Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and the “non-tuberculous mycobacteria,” are characterised by the presence of a robust cell envelope that influences pathogenicity but also provides targets for antimycobacterial drugs. A key cell envelope component is a lipid rich mycobacterial outer membrane (MOM) involving “free” lipids interacting with a “bound” layer of high molecular weight (70–90 carbons) long-chain fatty acids, the mycolic acids. The principal free lipids range from the highly hydrophobic phthiocerol dimycocerosate waxes through related glycosyl phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosates (phenolic glycolipids) to strongly antigenic hydrophilic glycopeptidolipids and lipooligosaccharides. The mycolic acids are covalently linked to a special arabinogalactan polysaccharide, which is attached to the basal cell wall structural peptidoglycan. The specialized mycobacterial inner membrane (MIM) is rich in characteristic glycophospholipids, the phosphatidylinositol mannoside family, which are extended into important lipopolysaccharides, the lipomannans, and lipoarabinomanns. The origins and structures of the full range of lipids, from clinically significant mycobacteria, are detailed.
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Support to PJB from USA NIH/NIAID grants AI018357 and AI064798 and to DEM from UK Medical Research Council Programme Grant MR/S000542/1 is acknowledged.
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Dedication: To the memory of Philip Draper (1936–2019), a scientist of the highest integrity whose outstanding research in lipid chemistry and biochemistry was fundamental in the characterization of the leprosy bacillus and related mycobacteria.
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Minnikin, D.E., Brennan, P.J. (2020). Lipids of Clinically Significant Mycobacteria. In: Goldfine, H. (eds) Health Consequences of Microbial Interactions with Hydrocarbons, Oils, and Lipids. Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72473-7_7-1
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