Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration pp 235–250Cite as

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: A Tool for Enhancing Crop Production

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Soil microbes play a crucial role in determining many key components such as soil fertility, soil biodiversity and plant health. Due to excessive use of intensive agricultural practices like high inputs of pesticides, insecticides and inorganic fertilizers, the existence of these soil microbes having promising characteristics have become marginalized. However, in today’s time introduction of environmental protection programs have created much awareness in many countries, including India, and intensive agricultural pattern is shifting towards low input (sustainable) agricultural regimes. Low input (sustainable) agriculture systems includes minimizing the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other such products and promoting organic and low cost methods into the agricultural system for better yield and protection against diseases. It is therefore, of vital importance for us to understand and manipulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for better crop productivity and establishment of sustainable agro-ecosystems. Characterization of beneficial soil microbes would be an important step towards understanding such below ground interactions. The focus of this chapter is upon understanding the functioning of Arbuscular mycorrhizae, its ecological significance and possible role in enhancing crop production.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Abuarghub SM, Read DJ (1988) The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae. New Phytol 108(4):433–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04184.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K-I, Hayashi H (2005) Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435:824–827. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03608

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amora-Lazcano E, Vázquez MM, Azcón R (1998) Response of nitrogen-transforming microorganisms to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biol Fertil Soils 27:65–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appoloni S, Lekberg Y, Tercek MT, Zabinski CA, Redecker D (2008) Molecular community analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park (USA). Microb Ecol 56:649–659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arines J, Vilariño A (1991) Growth, micronutrient content and vesicular-arbuscular fungi infection of herbaceous plants on lignite mine spoils: a greenhouse pot experiment. Plant Soil 135:269–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aroca R, Del Mar Alguacil M, Vernieri P, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2008) Plant responses to drought stress and exogenous ABA application are modulated differently by mycorrhization in tomato and an ABA-deficient mutant (sitiens). Microb Ecol 56:704–719

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Augé RM (2001) Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11:3–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005720100097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auge RM, Toler HD, Saxton AM (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza 25:13–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bago B, Zipfel W, Williams RM, Piche Y (1999) Nuclei of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as revealed by in vivo two-photon microscopy. Protoplasma 209:77–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcon R, Azcon-Aguilar C (2005) Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56:1761–1778

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bari R, Jones JD (2009) Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses. Plant Mol Biol 69:473–488

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barzana G, Aroca R, Paz JA, Chaumont F, Martinez-Ballesta MC, Carvajal M, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis increases relative apoplastic water flow in roots of the host plant under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Ann Bot 109:1009–1017

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beever RE, Burns DJW (1980) Phosphorus uptake, storage and utilization by fungi. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Besserer A, Puech-Pagès V, Kiefer P, Gomez-Roldan V, Jauneau A, Roy S, Portais J-C, Roux C, Bécard G, Séjalon-Delmas N (2006) Strigolactones stimulate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by activating mitochondria. PLoS Biol 4:226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boer W, Folman LB, Summerbell RC, Boddy L (2005) Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29:795–811

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfante P, Genre A (2010) Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nat Commun 1:48. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1046

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brundrett MC (2009) Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil 320:37–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9877-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher M, Wegmüller S, Drissner D (2009) Chasing the structures of small molecules in arbuscular mycorrhizal signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:500–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2009.06.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caris C, Hördt W, Hawkins H-J, Römheld V, George E (1998) Studies of iron transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae from soil to peanut and sorghum plants. Mycorrhiza 8:35–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005720050208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Song F, Liu F, Tian C, Liu S, Xu H, Zhu X (2014) Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and physiology of maize at ambient and low temperature Regimes. Sci World J 2014:7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/956141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu EY (1999) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on Euterpe oleracea mart. (açaí) seedlings. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 34:1018–1024

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark RB, Zeto SK (2000) Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. J Plant Nutr 23:867–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160009382068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cliquet J-B, Stewart GR (1993) Ammonia assimilation in Zea mays L. infected with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum. Plant Physiol 101:865–871

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho IR, Pedone-Bonfim MVL, Silva FSB, Maia LC (2014) Optimization of the production of mycorrhizal inoculum on substrate with organic fertilizer. Braz J Microbiol 45:1173–1178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett EA, Anderson RC, Rodgers CS (1996) Prairie revegetation of a strip mine in Illinois: fifteen years after establishment. Restoration Ecol 4:346–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00187.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cress WA, Throneberry GO, Lindsey DL (1979) Kinetics of phosphorus absorption by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal tomato roots. Plant Physiol 64:484–487. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.64.3.484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cress WA, Johnson GV, Barton LL (1986) The role of endomycorrhizal fungi in iron uptake by Hilaria jamesii. J Plant Nutr 9:547–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904168609363465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croll D, Giovannetti M, Koch AM, Sbrana C, Ehinger M, Lammers PJ, Sanders IR (2009) Nonself vegetative fusion and genetic exchange in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytol 181:924–937

