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Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer Photodynamic Therapy

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Light-Responsive Nanostructured Systems for Applications in Nanomedicine

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 370))

Abstract

In chemotherapy a fine balance between therapeutic and toxic effects needs to be found for each patient, adapting standard combination protocols each time. Nanotherapeutics has been introduced into clinical practice for treating tumors with the aim of improving the therapeutic outcome of conventional therapies and of alleviating their toxicity and overcoming multidrug resistance.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive procedure emerging in cancer treatment. It involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) which, under light irradiation and in the presence of molecular oxygen, produces cytotoxic species. Unfortunately, most PSs lack specificity for tumor cells and are poorly soluble in aqueous media, where they can form aggregates with low photoactivity. Nanotechnological approaches in PDT (nanoPDT) can offer a valid option to deliver PSs in the body and to solve at least some of these issues. Currently, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as nanoPDT system because their features (size, surface properties, and release rate) can be readily manipulated by selecting appropriate materials in a vast range of possible candidates commercially available and by synthesizing novel tailor-made materials. Delivery of PSs through NPs offers a great opportunity to overcome PDT drawbacks based on the concept that a nanocarrier can drive therapeutic concentrations of PS to the tumor cells without generating any harmful effect in non-target tissues. Furthermore, carriers for nanoPDT can surmount solubility issues and the tendency of PS to aggregate, which can severely affect photophysical, chemical, and biological properties. Finally, multimodal NPs carrying different drugs/bioactive species with complementary mechanisms of cancer cell killing and incorporating an imaging agent can be developed.

In the following, we describe the principles of PDT use in cancer and the pillars of rational design of nanoPDT carriers dictated by tumor and PS features. Then we illustrate the main nanoPDT systems demonstrating potential in preclinical models together with emerging concepts for their advanced design.

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Abbreviations

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

ABC:

Amphiphilic block copolymers

AFPAA:

Amine-functionalized PAA

AFPMMA:

Amine-functionalized polyacrylamide

ALG:

Alginate

AuNR:

Gold nanorods

c(RGDfK):

Tumor targeting peptide

Ce6:

Chlorin E6

CHA2HB:

Cyclohexane-1,2-diamino hypocrellin B

CpG-ODN:

5′-Purine–purine/T-CpG–pyrimidine–pyrimidine–3′–oligodeoxynucleotide

CS:

Chitosan

DOX:

Doxorubicin

DR5:

Antibody targeting death receptor 5

DTX:

Docetaxel

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

GA:

Glutaraldehyde

GC:

Glycol chitosan

HA:

Hyaluronic acid/hyaluronan

HB:

Hypocrellin B

HMME:

Hematoporphyrin

HpD:

Hematoporphyrin derivative

HPPH:

2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide A

HSA:

Human serum albumin

ICG:

Indocyanine green

MB:

Methylene blue

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NIR:

Near infrared

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PAAm:

Poly(acrylamide)

Pc4:

Silicon phthalocyanine

PCL:

Poly(ε-caprolactone)

PDEAEMA:

Poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate)

PDLLA:

Poly(d,l-lactic acid)

PDT:

Photodynamic therapy

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEG-GEL:

Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin

PEI:

Poly(ethylenimine)

PheoA:

Pheophorbide A

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PLL:

Poly(l-lysine)

PMA:

Poly(methacrylic acid)

pNIPAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PpIX:

Protoporphyrin IX

PS:

Photosensitizer

PTT:

Photothermal therapy

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TCPP:

meso-tetra(Carboxyphenyl) porphyrin

THPP:

tetra(Hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin

TMP:

meso-tetra(N-Methyl-4-pyridyl) porphine tetratosylate

TPPS4 :

tetrasodium-meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrine

UDCA:

Ursodeoxycholic acid

ZnPc:

Zinc phthalocyanine

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Italian Ministry of University and Research (PRIN 2010H834LS) and Italian Association for Cancer Research (IG2014 15764).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy

    Claudia Conte, Sara Maiolino, Agnese Miro, Francesca Ungaro & Fabiana Quaglia

  2. Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil

    Diogo Silva Pellosi

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  1. Claudia Conte
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  2. Sara Maiolino
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  3. Diogo Silva Pellosi
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  4. Agnese Miro
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  6. Fabiana Quaglia
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Correspondence to Fabiana Quaglia .

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  1. University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Salvatore Sortino

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Conte, C., Maiolino, S., Pellosi, D.S., Miro, A., Ungaro, F., Quaglia, F. (2016). Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. In: Sortino, S. (eds) Light-Responsive Nanostructured Systems for Applications in Nanomedicine. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 370. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22942-3_3

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