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Do Nanomosquitocides Impact Predation of Mesocyclops edax Copepods Against Anopheles stephensi Larvae?

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Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Parasites

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 8))

Abstract

Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. The use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes cause physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects, in addition to enormous operational costs. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were biosynthesized using a cheap extract of the Acorus calamus rhizome, as reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized AgNP were characterized by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). R. calamus extract and green-synthesized AgNP showed ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal toxicity against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. In ovicidal experiments, egg hatchability was reduced by 100 % after treatment with 25 and 50 ppm of AgNP. In larvicidal and pupicidal assays, LC50 values of A. calamus extract were 219.06 ppm (I instar), 246.01 ppm (II), 285.79 ppm (III), 345.19 ppm (IV) and 470.93 ppm (pupa); green-synthesized AgNP were highly effective, with LC50 of 8.94 ppm (I), 11.64 ppm (II), 14.94 ppm (III), 19.15 ppm (IV) and 28.66 ppm (pupa). In adulticidal trials, A. calamus extract and AgNP showed LC50 of 251.71 ppm and 12.74 ppm, respectively. The predatory efficiency of the cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops edax in standard laboratory conditions was 71 % and 58 % against I and II instar larvae of A. stephensi, respectively. In an aquatic environment treated with ultra-low doses of AgNP, M. edax predation efficiency was 84 % and 69 %, respectively. Predation was higher against I instar larvae over other instars. Overall, these results suggest that A. calamus-synthesized AgNPs represents a concrete possibility for eco-friendly control of A. stephensi.

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Acknowledgements

The Authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (New Delhi, India), Project No. DST/SB/EMEQ-335/2013. This work was also supported by the King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, and College of Sciences Research Center. Funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

All applicable international and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Balamurugan Chandramohan, Kadarkarai Murugan, Kalimuthu Kovendan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar, Pari Madhiyazhagan, Devakumar Dinesh, Udaiyan Suresh, Jayapal Subramaniam, Duraisamy Amaresan & Thiyagarajan Nataraj

  2. Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Devaraj Nataraj

  3. Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202-24, Taiwan

    Jiang-Shiou Hwang

  4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Abdullah A. Alarfaj

  5. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  6. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy

    Angelo Canale & Giovanni Benelli

  7. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Building 26.13.01 Room 42, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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  1. Balamurugan Chandramohan
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  2. Kadarkarai Murugan
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  3. Kalimuthu Kovendan
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  4. Chellasamy Panneerselvam
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  7. Devakumar Dinesh
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  8. Udaiyan Suresh
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  9. Jayapal Subramaniam
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  11. Thiyagarajan Nataraj
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  13. Jiang-Shiou Hwang
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  14. Abdullah A. Alarfaj
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  15. Marcello Nicoletti
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  16. Angelo Canale
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  17. Heinz Mehlhorn
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  18. Giovanni Benelli
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Correspondence to Giovanni Benelli .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University Department of Parasitology, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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Chandramohan, B. et al. (2016). Do Nanomosquitocides Impact Predation of Mesocyclops edax Copepods Against Anopheles stephensi Larvae?. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Nanoparticles in the Fight Against Parasites. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25292-6_9

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