Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology, Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer

Part of the book series: Energy Balance and Cancer ((EBAC,volume 14))

  • 362 Accesses

Abstract

Energy balance is defined as the equilibrium between energy consumed and expended. A substantial number of prospective epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the association of obesity and physical activity with risk of prostate cancer. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overall review and critical appraisal of the literature on these two purported risk factors and prostate cancer incidence overall, incidence of advanced and non-advanced disease, and prostate cancer mortality. Markers of general and central obesity have been associated with an increased risk of advanced and fatal disease, and a decreased risk of localized prostate cancer, but hints of bias were identified in this literature. The literature evidence is sparse and inconsistent for other adiposity indices and physical activity. Future prospective studies and large consortia with valid and direct assessment of the time-varying nature of body fatness and physical activity and with a focus on lethal prostate cancer are needed to draw firmer conclusions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining adult overweight and obesity [cited 2016 29 Nov]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html.

  2. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894(i-xii):1–253.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Garn SM, Leonard WR, Hawthorne VM. Three limitations of the body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44(6):996–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(3):228–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Bergmann M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(20):2105–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Wood AM, Pennells L, et al. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies. Lancet. 2011;377(9771):1085–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington DC: AIRC; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  8. World Health Organisation. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva. 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):30–67.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. World Health Organisation. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  12. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387(10,026):1377–96.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Pratt M, Sarmiento OL, Montes F, Ogilvie D, Marcus BH, Perez LG, et al. The implications of megatrends in information and communication technology and transportation for changes in global physical activity. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):282–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, Wells JC, Loos RJ, Martin BW, et al. Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet. 2012;380(9838):258–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. GBD Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10,053):1659–724.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(6):1374–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Feletto E, Bang A, Cole-Clark D, Chalasani V, Rasiah K, Smith DP. An examination of prostate cancer trends in Australia, England, Canada and USA: Is the Australian death rate too high? World J Urol. 2015;33(11):1677–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Wong MC, Goggins WB, Wang HH, Fung FD, Leung C, Wong SY, et al. Global incidence and mortality for prostate cancer: analysis of temporal patterns and trends in 36 countries. Eur Urol. 2016;

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kvale R, Auvinen A, Adami HO, Klint A, Hernes E, Moller B, et al. Interpreting trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality in the five Nordic countries. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(24):1881–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends—an update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2016;25(1):16–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ito K. Prostate cancer in Asian men. Nat Rev. Urol. 2014;11(4):197–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr, accessed on 16 September 2015

