Abstract
Despite the recent focus on self-assessment (SA) as a tool for enhancing learning, some researchers and practitioners have expressed concerns about its subjectivity and lack of accuracy. Such concerns, however, originated from the traditional, measurement-based notion of assessment (assessment of learning) rather than the learning-based notion of assessment (assessment for learning). In addition, existing research on SA in second/foreign language education has been concentrated on adult learners, leaving us with limited information on SA among young learners. In this chapter, I address both sets of issues: the confusion between the two orientations for assessment and age-related concerns regarding SA. First, I clarify the two orientations of assessment—assessment of learning and assessment for learning—and demonstrate that most of the concerns about subjectivity and accuracy apply primarily to the former orientation. Second, I detail the current findings on SA among young learners and identify the most urgent topics for future research in this area. Finally, to help teachers and researchers examine and develop SA items that are most appropriate for their purposes, I propose five dimensions that characterize existing major SAs for young learners: (a) domain setting; (b) scale setting; (c) goal setting; (d) focus of assessment; and (e) method of assessment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
This item did not include descriptions for each level of the scale, and was not meant for children. All other examples in this chapter were designed for young learners.
- 2.
Some of the items in the European Portfolio are more or less specific. The items listed here are relatively specific.
- 3.
The underline was original. There are 12 items for each category.
- 4.
The original was in Japanese, and the select part was translated by the author.
References
AlFallay, I. (2004). The role of some selected psychological and personality traits of the rater in the accuracy of self- and peer-assessment. System, 32, 407–425.
Andrade, H., Wang, X., Du, Y., & Akawi, R. (2009). Rubric-referenced assessment and self-efficacy for writing. The Journal of Educational Research, 102(6), 287–302.
Bachman, L. F., & Palmer, A. S. (1989). The construct validation of self-ratings of communicative language ability. Language Testing, 6(1), 14–29.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B., & Wiliam, D. (2003). Assessment for learning: Putting it into practice. New York: Open University Press.
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 5(1), 7–74.
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing the theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31.
Blanche, P. (1990). Using standardized achievement and oral proficiency tests for self-assessment purposes: The DLIFC study. Language Testing, 6(1), 14–29.
Blanche, P., & Merino, B. J. (1989). Self-assessment of foreign-language skills: Implications for teachers and researchers. Language Learning, 39(3), 313–340.
Brantmeier, C., & Vanderplank, R. (2008). Descriptive and criterion-referenced self-assessment with L2 readers. System, 36(3), 456–477.
Brantmeier, C., Vanderplank, R., & Strube, M. (2012). What about me? Individual self-assessment by skill and level of language instruction. System, 40, 144–160.
Brookhart, S. M. (2003). Developing measurement theory for classroom assessment purposes and uses. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 22(4), 5–12.
Butler, R. (2005). Competence assessment, competence, and motivation between early and middle childhood. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 202–221). New York: The Guilford Press.
Butler, Y. G. (2014). Parental factors and early English education as a foreign language: A case study in Mainland China. Research Papers in Education, 29(4), 410–437.
Butler, Y. G. (2015). Parental factors in the children’s motivation for learning English. Research Papers in Education, 30(2), 164–191.
Butler, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2006). On-task versus off-task self-assessment among Korean elementary school students studying English. The Modern Language Journal, 90(4), 506–518.
Butler, Y. G., & Lee, J. (2010). The effect of self-assessment among young learners. Language Testing, 17(1), 1–27.
Carless, D., & Lam, R. (2014). The examined life: Perspectives of lower primary school students in Hong Kong. Education 3–13, 42(3), 313–329.
Cassidy, S. (2007). Assessing ‘inexperienced’ students’ ability to self-assess: Exploring links with learning style and academic personal control. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32(3), 313–330.
Chambers, C. T., & Johnston, C. (2002). Developmental differences in children’s use of rating scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(1), 27–36.
CILT (The National Center for Languages). (2006). European language portfolio – Junior version: Revised edition. Retrieved from http://www.primarylanguages.org.uk/resources/assessment_and_recording/european_languages_portfolio.aspx
Council of Europe. (2001). Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dann, R. (2002). Promoting assessment as learning: Improving the learning process. New York: Routledge.
Davidson, F., & Henning, G. (1985). A self-rating scale of English difficulty. Language Testing, 2, 164–169.
de Saint Léger, D. (2009). Self-assessment of speaking skills and participation in a foreign language class. Foreign Language Annals, 42, 158–178.
de Saint Léger, D., & Storch, N. (2009). Learners’ perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System, 37, 269–285. doi:10.1016/j.system.2009.01.001.
Dickinson, L. (1987). Self-instruction in language learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048.
Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children’s knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 21–45.
Hargan, N. (1994). Learner autonomy by remote control. System, 22, 455–462.
Harker, D. J. (1998). Definitions and empirical foundations. In D. J. Harker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp. 1–23). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Harris, M. (1997). Self-assessment of language learning in formal settings. System, 51(1), 12–20.
Hasselgren, A. (2003). Bergen ‘Can-Do’ project. Retrieved from http://blog.educastur.es/portfolio/files/2008/04/bergen-can-do-project.pdf
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112.
Heilenman, L. K. (1990). Self-assessment of second language ability: The role of response effect. Language Testing, 7(2), 174–201.
Hung, Y.-J., Samuelson, B. L., & Chen, S.-C. (2016). The relationships between peer- and self-assessment and teacher assessment of young EFL learners’ oral presentations. In M. Nikolov (Ed.), Assessing young learners of English: Global and local perspectives. New York: Springer.