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz C, Egsgaard H, Trujillo C, Ambus P, Requena N, Martins-Loução MA, Jakobsen I (2007) Enzymatic evidence for the key role of arginine in nitrogen translocation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol 144:782–792. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.090522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Douds DD Jr, Nagahashi G, Pfeffer PE, Kayser WM, Reider C (2005) On-farm production and utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Can J Plant Sci 85:15–21. https://doi.org/10.4141/p03-168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas AE (2008) Conflict, cheats and the persistence of symbioses. New Phytol 177:849–858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay RD (2008) Ecological aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis: with special emphasis on the functional diversity of interactions involving the extraradical mycelium. J Exp Bot 59:1115–1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin JA, Bécard G, Declerck S, Dalpé Y, St-Arnaud M, Coughlan AP, Piché Y (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhiza on root-organ cultures. Can J Bot 80:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1139/b01-139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank A, Trappe J (2005) On the nutritional dependence of certain trees on root symbiosis with belowground fungi (an English translation of A.B. Frank’s classic paper of 1885). Mycorrhiza 15:267–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavito ME, Curtis PS, Mikkelsen TN, Jakobsen I (2000) Atmospheric CO2 and mycorrhiza effects on biomass allocation and nutrient uptake of nodulated pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. J Exp Bot 51:1931–1938. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.352.1931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavito ME, Schweiger P, Jakobsen I (2003) P uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae: effect of soil temperature and atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Glob Chang Biol 9:106–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1996) Plant cell responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: getting to the roots of the symbiosis. Plant Cell 8:1871–1883

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Giri B, Giang PH, Kumari R, Prasad R, Sachdev M, Garg AP, Oelmüller R, Varma A (2005) Mycorrhizosphere: strategies and functions. Soil Biol 3:213–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goulding KWT (2016) Soil acidification and the importance of liming agricultural soils with particular reference to the United Kingdom. Soil Use Manage 32:390–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham JH (2001) What do root pathogens see in mycorrhizas? New Phytol 149:357–359

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutjahr C, Banba M, Croset V, An K, Miyao A, An G, Hirochika H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Paszkowski U (2008) Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific signaling in rice transcends the common symbiosis signaling pathway. Plant Cell 20:2989–3005

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison MJ, van Buuren ML (1995) A phosphate transporter from the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme. Nature 378:626–629

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hijri M, Sanders IR (2005) Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei. Nature 433:160–163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Luo S, Zeng R (2003) Mechanisms of plant disease resistance induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 14:819–822

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito Y, Katsura K, Maruyama K, Taji T, Kobayashi M, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2006) Functional analysis of rice DREB1/CBF-type transcription factors involved in cold-responsive gene expression in transgenic rice. Plant Cell Physiol 47:141–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen A, Jakobsen I, Jensen ES (1993) Hyphal transport by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of N applied to the soil as ammonium or nitrate. Biol Fertil Soils 16:66–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalvati MA, Hu Y, Mozafar A, Schmidhalter U (2005) Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Plant Biol 7:706–712

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiers ET, van der Heijden MG (2006) Mutualistic stability in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: exploring hypotheses of evolutionary cooperation. Ecology 87:1627–1636

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koske RE (1987) Distribution of VA mycorrhizal fungi along a latitudinal temperature gradient. Mycologia 79:55–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosuta S, Chabaud M, Lougnon G, Gough C, Dénarié J, Barker DG, Bécard G (2003) A diffusible factor from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induces symbiosis-specific MtENOD11 expression in roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 131:952–962

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kothari SK, Marschner H, Römheld V (1991) Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil. Plant Soil 131:177–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn H, Kuster H, Requena N (2010) Membrane steroid-binding protein 1 induced by a diffusible fungal signal is critical for mycorrhization in Medicago truncatula. New Phytol 185:716–733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leal PL, Stürmer SL, Siqueira JO (2009) Occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in trap cultures from soils under different land use systems in the Amazon, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 40:111–121

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann A, Veresoglou SD, Leifheit EF, Rillig MC (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on zinc nutrition in crop plants- a meta-analysis. Soil Biol Biochem 69:123–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leyval C, Joner EJ, del Val C, Haselwandter K (2002) Potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for bioremediation. In: Gianinazzi S, Schüepp H, Barea JM, Haselwandter K (eds) Mycorrhizal technology in agriculture: from genes to bioproducts. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 175–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X-L, George E, Marschner H (1991) Phosphorus depletion and pH decrease at the root–soil and hyphae–soil interfaces of VA mycorrhizal white clover fertilized with ammonium. New Phytol 119:397–404

