Abstract
Endophthalmitis is a serious condition in immunocompromised patients. Exogenous endophthalmitis that develops in the setting of ocular surgery, trauma, and corneal infections also occurs in immunocompromised hosts, sometimes more frequently than in immunocompetent individuals. More importantly, immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing endogenous endophthalmitis due to their weakened immune defense and susceptibility to bacteremia and fungemia. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis is of particular concern because fungemia has a high mortality in this patient population. The diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis is suspected clinically, and antibiotics are often started empirically as soon as blood cultures are drawn. Intravitreal antibiotics, systemic antibiotics, and vitrectomy are utilized in combination based on the infection severity and response to initial treatments. Prognosis is variable depending on the virulence of the organism and the severity of the intraocular inflammation. In patients with HIV/AIDS, endophthalmitis is relatively rare compared with other ocular diseases. Patients with HIV who are intravenous drug users are at increased risk of endogenous endophthalmitis, and in these cases, fungal pathogens such as Candida and Aspergillus are the most common etiologies. In transplant patients on immunosuppressive therapies, endophthalmitis is also most commonly fungal, and pathogens include Candida, Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Fusarium. Patients with rheumatologic conditions receiving immunosuppressive medications and patients with hematologic malignancies or asplenia are also at increased risk for endophthalmitis, either bacterial or fungal.
Diabetic patients are not considered immunocompromised per se, but diabetics are more susceptible to infection than nondiabetics. Diabetes affects 9 % of the worldwide adult population and 26 % of US adults age 65 years and older. Diabetic patients living in East Asian nations are at markedly increased risk for developing Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis, usually associated with liver abscess.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adrean SD, Puklin JE. Perforated corneal ulcer with subsequent endophthalmitis in a patient with graft-versus-host disease. Cornea. 2007;26:107–8. doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000240101.66652.36.
Agrawal RV, Teoh SC, Yong V. Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis associated with methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) related tenosynovitis: case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20:224–6. doi:10.3109/09273948.2012.676702.
Algan M, Jonon B, George JL, et al. Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis in a renal-transplant patient receiving ciclosporin. Ophthalmol J Int Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Z Für Augenheilkd. 1990;201:23–7.
Alvarez R, Adan A, Martinez JA, et al. Haematogenous Serratia marcescens endophthalmitis in an HIV-infected intravenous drug addict. Infection. 1990;18:29–30.
Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Mendoza AJ. High-dose (5000-microg) intravitreal ganciclovir combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients in Venezuela. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005;15:610–8.
Ausayakhun S, Yuvaves P, Ngamtiphakom S, Prasitsilp J. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients with intravitreal ganciclovir. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2005;88 Suppl 9:S15–20.
Baudouin C, Chassain C, Caujolle C, Gastaud P. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients using intravitreal injections of highly concentrated ganciclovir. Ophthalmol J Int Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Z Für Augenheilkd. 1996;210:329–35.
Bekele S, Gelaw Y, Tessema F. Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS and correlation with CD4+ cell counts among adult HIV/AIDS patients in Jimma town, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2013;13:20.
Binder MI, Chua J, Kaiser PK, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: an 18-year review of culture-positive cases at a tertiary care center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:97–105.
Carr JM, Hagan G, Guest P, Gompertz S. A “not so superficial” skin infection in a patient with diabetes. BMJ Case Rep. 2012. doi:10.1136/bcr-2012-007062.
Castiglioni B, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG, et al. Pseudallescheria boydii (Anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum). Infection in solid organ transplant recipients in a tertiary medical center and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002;81:333–48.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014. On CDC website, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/2014-report-estimates-of-diabetes-and-its-burden-in-the-united-states.pdf. Accessed 24 Jun 2015.
Chandesris M-O, Hot A, Join-Lambert O, et al. Contribution of molecular tools for the diagnosis of endogenous pneumococcal endophthalmitis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007;39:1080–1. doi:10.1080/00365540701646295.
Chiam N, Rose LVT, Waters KD, Elder JE. Scedosporium prolificans endogenous endophthalmitis. J AAPOS Off Publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;17:627–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.07.010.
Chung H, Kim K-H, Kim J-G, et al. Retinal complications in patients with solid organ or bone marrow transplantations. Transplantation. 2007;83:694–9. doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000259386.59375.8a.
Chung KS, Kim YK, Song YG, et al. Clinical review of endogenous endophthalmitis in Korea: a 14-year review of culture positive cases of two large hospitals. Yonsei Med J. 2011;52:630–4. doi:10.3349/ymj.2011.52.4.630.
Coburn PS, Wiskur BJ, Christy E, Callegan MC. The diabetic ocular environment facilitates the development of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7426–31. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10661.