Kato, Y. (n.d.). Shogakko eigo katsudo-no hyoka-no arikata: jido-ga iyokuteki-ni torikumu jikohyoka-no kufu-to hyoka-no kanten-no meikakuka [How to evaluate English activities at primary school: Self-assessment that children are motivated to engage in and the clarification of evaluation criteria]. Retrieved from http://www.kyoiku-kensyu.metro.tokyo.jp/09seika/reports/files/kenkyusei/h18/k-31.pdf
Leach, L. (2012). Optional self-assessment: Some tensions and dilemmas. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(2), 137–147.
LeBlanc, R., & Painchaud, G. (1985). Self-assessment as a second language placement instrument. TESOL Quarterly, 19(4), 673–687.
MacIntyre, P., Noels, K., & Clément, R. (1997). Biases in self-ratings of second language proficiency: The role of language anxiety. Language Learning, 47(2), 265–287.
Malabonga, V., Kenyon, D., & Carpenter, H. (2005). Self-assessment, preparation and response time on a computerized oral proficiency test. Language Testing, 22(1), 59–92.
Marsh, H. W. (1986). Negative item bias in rating scales for preadolescent children: A cognitive-developmental phenomenon. Developmental Psychology, 22, 37–49.
Matsuno, S. (2009). Self-, peer-, and teacher-assessments in Japanese university EFL writing classrooms. Language Testing, 26(1), 75–100.
McDonald, B., & Boud, D. (2003). The impact of self-assessment on achievement: The effects of self-assessment training on performance in external examination. Assessment in Education, 10(2), 209–220.
Mihaljević Djigunović, J. (2016). Individual differences and young learners’ performance on L2 speaking tests. In M. Nikolov (Ed.), Assessing young learners of English: Global and local perspectives. New York: Springer.
Moritz, C. E. B. (1995). Self-assessment of foreign language proficiency: A critical analysis of issues and a study of cognitive orientations of French learners. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, New York.
Morrison, F. J., Ponitz, C. C., & McClelland, M. M. (2010). Self-regulation and academic achievement in the transition to school. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition (pp. 203–224). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
National Council of State Supervisors for Languages. (2014). Lingua Folio®. Retrieved from http://www.ncssfl.org/LinguaFolio/index.php?checklists
Nicholls, J. G. (1978). The development of the concepts of effort and ability, perception of academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability. Child Development, 49, 800–814.
Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nicholls, J. G., & Miller, A. T. (1983). The differentiation of the concepts of difficulty and ability. Child Development, 54, 951–959.
Nicol, D., & Macfarlane-Dick, D. (2006). Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199–218.
O’Malley, J. M., & Pierce, L. V. (1996). Authentic assessment for English language learners: Practical approaches for teachers. New York: Longman.
Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (1997). A study in self-assessment: Tutor and students’ perceptions of performance criteria. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 22(4), 357–368.
Orsmond, P., Merry, S., & Reiling, K. (2000). The use of student derived marking criteria in peer and self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(1), 23–38.
Oscarson, M. (1989). Self-assessment of language proficiency: Rationale and applications. Language Testing, 6(1), 1–13.
Oscarson, M. (1997). Self-assessment of foreign and second language proficiency. In C. Clapham & D. Corson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Vol. 7. Language testing and assessment (pp. 175–187). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
Oskarsson, M. (1978). Approaches to self-assessment in foreign language learning. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Patri, M. (2002). The influence of peer feedback on self- and peer-assessment of oral skills. Language Testing, 19(2), 109–131.
Piaget, J. (1926/1930). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Pierce, B. N., Swain, M., & Hart, D. (1993). Self-assessment, French immersion and locus of control. Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 25–42.
Ross, S. (1998). Self-assessment in second language testing: A meta-analysis and analysis of experimental factors. Language Testing, 15(1), 1–19.
Sadler, D. R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18, 145–165.
Sadler, P. M., & Good, E. (2006). The impact of self- and peer-grading on student learning. Educational Assessment, 11(1), 1–31.
Shameem, N. (1998). Validating self-reported language proficiency by testing performance in an immigrant community: The Wellington into-Fijians. Language Testing, 15(1), 86–108.
Stefani, L. (1994). Peer, self and tutor assessment: Relative reliabilities. Studies in Higher Education, 19(1), 69–75.
Stipek, D. J. (1984). Young children’s performance expectations: Logical analysis or wishful thinking? In J. G. Nicholls (Ed.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 3. The development of achievement motivation (pp. 33–56). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Sullivan, K., & Hall, C. (1997). Introducing students to self-assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 22, 289–305.
Taras, M. (2002). Using assessment for learning and learning from assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 27(6), 501–510.
Torrance, H., & Pryor, J. (1998). Investigating formative assessment: Teaching, learning and assessment in the classroom. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934/1978). Thought and language (Rev. and edited by A. Kozulin). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). Models of self-regulated learning and academic achievement. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Self-regulated and academic achievement (pp. 1–24). New York: Springer.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70.
Zoller, U., Tsaparlis, G., Fastow, M., & Lubezky, A. (1997). Student self-assessment of higher-order cognitive skills in college science teaching. Journal of College Science Teaching, 27, 99–101.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Butler, Y.G. (2016). Self-Assessment of and for Young Learners’ Foreign Language Learning. In: Nikolov, M. (eds) Assessing Young Learners of English: Global and Local Perspectives. Educational Linguistics, vol 25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22422-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22422-0_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22421-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22422-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)