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The Use and Abuse of Sea Resources

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Book cover The Philippine Archipelago

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

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Abstract

As a maritime country, the Philippines is a place of high fish consumption. Many coastal villages are populated by fishermen, who are amongst the poorest of working Filipinos. International comparisons show that the Philippine fisheries sector is mostly characterized by small inefficient fishing vessels, while some of the fishing methods are extremely destructive to the resource. Today, fishing moratoriums must be imposed in some areas to allow the reproduction of the fish. Poaching and illegal fisheries, including by foreign vessels, especially from China, plague the most important fisheries areas. Aquaculture has developed to counterbalance the decline of the natural resource, but it has negative ecological effects, among them the disappearance of mangroves. Today, efforts are underway to protect the marine resources of the country, through the implementation of Marine Protected Areas in this biologically rich area of the West Pacific. Part of the “Coral Triangle” initiative, the Republic of the Philippines encourages local efforts to rejuvenate coral reefs and mangroves, while allowing tourism to cohabit with more established uses of the coastal areas of the archipelago.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.globefish.org/total-fish-consumption-per-capita-kg-and-fish-contribution-to-total-proteins-percent.html

  2. 2.

    The Philippine archipelago is only surpassed in this index by Martinique (79%), the British Virgin islands (75%), the Maldives (72%), Sierra Leone (68%), Cambodia , French Guyana (66%), Guadeloupe (63%) Wallis & Futuna, Kiribati (61%), Tokelau (60%), the Solomon Islands (57%), Sri Lanka , Bangladesh (56%), Indonesia (55%), Ghana (52%), Sao Tome & Principe, the Seychelles (48%), Gambia (46%), Niue (45%), the Faroe islands (43%), Senegal, Nigeria, Myanmar, Laos (43%), Mozambique , Togo (40%), at the level of Tuvalu and Malaysia (39%).

  3. 3.

    http://www.infofish.org/wp-content/uploads/Country-Profile-PHILIPPINES-06-2012.pdf

  4. 4.

    The main port for Pacific tuna fishing

  5. 5.

    This device, made up of a conical net bag with two long wings and long ropes extending from these wings to encircle a larger area, catches even juvenile fish and disturbs the seabed and corals.

  6. 6.

    The same worrying decline occurs also in river fishing, as in the case of the Giant Ludong (Cestraeus plicatilis), a mullet famous for its unique taste and peculiar aroma when cooked, which may cost as much as P 5000 per kilo. Fishermen claim the fish is now seasonal and much more difficult to catch. It has almost become a endangered species, according to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (See 2014).

  7. 7.

    A filter net, or sanggab as the locals call it, is a cone-shaped fine net that is placed and positioned against the current during high tide. It catches even the smallest fry, without escape. About 2000 sanggab of varying sizes, length and capacity are spread across the waters of eight municipalities of Panguil Bay (Enerio 2015).

  8. 8.

    “Lab-lab” is a complex of filamentous and unicellular blue-green algae and diatoms benthic algae association and microscopic animal organisms forming a kind of carpet. “Lumut” are filamentous green algae originally planted on the pool bottom.

  9. 9.

    With the needed control of an indigenous pest, the destructive rice eel (“monopterus albus”, kiwet), which feeds on fish fry and can bore holes in rice paddy walls, causing irrigation water to flow out. These pests may, however, be exported to Japan as a valuable food commodity (Lagasca 2011, 2013; Roque 2011; Lazaro 2013).

  10. 10.

    The Province of Pangasinan is one of the main centers of aquaculture production in the Philippines. Aquaculture in marine areas is particularly extensive in the coastal waters of Western Pangasinan where the largest areas of coral reefs and seagrasses in Western Luzon are found.

  11. 11.

    In Central Luzon north of Manila (Bulacan and Pampanga provinces), fish farming is strongly affected by flood events, but at the same time fishpens in the Pampanga delta are considered as potent factors in flooding since they slow down the flow of water. Government authorities have ordered the destruction of some facilities to better fight the floods in the region (Manuel 2013; Carhiles 2015).

  12. 12.

    Manila Bay has a wide range of environmental problems that need to be addressed—land-based and sea-based sources of pollution, harmful algal blooms, subsidence and groundwater extraction, overexploitation of fishery resources, habitat conversion and degradation (Prudente et al. 1997 , Chang et al. 2009, Su et al. 2009).

  13. 13.

    http://www.haribon.org.ph/index.php/news-and-media/238-philippine-marine-biodiversity-a-brief-profile

  14. 14.

    However, climate change impacts (increased sea surface temperatures (SSTs), ocean acidification) may hurt this biodiversity in coming years.

  15. 15.

    Dynamite fishing became rampant in the Philippines after the Second World War. US soldiers would sometimes throw grenades into shoals of fish, providing local fishing communities with a new means of catching more fish. Today, blast fishermen use powdered ammonium nitrate (usually from fertilizer), kerosene and small pebbles, which are packed inside a glass bottle covered with a blasting cap. A single blast produces shockwave, which can travel up to 1500 meters per second, killing or paralyzing every fish in range, often liquefying internal organs. Coral reefs that have taken hundreds of years to grow, are reduced to pieces in a matter of seconds.

  16. 16.

    150,000 kg of sodium cyanide are sold yearly and an average of 10,000 blasts occur daily, according to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR).

  17. 17.

    These eight MKBAs are (1) Lingayen Gulf , (2) Verde Island Passage, (3) Calamianes Island Group, (4) Ticao-San Bernardino-Lagonoy Gulf, (5) Danajon Reef, (6) South Negros Island, (7) Surigao del Sur and del Norte, and (8) Sulu Archipelago.

  18. 18.

    Satellite imagery analysis has yielded higher numbers for the remaining Philippine mangroves (about 250,000 hectares), which still would be half of the coastal forest extent in the beginning of the 20th century (Long and Giri 2011 ; Long et al. 2014).

  19. 19.

    A mangrove-friendly system of growing fish and other aquatic organisms in enclosed areas within mangrove forests. Unlike in fishponds, the aquasilvi system does not allow the cutting of any mangrove tree so the natural balance among all elements of the ecosystem is not disturbed.

  20. 20.

    http://www.ibajay.net/Ibcom/Images/I-Tourism/Katunggan/katunggan_Text.htm

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    Yves Boquet

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Boquet, Y. (2017). The Use and Abuse of Sea Resources. In: The Philippine Archipelago. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_11

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