Cohen JI, Saragas SJ. Endophthalmitis due to Mycobacterium avium in a patient with AIDS. Ann Ophthalmol. 1990;22:47–51.
Collazos J, Díaz F, Mayo J, et al. Endophthalmitis as a complication of intravitreal treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis. AIDS Lond Engl. 1995;9:980–1.
Cong’En JH, Miah M, Sünkel-Laing B, Emmanuel J. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Citrobacter koseri originating from a renal abscess. BMJ Case Rep. 2014. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-204095.
Dave VP, Majji AB, Suma N, Pappuru RR. A rare case of Aspergillus terreus endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient of acute lymphoid leukemia with good clinical outcome. Eye Lond Engl. 2011;25:1094–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.68.
De Groot V, Stempels N, Tassignon MJ. Endogenous pneumococcal endophthalmitis after splenectomy: report of two cases. Bull Société Belge Ophtalmol. 1992;243:147–51.
Denning DW, Armstrong RW, Fishman M, Stevens DA. Endophthalmitis in a patient with disseminated cryptococcosis and AIDS who was treated with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis. 1991;13:1126–30.
Dev S, Pulido JS, Tessler HH, et al. Progression of diabetic retinopathy after endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:774–81. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90166-5.
Doft BH, Wisniewski SR, Kelsey SF, et al. Diabetes and postcataract extraction endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2002;13:147–51.
Dua S, Chalermskulrat W, Miller MB, et al. Bilateral hematogenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis after lung transplantation. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transpl Surg. 2006;6:219–24. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01133.x.
El-Mollayess GM, Saadeh JS, Salti HI. Exogenous endophthalmitis in diabetic patients: a systemic review. ISRN Ophthalmol. 2012;2012:456209. doi:10.5402/2012/456209.
Equi RA, Green WR. Endogenous Serratia marcescens endophthalmitis with dark hypopyon: case report and review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46:259–68.
ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group. Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33:978–88.
Faggian F, Azzini A, Lanzafame M, et al. Hyperacute unilateral gonococcal endophthalmitis in an HIV-infected man without genital infection. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006;16:346–8.
Freeman WR, Henderly DE, Lipson BK, et al. Retinopathy before the diagnosis of AIDS. Ann Ophthalmol. 1989;21:468–74.
Fuller JR, Casswell AG. Endophthalmitis after routine intra-ocular surgery in an asplenic patient. J R Soc Med. 1995;88:475P–6.
Glasgow BJ, Engstrom RE, Holland GN, et al. Bilateral endogenous Fusarium endophthalmitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:873–7.
Heathcote JG, McCartney AC, Rice NS, et al. Endophthalmitis caused by exogenous nocardial infection in a patient with Sjögren’s syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol J Can Ophtalmol. 1990;25:29–33.
Heinemann MH, Bloom AF, Horowitz J. Candida albicans endophthalmitis in a patient with AIDS. Case report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1172–3.
Hunt KE, Glasgow BJ. Aspergillus endophthalmitis. An unrecognized endemic disease in orthotopic liver transplantation. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:757–67.
Ishibashi Y, Watanabe R, Hommura S, et al. Endogenous Nocardia asteroides endophthalmitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:433–6.
Jabs DA, Ahuja A, Van Natta M, et al. Comparison of treatment regimens for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1262–70.
Jackson TL, Paraskevopoulos T, Georgalas I. Systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014;59:627–35. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.002.
Kaburaki T, Takamoto M, Araki F, et al. Endogenous Candida albicans infection causing subretinal abscess. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30:203–6. doi:10.1007/s10792-009-9304-0.
Kalina PH, Campbell RJ. Aspergillus terreus endophthalmitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:102–3.
Kapp M, Schargus M, Deuchert T, et al. Endophthalmitis as primary clinical manifestation of fatal fusariosis in an allogeneic stem cell recipient. Transpl Infect Dis Off J Transplant Soc. 2011;13:374–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00608.x.
Kappel PJ, Charonis AC, Holland GN, et al. Outcomes associated with ganciclovir implants in patients with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:673–83.
Kempen JH, Sugar EA, Varma R, et al. Risk of cataract among subjects with acquired immune deficiency syndrome free of ocular opportunistic infections. Ophthalmology. 2014;1221:2317–24.
Kestelyn PG, Cunningham ET. HIV/AIDS and blindness. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:208–13.
Korbel L, Spencer JD. Diabetes mellitus and infection: an evaluation of hospital utilization and management costs in the United States. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29:192–5.
Knouse MC, Lorber B. Early diagnosis of Nocardia asteroides endophthalmitis by retinal biopsy: case report and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:393–8.
Kronish JW, Johnson TE, Gilberg SM, et al. Orbital infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1483–92.
