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Plant Programmed Cell Death pp 1–31Cite as

An Overview of Programmed Cell Death Research: From Canonical to Emerging Model Species

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Abstract

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a critical process for the development and survival of a wide range of organisms. PCD research has made striking advances over the past 40 years, and a great deal of our understanding has emerged from studying canonical model organisms representing diverse kingdoms of life. To illuminate the differences and similarities of PCD among metazoans, plants, fungi, and prokaryotes, a cross section of established canonical model systems is examined, outlining the reasons they were chosen as models and evaluating their benefits and limitations. Novel model systems are rapidly emerging, and the advent of comparative genomics and proteomics will greatly enhance the quality of information that can be extrapolated. The pathway to developing a model is discussed along with a review of the past thirteen years of research in the emerging lace plant model system.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Nancy Dengler for the guidance and support throughout the entirety of the development of the lace plant as a model and for a critical review of this book chapter. Likewise, we thank Dr. Paul McCabe (University College Dublin) and Dr. Julie Kang (University of Northern Iowa) for critical reviews, as well as Gaolathe Rantong (Dalhousie University) for providing the description of current molecular investigations in the lace plant. Additionally, we extend our thanks to Dr. Michael Kane (University of Florida) for original lace plant sterile cultures from seeds; collaborators Dr. Christian Lacroix (University of Prince Edward Island), Dr. Keiko Yoshioka (University of Toronto), and Dr. Frank Van Breusegem (Ghent University, Belgium); and Angelica Camillo for her work on callus induction and protoplast isolation. A.N.D. received Ph.D. funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). A.N.G. was funded by an NSERC Discovery grant and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI).

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  1. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2

    Adrian N. Dauphinee & Arunika N. Gunawardena

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  1. Adrian N. Dauphinee
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Correspondence to Arunika N. Gunawardena .

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  1. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Arunika N. Gunawardena

  2. School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Paul F. McCabe

1.1 Electronic Supplementary Material

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Compilation of videos from a lace plant window stage leaf. (a) There is a visible gradient of PCD, which shows various features of PCD across N-, E-, and LPCD stage cells. (b) NPCD stage cells have anthocyanin (in the mesophyll), as well as chlorophyll pigmentation, and illustrate typical cellular dynamics as they persist throughout leaf morphogenesis. (c) EPCD stage cells have lost anthocyanin pigmentation and are fated to die. As PCD advances, aggregate of organelles are collected in the central vacuole and can be seen undergoing Brownian motion. There is an increase in transvacuolar strands in this early phase of PCD. (d) LPCD stage cells that are on the brink of collapse are nearly void of pigmentation and have large aggregates within the vacuole. In the very late stages of PCD, there is nuclear displacement; cessation of the aggregate, which precedes the collapse of the tonoplast; and plasma membrane shrinkage. Scale bars: 30 μm. ~25× playback speed. Video editing was performed using Adobe Premiere Pro CC (MP4 18655 kb)

Developmental vs. induced death in lace plant. (a) Cells in the later stages of developmental PCD (LPCD) exhibit little to no pigmentation. Aggregates undergoing Brownian motion in the central vacuole are visible. As the cell is terminated, nuclear displacement occurs, followed by the collapse of the tonoplast and the plasma membrane, leaving a condensed corpse. (b) NPCD stage cells (which do not undergo PCD during leaf development) treated with a 2 M NaCl solution, which causes a reduction in cellular volume due to plasmolysis. As the cells die, the color shifts to green, and there is swelling which occurs prior to tonoplast collapse. Finally, there is further shrinkage of the corpse. Scale bars: (a) = 10 μm; (b) = 15 μm. ~25× and 250× playback speeds, respectively. Video editing was performed using Adobe Premiere Pro CC (MP4 2177 kb)

Lace plant shoot apical meristems (SAMs) and young leaf primordia. (Left) Maximum projection. (Right) 3D projection video. Images were captured via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scale bar: 50 μm. Video editing was performed using Adobe Premiere Pro CC (MP4 1569 kb)

Live cell imaging video of apical region of mature lace plant leaf sheaths. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are readily observable and can be seen streaming throughout the cell guided by the cytoskeleton. Scale bar = 15 μm. ~120× playback speed. Video editing was performed using Adobe Premiere Pro CC (MP4 11770 kb)

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Dauphinee, A.N., Gunawardena, A.N. (2015). An Overview of Programmed Cell Death Research: From Canonical to Emerging Model Species. In: Gunawardena, A.N., McCabe, P.F. (eds) Plant Programmed Cell Death. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21033-9_1

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