

BK:

Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel

CaMKII:

Ca2+/calmodulin(CaM)-dependent kinase type II

CD34:

Cluster of differentiation-34

CGRP:

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

CPI-17:

Protein kinase C-potentiated inhibitor protein or C-kinase potentiated protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor, molecular weight 17 kDa

cpm:

Cycle per minute

CREB:

cAMP-responsive element-binding protein

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

EDHF:

Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase type

ERK:

Extracellular signal responsive kinase

FC:

Fast closing

FO:

Fast opening

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GIP:

Gastric inhibitory peptide

GPCR:

G protein-coupled receptor

GRP:

Gastrin-releasing peptide

ICCs:

Interstitial Cajal cells

ILK:

Integrin-linked kinase

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IP2:

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

IP3:

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

IP3R:

IP3 receptor

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MEK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (also known as MAPK kinase or MAPKK or MKK)

MHC:

Myosin heavy chain

MLC:

Myosin light chain

MLCK:

Myosin light-chain kinase

MLCP:

MLC phosphatase

MMC:

Migrating motor complex or migrating myoelectrical activity

MyBP-C:

Myosin-binding protein C

MYPT1:

Myosin-binding regulatory subunit-1 of MLC phosphatase

NO:

Nitric oxide

OTT:

Oral transit time

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

PDE:

Phosphodiesterase

PDGFRα:

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha

PGI2:

Prostacyclin, prostaglandin

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PLCβ:

Phospholipase C isozyme β

PTT:

Pharyngeal transit time

RMP:

Resting membrane potential

ROCK:

Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase

RyR:

Ryanodine receptor

SC:

Slow closing

SER:

Sarcoendoplasmic reticulum

SIP:

Smooth muscle cell, ICC cell, PDGFRα+ cell

SK:

Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel

SO:

Slow opening

SR:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

VASP:

Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

WASP:

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein

ZIPK:

Zipper interacting protein kinase

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  1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT-Abuja, Nigeria

    Menizibeya Osain Welcome MD, PhD

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Welcome, M.O. (2018). Gastrointestinal Motor Function. In: Gastrointestinal Physiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91056-7_7

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