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hashim D, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, Rota M, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, et al. The global decrease in cancer mortality: trends and disparities. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(5):926–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ward E, Ferlay J, Brawley O, et al. International variation in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Eur Urol. 2012;61(6):1079–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bayne CE, Jarrett TW. Cancer of the prostate: incidence in the USA. In: Mydlo JH, Godec CJ, editors. Prostate cancer science and clinical practice. 2nd ed. London: Academic; 2015. p. 119–25.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Platz EA, Giovannucci E. Prostate cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni Jr JF, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 1128–50.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Brawley OW. Trends in prostate cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2012;2012(45):152–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Al Olama AA, Kote-Jarai Z, Berndt SI, Conti DV, Schumacher F, Han Y, et al. A meta-analysis of 87,040 individuals identifies 23 new susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. Nat Genet. 2014;46(10):1103–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Eeles R, Goh C, Castro E, Bancroft E, Guy M, Al Olama AA, et al. The genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer and its clinical implications. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11(1):18–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ioannidis JP. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005;2(8):e124.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Tsilidis KK, Kasimis JC, Lopez DS, Ntzani EE, Ioannidis JP. Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMJ. 2015;350:g7607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tsilidis KK, Papatheodorou SI, Evangelou E, Ioannidis JP. Evaluation of excess statistical significance in meta-analyses of 98 biomarker associations with cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(24):1867–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schoenfeld JD, Ioannidis JP. Is everything we eat associated with cancer? A systematic cookbook review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(1):127–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Allott EH, Masko EM, Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer: weighing the evidence. Eur Urol. 2013;63(5):800–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Markozannes G, Tzoulaki I, Karli D, Evangelou E, Ntzani E, Gunter MJ, et al. Diet, body size, physical activity and risk of prostate cancer: an umbrella review of the evidence. Eur J Cancer. 2016;69:61–9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kyrgiou M, Kalliala I, Markozannes G, Gunter MJ, Paraskevaidis E, Gabra H, et al. Adiposity and cancer at major anatomical sites: an umbrella review of the literature. BMJ. 2017;356:j477.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Report. Diet, nutrition, physical activity, and prostate cancer. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hu MB, Liu SH, Jiang HW, Bai PD, Ding Q. Obesity affects the biopsy-mediated detection of prostate cancer, particularly high-grade prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 29,464 patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106677.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhang X, Zhou G, Sun B, Zhao G, Liu D, Sun J, et al. Impact of obesity upon prostate cancer-associated mortality: A meta-analysis of 17 cohort studies. Oncol Lett. 2015;9(3):1307–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bergstrom A, Pisani P, Tenet V, Wolk A, Adami HO. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 2001;91(3):421–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Smith GD, Nordestgaard BG. High body mass index and cancer risk-a Mendelian randomisation study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(9):879–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gao C, Patel CJ, Michailidou K, Peters U, Gong J, Schildkraut J, et al. Mendelian randomization study of adiposity-related traits and risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, lung and colorectal cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(3):896–908.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Davies NM, Gaunt TR, Lewis SJ, Holly J, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, et al. The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26(11):1603–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(7):1571–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Hernandez BY, Park SY, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Relationship of body mass, height, and weight gain to prostate cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(9):2413–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Littman AJ, White E, Kristal AR. Anthropometrics and prostate cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(11):1271–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rodriguez C, Freedland SJ, Deka A, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Patel AV, et al. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2007;16(1):63–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Wright ME, Chang SC, Schatzkin A, Albanes D, Kipnis V, Mouw T, et al. Prospective study of adiposity and weight change in relation to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer. 2007;109(4):675–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5.24 million UK adults. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):755–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Discacciati A, Orsini N, Wolk A. Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer—a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(7):1665–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. MacInnis RJ, English DR. Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17(8):989–1003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Baillargeon J, Pollock BH, Kristal AR, Bradshaw P, Hernandez J, Basler J, et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer. 2005;103(5):1092–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Grubb RL 3rd, Black A, Izmirlian G, Hickey TP, Pinsky PF, Mabie JE, et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen hemodilution among obese men undergoing screening in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(3):748–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hekal IA, Ibrahiem EI. Obesity-PSA relationship: a new formula. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2010;13(2):186–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Chu DI, De Nunzio C, Gerber L, Thomas JA 2nd, Calloway EE, Albisinni S, et al. Predictive value of digital rectal examination for prostate cancer detection is modified by obesity. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2011;14(4):346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Freedland SJ, Platz EA, Presti JC Jr, Aronson WJ, Amling CL, Kane CJ, et al. Obesity, serum prostate specific antigen and prostate size: implications for prostate cancer detection. J Urol. 2006;175(2):500–4. discussion 4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rodriguez C, Patel AV, Calle EE, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Thun MJ. Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2001;10(4):345–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhong S, Yan X, Wu Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Tang J, et al. Body mass index and mortality in prostate cancer patients: a dose-response meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2016;19(2):122–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cao Y, Ma J. Body mass index, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(4):486–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA. Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. Asian J Androl. 2012;14(3):365–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Moller E, Wilson KM, Batista JL, Mucci LA, Balter K, Giovannucci E. Body size across the life course and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(4):853–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chen Q, Chen T, Shi W, Zhang T, Zhang W, Jin Z, et al. Adult weight gain and risk of prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(4):866–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Keum N, Greenwood DC, Lee DH, Kim R, Aune D, Ju W, et al. Adult weight gain and adiposity-related cancers: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(2):djv088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Liu Y, Hu F, Li D, Wang F, Zhu L, Chen W, et al. Does physical activity reduce the risk of prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2011;60(5):1029–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Liu L, Shi Y, Li T, Qin Q, Yin J, Pang S, et al. Leisure time physical activity and cancer risk: evaluation of the WHO’s recommendation based on 126 high-quality epidemiological studies. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(6):372–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Moore SC, Lee IM, Weiderpass E, Campbell PT, Sampson JN, Kitahara CM, et al. Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(6):816–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Moore SC, Peters TM, Ahn J, Park Y, Schatzkin A, Albanes D, et al. Physical activity in relation to total, advanced, and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2008;17(9):2458–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. German National Cohort C. The German National Cohort: aims, study design and organization. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29(5):371–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

NP and KKT were supported by the World Cancer Research Fund International Regular Grant Programme (WCRF 2014/1180 to KKT).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, University Campus, Ioannina, 45110, Greece

    Nikos Papadimitriou & Konstantinos K. Tsilidis

  2. Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephesiou Street, Athens, 11527, Greece

    Elena Critselis

  3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, UK

    Konstantinos K. Tsilidis

Authors
  1. Nikos Papadimitriou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elena Critselis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Konstantinos K. Tsilidis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Elizabeth A. Platz

  2. Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Nathan A. Berger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Papadimitriou, N., Critselis, E., Tsilidis, K.K. (2018). Epidemiology, Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality. In: Platz, E., Berger, N. (eds) Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer. Energy Balance and Cancer, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64940-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64940-5_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64939-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64940-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation