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Bioprecipitation of Metals and Metalloids

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Sustainable Heavy Metal Remediation

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 8))

Abstract

Heavy metals are toxic, carcinogenic and unlike organic contaminants are not biodegradable, and thus accumulate in organisms. Approximately 60% of the polluted areas in the world, suffer from the harmful effects of metals including Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and Co. Mining, fertilizer, tanneries, paper, batteries and electroplating industries are the main sources of heavy metal containing waters. For example, in China, the annual amount of heavy metal containing electroplating industry wastewater has exceeded 4 billion tons. Up to 1000 mg/kg heavy metal concentration in sediments has been reported due to repeated discharges. We reviewed the sources of heavy metal containing water and metal precipitation techniques including metal sulfide, hydroxide, ferrihydrite, geothite, jarosite as well as schwertmannite precipitation. Metal sulfide precipitation relies on the biological generation of H2S and near complete metal removal is possible with both organic (i.e. ethanol) and inorganic (i.e. hydrogen) electron donors. The utilization of soluble electron donors provides high rate and dense metal precipitates with metal recovery of over 80% (usually 100%). Additionally, metals can be recovered separately as various metal sulfides by adjusting pH. Biological oxidation/reduction processes facilitate the formation of insoluble metal precipitates for uranium (U6+ to U4+); chromium (Cr6+ to Cr3+) or iron (Fe2+ to Fe3+). The major points extracted from the study are: (1) metal sulfide precipitation is fast, results in low residual metal concentrations and allows for selective recovery of various metals with a wide variety of different reactor configurations, (2) high rate biological metal recovery is possible with cultures which use metals as electron acceptors which eliminates the drawbacks such as chemical costs and huge sludge volume production in chemical reduction, (3) animal manure, leaf mulch, sawdust, wood chips, sewage sludge, cellulose could be used in passive treatment systems and therefore operational costs could be optimized, (4) some heavy metals can be precipitated through biological oxidation (i.e. Fe2+ to Fe3+) and (5) possible iron precipitates include hematite (Fe2O3); geothite (FeOOH); ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3; jarosite Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6; schwertmannite Fe16O16(SO4)2(OH)12.n(H2O) and scorodite (FeAsO4.2H2O).

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Abbreviations

EC:

European Commission

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

MS:

Metal sulfide

SI:

Saturation index

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey

    Erkan Sahinkaya

  2. Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey

    Deniz Uçar

  3. CSIRO Land and Water, 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia

    Anna H. Kaksonen

Authors
  1. Erkan Sahinkaya
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  2. Deniz Uçar
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  3. Anna H. Kaksonen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erkan Sahinkaya .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands

    Eldon R. Rene

  2. Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Erkan Sahinkaya

  3. Faculty of EBE, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Alison Lewis

  4. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands

    Piet N.L. Lens

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Sahinkaya, E., Uçar, D., Kaksonen, A.H. (2017). Bioprecipitation of Metals and Metalloids. In: Rene, E., Sahinkaya, E., Lewis, A., Lens, P. (eds) Sustainable Heavy Metal Remediation. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58622-9_7

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