Kurosawa A, Pollock SC, Collins MP, et al. Sporothrix schenckii endophthalmitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:376–80.
Lai TY, Kwok AK, Lam DS, Bhende P. Progression of diabetic retinopathy after endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:619–21.
Lamaris GA, Esmaeli B, Chamilos G, et al. Fungal endophthalmitis in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 23 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2008;27:343–7. doi:10.1007/s10096-007-0443-9.
Lee S, Um T, Joe SG, et al. Changes in the clinical features and prognostic factors of endogenous endophthalmitis: fifteen years of clinical experience in Korea. Retina Phila Pa. 2012;32:977–84. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318228e312.
Lim HW, Shin JW, Cho HY, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis in the Korean population: a six-year retrospective study. Retina Phila Pa. 2014;34:592–602. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182a2e705.
Lim JI, Wolitz RA, Dowling AH, et al. Visual and anatomic outcomes associated with posterior segment complications after ganciclovir implant procedures in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:288–93.
Machado Od Ode O, Gonçalves R, Fernandes EM, et al. Bilateral Aspergillus endophthalmitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1429–30.
Martinez-Zapico A, Asensi V, Fuentes N, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome-unmasking endophthalmic, lymphadenopathic, and neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in an HIV-infected patient starting highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014;30:434–5. doi:10.1089/aid.2014.0039.
Miailhes P, Labetoulle M, Naas T, et al. Unusual etiology of visual loss in an HIV-infected patient due to endogenous endophthalmitis. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;7:641–5.
Modi D, Pyatetsky D, Edward DP, et al. Mycobacterium haemophilum: a rare cause of endophthalmitis. Retina Phila Pa. 2007;27:1148–51. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318030e622.
Montero JA, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Rodríguez AE, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis by Propionibacterium acnes associated with leflunomide and adalimumab therapy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2006;16:343–5.
Musk M, Chambers D, Chin W, et al. Successful treatment of disseminated scedosporium infection in 2 lung transplant recipients: review of the literature and recommendations for management. J Heart Lung Transplant Off Publ Int Soc Heart Transplant. 2006;25:1268–72. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2006.06.002.
Nakagawa F, May M, Phillips A. Life expectancy living with HIV: recent estimates and future implications. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:17–25.
Na SK, Park KJ, Kim HJ, Lee SC. Hematogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with candidemia. Korean J Intern Med. 1997;12:242–4.
Nassiri N, Eslani M, Panahi N, et al. Ocular graft versus host disease following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a review of current knowledge and recommendations. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8:351–8.
Nessi F, Bovey EH, Guex-Crosier Y. Endogenous pneumococcal endophthalmitis followed by pneumococcal-induced uveitis. Klin Monatsblätter Für Augenheilkd. 2003;220:204–6. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38180.
Ng P, McCluskey P, McCaughan G, et al. Ocular complications of heart, lung, and liver transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:423–8.
Oktavec KC, Nolan K, Brown DM, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with ganciclovir implant. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153:728–33.
Ono Y. A case of endogenous endophthalmitis complicated by neutropenia following bacteremia with Streptococcus mitis resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45:155–7. doi:10.3109/00365548.2012.703786.
Park SB, Searl SS, Aquavella JV, Erdey RA. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Escherichia coli. Ann Ophthalmol. 1993;25:95–9.
Patel SN, Rescigno RJ, Zarbin MA, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug abuse. Retina. 2014;34:1460–5.
Paula JS, Bryk A, Lauretti Filho A, Romão E. Secondary glaucoma associated with bilateral Aspergillus niger endophthalmitis in an HIV-positive patient: case report. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2006;69:395–7.
Pelegrín L, Mesquida M, Adán A, et al. Candida dubliniensis endophthalmitis in a HIV-infected intravenous drug abuser. Mycoses. 2011;54:e856–8. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.02000.x.
Perini GF, Camargo LFA, Lottenberg CL, Hamerschlak N. Disseminated fusariosis with endophthalmitis in a patient with hematologic malignancy. Einstein São Paulo Braz. 2013;11:545–6.
Perri P, Campa C, Incorvaia C, et al. Endogenous Aspergillus versicolor endophthalmitis in an immuno-competent HIV-positive patient. Mycopathologia. 2005;160:259–61. doi:10.1007/s11046-005-6871-0.
Phillips WB, Tasman WS. Postoperative endophthalmitis in association with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:508–18.
Rao NA, Hidayat AA. Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis: variations in clinical and histopathologic changes in candidiasis compared with aspergillosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:244–51.
Rasmussen LD, Kessel L, Melander LD, et al. Risk of cataract surgery in HIV-infected individuals: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:1156–63.
Rezai KA, Eliott D, Plous O, et al. Disseminated Fusarium infection presenting as bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:702–3. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.5.702.
Riddell Iv J, McNeil SA, Johnson TM, et al. Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002;81:311–20.
Schiedler V, Scott IU, Flynn HW, et al. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:725–31. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.013.
Scott M, Mehta S, Rahman HT, et al. Nocardia veterana endogenous endophthalmitis in a cardiac transplant patient. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3:44. doi:10.1186/1869-5760-3-44.
Shane TS, Martin DF, for the Endophthalmitis Ganciclovir Implant Study Group. Endophthalmitis after ganciclovir implant in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003; 136:649–54.
Sheu S-J, Kung Y-H, Wu T-T, et al. Risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: 20-year experience in Southern Taiwan. Retina. 2011;31:2026–31.
Shulman J, de la Cruz EL, Latkany P, et al. Cryptococcal chorioretinitis with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17:314–5. doi:10.3109/09273940903003505.
Sigford DK, Reddy S, Mollineaux C, Schaal S. Global reported endophthalmitis risk following intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF: a literature review and analysis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:773–81.
Silva-Vergara ML, de Camargo ZP, Silva PF, et al. Disseminated Sporothrix brasiliensis infection with endocardial and ocular involvement in an HIV-infected patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86:477–80. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0441.
Smith WM, Fahle G, Nussenblatt RB, Sen HN. A rare case of endogenous Aspergillus conicus endophthalmitis in an immunocompromised patient. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3:37. doi:10.1186/1869-5760-3-37.
Stewart MW, Alvarez S, Ginsburg WW, et al. Visual recovery following Mycobacterium chelonae endophthalmitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2006;14:181–3. doi:10.1080/09273940600678062.
Suppiah R, Abraham G, Sekhar U, et al. Nocardial endophthalmitis leading to blindness in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Ren Assoc. 1999;14:1576–7.
Suwan Y, Preechawai P. Endogenous Klebsiella panophthalmitis: atypical presentation. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. 2012;95:830–3.
Teoh SC, Ou X, Lim TH. Intravitreal ganciclovir maintenance injection for cytomegalovirus retinitis: efficacy of a low-volume, intermediate-dose regimen. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:588–95. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.004.
Tiribelli M, Zaja F, Filì C, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis following disseminated fungemia due to Fusarium solani in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 2002;68:314–7.
Vagefi MR, Kim ET, Alvarado RG, et al. Bilateral endogenous Scedosporium prolificans endophthalmitis after lung transplantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:370–3. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.08.005.
Vaziri K, Pershing S, Albini TA, et al. Risk factors predictive of endogenous endophthalmitis among hospitalized patients with hematogenous infections in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159:498–504. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.032.
Vergoulidou M, Krause L, Foerster MH, et al. Endogenous filamentous fungal endophthalmitis – single-centre survey in patients with acute leukaemia or postallogeneic stem cell transplantation and review of the literature. Mycoses. 2011;54:e704–11. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.02004.x.
Vrabec TR. Posterior segment manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:131–57. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.12.008.
Weinstein JM, Elliott J, Tilford RH. Metastatic endophthalmitis due to Salmonella typhimurium. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100:293–5.
Weishaar PD, Flynn HW, Murray TG, et al. Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. Clinical features and treatment outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:57–65.
Wong JS, Chan TK, Lee HM, Chee SP. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: an east Asian experience and a reappraisal of a severe ocular affliction. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:1483–91.
Wong TY, Chee S-P. Risk factors of acute endophthalmitis after cataract extraction: a case-control study of Asian eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:29–31.
World Health Organization website, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. Accessed 24 Jun 2015.
Yodprom R, Pathanapitoon K, Kunavisarut P, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella choleraesuis in an HIV-positive patient. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2007;15:135–8. doi:10.1080/09273940701244228.
Yong AS-M, Lau SY, Woo TH, et al. Streptococcus dysgalactiae endocarditis presenting as acute endophthalmitis. Infect Dis Rep. 2012;4, e16. doi:10.4081/idr.2012.e16.
Young S, Morlet N, Besen G, et al. High-dose (2000-microgram) intravitreous ganciclovir in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1404–10.
Yuen KC, Baker NR, Reddy A, et al. Blindness following a diabetic foot infection: a variant to the “eye-foot syndrome”? Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 2000;17:546–9.
Zhang H, Liu Z. Endogenous endophthalmitis: a 10-year review of culture-positive cases in northern China. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18:133–8. doi:10.3109/09273940903494717.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liu, Y., Lobo, AM., Sobrin, L. (2016). Endophthalmitis in Immunocompromised and Diabetic Patients. In: Durand, M., Miller, J., Young, L. (eds) Endophthalmitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29231-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29231-1_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29229-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29231-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)