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mader P, Vierheilig H, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Frey B, Christie P, Wiemken A (2000) Transport of 15N from a soil compartment separated by a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane to plant roots via the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 146:155–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Dewbre GR, Harrison MJ (2001) A phosphate transporter gene from the extra-radical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is regulated in response to phosphate in the environment. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:1140–1148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markmann K, Giczey G, Parniske M (2008) Functional adaptation of a plant receptor- kinase paved the way for the evolution of intracellular root symbioses with bacteria. PLoS Biol 6(3):e68

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meixner C, Ludwig-Müller J, Miersch O, Gresshoff P, Staehelin C, Vierheilig H (2005) Lack of mycorrhizal autoregulation and phytohormonal changes in the supernodulating soybean mutant nts1007. Planta 222:709–715

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza RE, Pagani EA (1997) Influence of phosphorus nutrition on mycorrhizal growth response and morphology of mycorrhizae in Lotus tenuis. J Plant Nutr 20:625–639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parniske M (2008) Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:763–775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porcel R, Azcón R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2004) Evaluation of the role of genes encoding for Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) during drought stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal Glycine max and Lactuca sativa plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 65:211–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porcel R, Aroca R, Azcon R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2006) PIP aquaporin gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal Glycine max and Lactuca sativa plants in relation to drought stress tolerance. Plant Mol Biol 60:389–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porras-Soriano A, Soriano-Martín ML, Porras-Piedra A, Azcón R (2009) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth, nutrient uptake and tolerance to salinity in olive trees under nursery conditions. J Plant Physiol 166:1350–1359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Read DJ, Perez-Moreno J (2003) Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance? New Phytol 157:475–492. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00704.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes LH, Gerdemann JW (1975) Phosphate uptake zones of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal onions. New Phytol 75:555–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Rillig MC, Wright SF, Eviner VT (2002) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation: comparing effects of five plant species. Plant Soil 238:325–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Lozano JM (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of osmotic stress. New perspectives for molecular studies. Mycorrhiza 13:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-003-0237-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Lozano JM, del Mar Alguacil M, Barzana G, Vernieri P, Aroca R (2009) Exogenous ABA accentuates the differences in root hydraulic properties between mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal maize plants through regulation of PIP aquaporins. Plant Mol Biol 70:565–579

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Sanchez M, Aroca R, Munoz Y, Polon R, Ruiz-Lozano JM (2010) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress. J Plant Physiol 167:862–869

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Romera B, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Zamarreno AM, Garcia-Mina JM, Aroca R (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and methyl jasmonate avoid the inhibition of root hydraulic conductivity caused by drought. Mycorrhiza 26:111–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders FE, Tinker PB (1973) Phosphate flow into mycorrhizal roots. Pesticide Sci 4:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780040316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sannazzaro AI, Álvarez CL, Menéndez AB, Pieckenstain FL, Albertó EO, Ruiz OA (2004) Ornithine and arginine decarboxylase activities and effect of some polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors on Gigaspora rosea germinating spores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 230:115–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE (1993) Transport at the mycorrhizal interface. Mycorrhiza 5:1–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szaniszlo PJ, Powell PE, Reid CPP, Cline GR (1981) Production of hydroxamate siderophore iron chelators by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia 73:1158–1174. https://doi.org/10.2307/3759685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tawaraya K, Hirose R, Wagatsuma T (2012) Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can substantially reduce phosphate fertilizer application to Allium fistulosum L. and achieve marketable yield under field condition. Biol Fertil Soils 48:839–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108:20260–20264

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tobar RM, Azcón R, Barea JM (1994) The improvement of plant N acquisition from an ammonium-treated, drought-stressed soil by the fungal symbiont in arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycorrhiza 4:105–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00203769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White PR (1943) A handbook of plant tissue culture. J. Cattle, Lancaster, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson GW, Rice CW, Rillig MC, Springer A, Hartnett DC (2009) Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments. Ecol Lett 12:452–461

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright SF, Anderson RL (2000) Aggregate stability and glomalin in alternative crop rotations for the central Great Plains. Biol Fertil Soils 31:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050653

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano-Melo AM, Saggin OJ Jr, Costa Maia L (2003) Tolerance of mycorrhized banana (Musa sp. cv. Pacovan) plantlets to saline stress. Agric Ecosyst Environ 95:343–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahran HH (1999) Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:968–989

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, India

    Suvigya Sharma & Anil Kumar Sharma

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, E-3 Fourth Floor, Noida, 201313, India

    Suvigya Sharma, Ram Prasad & Ajit Varma

Authors
  1. Suvigya Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anil Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ram Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ajit Varma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Suvigya Sharma .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ram Prasad

  3. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Narendra Tuteja

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sharma, S., Sharma, A.K., Prasad, R., Varma, A. (2017). Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: A Tool for Enhancing Crop Production. In: Varma, A., Prasad, R., Tuteja, N. (eds) Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68867-1_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation