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Soil Suppressive Microorganisms and Their Impact on Fungal Wilt Pathogens

  • Chapter
Organic Amendments and Soil Suppressiveness in Plant Disease Management

Part of the book series: Soil Biology ((SOILBIOL,volume 46))

Abstract

Fungal wilt is caused by four genera of fungi, viz., Fusarium, Verticillium, Ceratocystis, and Ophiostoma. Absence of disease can’t always be accounted for the absence of the pathogen. Many antagonistic, pathogenic, as well as unapparent microorganisms remain in equilibrium proportion in the soil which predominately determines its suppressiveness or conduciveness. Suppressiveness may be intermediate or ideal suppressive soil. Fusarium wilt suppressive soil has been well studied from the four places, viz., in the Salinas Valley, California, United States; the Chateaurenard region, near Cavaillon, France; the Canary Islands and the Broye Valley, Switzerland. Among these, the Chateaurenard soil in France and the Salinas Valley soil in California are known for their natural suppressiveness. Suppressiveness of soil is mainly related to its biological properties; however, physical, chemical, and meteorological factors affect the biological factors and thereby indirectly affect the suppressiveness of the soil. Numerous kinds of antagonistic microorganisms have been found to increase in suppressive soils; most commonly, pathogen and disease suppression is caused by fungi, viz., nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., and Sporidesmium sp., or by bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., and Streptomyces sp. Mechanisms in suppression of fusarium wilt by microorganisms may involve competition for substrate and root surface, antagonism, PGPR activities, and cytological modification of host plant holistically. Less than 1 % of the microorganisms present in soil may be readily isolatable whereas remaining 99 % microorganism viable but nonculturable (VBNC) stage. To overcome the dependence on the culture dependence techniques and expand our understanding, culture-independent techniques to “first identify and then recover” important antagonists are extensively useful.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Ivnagar Road, P. Box # 5, Junagadh, 362001, GJ, India

    M. K. Mahatma

  2. Department of Plant pathology, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, 396 450, GJ, India

    L. Mahatma

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  1. M. K. Mahatma
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  2. L. Mahatma
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Correspondence to M. K. Mahatma .

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  1. Defence Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, Defence R & D Organisation, Tezpur, Assam, India

    Mukesh K. Meghvansi

  2. Amity University Uttar Pradesh Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

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Mahatma, M.K., Mahatma, L. (2015). Soil Suppressive Microorganisms and Their Impact on Fungal Wilt Pathogens. In: Meghvansi, M., Varma, A. (eds) Organic Amendments and Soil Suppressiveness in Plant Disease Management. Soil Biology, vol 46. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23075-7_12

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