Skip to main content

Self-Assessment of and for Young Learners’ Foreign Language Learning

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Educational Linguistics ((EDUL,volume 25))

Abstract

Despite the recent focus on self-assessment (SA) as a tool for enhancing learning, some researchers and practitioners have expressed concerns about its subjectivity and lack of accuracy. Such concerns, however, originated from the traditional, measurement-based notion of assessment (assessment of learning) rather than the learning-based notion of assessment (assessment for learning). In addition, existing research on SA in second/foreign language education has been concentrated on adult learners, leaving us with limited information on SA among young learners. In this chapter, I address both sets of issues: the confusion between the two orientations for assessment and age-related concerns regarding SA. First, I clarify the two orientations of assessment—assessment of learning and assessment for learning—and demonstrate that most of the concerns about subjectivity and accuracy apply primarily to the former orientation. Second, I detail the current findings on SA among young learners and identify the most urgent topics for future research in this area. Finally, to help teachers and researchers examine and develop SA items that are most appropriate for their purposes, I propose five dimensions that characterize existing major SAs for young learners: (a) domain setting; (b) scale setting; (c) goal setting; (d) focus of assessment; and (e) method of assessment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This item did not include descriptions for each level of the scale, and was not meant for children. All other examples in this chapter were designed for young learners.

  2. 2.

    Some of the items in the European Portfolio are more or less specific. The items listed here are relatively specific.

  3. 3.

    The underline was original. There are 12 items for each category.

  4. 4.

    The original was in Japanese, and the select part was translated by the author.

References

  • AlFallay, I. (2004). The role of some selected psychological and personality traits of the rater in the accuracy of self- and peer-assessment. System, 32, 407–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, H., Wang, X., Du, Y., & Akawi, R. (2009). Rubric-referenced assessment and self-efficacy for writing. The Journal of Educational Research, 102(6), 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1989). The construct validation of self-ratings of communicative language ability. Language Testing, 6(1), 14–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B., & Wiliam, D. (2003). Assessment for learning: Putting it into practice. New York: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 5(1), 7–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanche, P. (1990). Using standardized achievement and oral proficiency tests for self-assessment purposes: The DLIFC study. Language Testing, 6(1), 14–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanche, P., & Merino, B. J. (1989). Self-assessment of foreign-language skills: Implications for teachers and researchers. Language Learning, 39(3), 313–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantmeier, C., & Vanderplank, R. (2008). Descriptive and criterion-referenced self-assessment with L2 readers. System, 36(3), 456–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantmeier, C., Vanderplank, R., & Strube, M. (2012). What about me? Individual self-assessment by skill and level of language instruction. System, 40, 144–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brookhart, S. M. (2003). Developing measurement theory for classroom assessment purposes and uses. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 22(4), 5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. (2005). Competence assessment, competence, and motivation between early and middle childhood. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 202–221). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G. (2014). Parental factors and early English education as a foreign language: A case study in Mainland China. Research Papers in Education, 29(4), 410–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G. (2015). Parental factors in the children’s motivation for learning English. Research Papers in Education, 30(2), 164–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2006). On-task versus off-task self-assessment among Korean elementary school students studying English. The Modern Language Journal, 90(4), 506–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2010). The effect of self-assessment among young learners. Language Testing, 17(1), 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carless, D., & Lam, R. (2014). The examined life: Perspectives of lower primary school students in Hong Kong. Education 3–13, 42(3), 313–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, S. (2007). Assessing ‘inexperienced’ students’ ability to self-assess: Exploring links with learning style and academic personal control. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32(3), 313–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, C. T., & Johnston, C. (2002). Developmental differences in children’s use of rating scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(1), 27–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CILT (The National Center for Languages). (2006). European language portfolio – Junior version: Revised edition. Retrieved from http://www.primarylanguages.org.uk/resources/assessment_and_recording/european_languages_portfolio.aspx

  • Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dann, R. (2002). Promoting assessment as learning: Improving the learning process. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, F., & Henning, G. (1985). A self-rating scale of English difficulty. Language Testing, 2, 164–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Saint Léger, D. (2009). Self-assessment of speaking skills and participation in a foreign language class. Foreign Language Annals, 42, 158–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Saint Léger, D., & Storch, N. (2009). Learners’ perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System, 37, 269–285. doi:10.1016/j.system.2009.01.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, L. (1987). Self-instruction in language learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children’s knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargan, N. (1994). Learner autonomy by remote control. System, 22, 455–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harker, D. J. (1998). Definitions and empirical foundations. In D. J. Harker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 1–23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. (1997). Self-assessment of language learning in formal settings. System, 51(1), 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselgren, A. (2003). Bergen ‘Can-Do’ project. Retrieved from http://blog.educastur.es/portfolio/files/2008/04/bergen-can-do-project.pdf

  • Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heilenman, L. K. (1990). Self-assessment of second language ability: The role of response effect. Language Testing, 7(2), 174–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, Y.-J., Samuelson, B. L., & Chen, S.-C. (2016). The relationships between peer- and self-assessment and teacher assessment of young EFL learners’ oral presentations. In M. Nikolov (Ed.), Assessing young learners of English: Global and local perspectives. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, Y. (n.d.). Shogakko eigo katsudo-no hyoka-no arikata: jido-ga iyokuteki-ni torikumu jikohyoka-no kufu-to hyoka-no kanten-no meikakuka [How to evaluate English activities at primary school: Self-assessment that children are motivated to engage in and the clarification of evaluation criteria]. Retrieved from http://www.kyoiku-kensyu.metro.tokyo.jp/09seika/reports/files/kenkyusei/h18/k-31.pdf

  • Leach, L. (2012). Optional self-assessment: Some tensions and dilemmas. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(2), 137–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeBlanc, R., & Painchaud, G. (1985). Self-assessment as a second language placement instrument. TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 673–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, P., Noels, K., & Clément, R. (1997). Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language Learning, 47(2), 265–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malabonga, V., Kenyon, D., & Carpenter, H. (2005). Self-assessment, preparation and response time on a computerized oral proficiency test. Language Testing, 22(1), 59–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W. (1986). Negative item bias in rating scales for preadolescent children: A cognitive-developmental phenomenon. Developmental Psychology, 22, 37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuno, S. (2009). Self-, peer-, and teacher-assessments in Japanese university EFL writing classrooms. Language Testing, 26(1), 75–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, B., & Boud, D. (2003). The impact of self-assessment on achievement: The effects of self-assessment training on performance in external examination. Assessment in Education, 10(2), 209–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mihaljević Djigunović, J. (2016). Individual differences and young learners’ performance on L2 speaking tests. In M. Nikolov (Ed.), Assessing young learners of English: Global and local perspectives. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, C. E. B. (1995). Self-assessment of foreign language proficiency: A critical analysis of issues and a study of cognitive orientations of French learners. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, F. J., Ponitz, C. C., & McClelland, M. M. (2010). Self-regulation and academic achievement in the transition to school. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition (pp. 203–224). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • National Council of State Supervisors for Languages. (2014). Lingua Folio®. Retrieved from http://www.ncssfl.org/LinguaFolio/index.php?checklists

  • Nicholls, J. G. (1978). The development of the concepts of effort and ability, perception of academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability. Child Development, 49, 800–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J. G., & Miller, A. T. (1983). The differentiation of the concepts of difficulty and ability. Child Development, 54, 951–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, D., & Macfarlane-Dick, D. (2006). Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, J. M., & Pierce, L. V. (1996). Authentic assessment for English language learners: Practical approaches for teachers. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (1997). A study in self-assessment: Tutor and students’ perceptions of performance criteria. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 22(4), 357–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (2000). The use of student derived marking criteria in peer and self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(1), 23–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson, M. (1989). Self-assessment of language proficiency: Rationale and applications. Language Testing, 6(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oscarson, M. (1997). Self-assessment of foreign and second language proficiency. In C. Clapham & D. Corson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Vol. 7. Language testing and assessment (pp. 175–187). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Oskarsson, M. (1978). Approaches to self-assessment in foreign language learning. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patri, M. (2002). The influence of peer feedback on self- and peer-assessment of oral skills. Language Testing, 19(2), 109–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1926/1930). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, B. N., Swain, M., & Hart, D. (1993). Self-assessment, French immersion and locus of control. Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. (1998). Self-assessment in second language testing: A meta-analysis and analysis of experimental factors. Language Testing, 15(1), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18, 145–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, P. M., & Good, E. (2006). The impact of self- and peer-grading on student learning. Educational Assessment, 11(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shameem, N. (1998). Validating self-reported language proficiency by testing performance in an immigrant community: The Wellington into-Fijians. Language Testing, 15(1), 86–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefani, L. (1994). Peer, self and tutor assessment: Relative reliabilities. Studies in Higher Education, 19(1), 69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stipek, D. J. (1984). Young children’s performance expectations: Logical analysis or wishful thinking? In J. G. Nicholls (Ed.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 3. The development of achievement motivation (pp. 33–56). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, K., & Hall, C. (1997). Introducing students to self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 22, 289–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taras, M. (2002). Using assessment for learning and learning from assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 27(6), 501–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrance, H., & Pryor, J. (1998). Investigating formative assessment: Teaching, learning and assessment in the classroom. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1934/1978). Thought and language (Rev. and edited by A. Kozulin). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). Models of self-regulated learning and academic achievement. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Self-regulated and academic achievement (pp. 1–24). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoller, U., Tsaparlis, G., Fastow, M., & Lubezky, A. (1997). Student self-assessment of higher-order cognitive skills in college science teaching. Journal of College Science Teaching, 27, 99–101.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuko Goto Butler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Butler, Y.G. (2016). Self-Assessment of and for Young Learners’ Foreign Language Learning. In: Nikolov, M. (eds) Assessing Young Learners of English: Global and Local Perspectives. Educational Linguistics, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22422-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22422-0_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22421-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22422-0

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics