Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prevention of External Apical Root Resorption

  • Chapter
Iatrogenic Effects of Orthodontic Treatment

Abstract

The issue of orthodontic-induced external apical root resorption (EARR) has attracted the interest of clinicians and investigators because of the alarming clinical and legal implications associated with its occurrence in a severe form. The January/February 2005 issue of the American Association of Orthodontist’s Bulletin reported that medical malpractice is a significant problem in the USA today and that patients are filing claims and lawsuits against medical and dental practitioners, including orthodontists, in record numbers. EARR is a common iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment. Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies show that EARR is a small problem for the average orthodontic patient, with radiographic mean resorption of less than 2.5 mm. This magnitude of resorption has no adverse clinical consequences. However, 1–5 % of orthodontic patients experience a severe form of EARR, defined as exceeding 4 mm or one-third of the original root length. Severe root resorption mainly occurs in maxillary incisors. It compromises crown-root ratios and can result in tooth mobility. The main etiologic risk factor for the severe form of EARR is genetic predisposition. Emphasis is thus given on the root-sparing treatment procedures to minimize the risk for development of the severe form of EARR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fuss Z, Tsesis I, Lin S. Root resorption–diagnosis, classification and treatment choices based on stimulation factors. Dent Traumatol. 2003;19:175–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontic. 4th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby, Inc. USA; 2007. p. 279–83.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Weltman BJ. External root resorption and orthodontic treatment—assessment of the evidence. In: Huang GJ, Richmond S, Vig KWL, editors. Evidence-based orthodontics. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd UK; 2011. p. 63–87.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Mirabella AD, Årtun J. Risk factors for apical root resorption of maxillary anterior teeth in adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:48–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lupi JE, Handelman CS, Sadowsky C. Prevalence and severity of apical root resorption and alveolar bone loss in orthodontically treated adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:28–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Taithongchai R, Sookkorn K, Killiany DM. Facial and dentoalveolar structure and the prediction of apical root shortening. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:296–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sameshima GT, Sinclair PM. Predicting and preventing root resorption: part 1. Diagnostic factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:505–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sameshima GT, Sinclair PM. Predicting and preventing root resorption: part II. Treatment factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:511–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Brin I, Tulloch JFC, Koroluk L, et al. External apical root resorption in Class II malocclusion: a retrospective review of 1-versus 2-phase treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:151–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Remington DN, Joondeph DR, Årtun J, et al. Long-term evaluation of root resorption occurring during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:43–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kaley JD, Phillips C. Factors related to root resorption in edgewise practice. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:125–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Linge L, Linge BO. Patient characteristics and treatment variables associated with apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:35–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Weltman B, Vig KWL, Fields HW, et al. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:462–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Levander E, Malmgren O. Evaluation of the risk of root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a study of upper incisors. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:30–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Otis L, Hong J, Tuncay O. Bone structure effect on root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;21:165–77.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Segal GR, Schiffman PH, Tuncay OH. Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:71–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. DeShields RW. A study of root resorption in treated Class II, Division I malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 1969;39:231–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Baumrind S, Korn EL, Boyd RL. Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:311–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Casa MA, Faltin RM, Faltin K, et al. Root resorptions in upper first premolars after application of continuous torque moment. Intra-individual study. J Orofac Orthop. 2001;62:285–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jimenez-Pellegrin C, Arana-Chavez VE. Root resorption in human mandibular first premolars after rotation as detected by scanning electron microscopy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126:178–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fox N. Longer orthodontic treatment may result in greater external apical root resorption. Evid Based Dent. 2005;6:21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. McFadden WM, Engstrom C, Engstrom H, et al. A study of the relationship between incisor intrusion and root shortening. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96:390–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sameshima GT, Sinclair PM. Characteristics of patients with severe root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:108–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Beck BW, Harris EF. Apical root resorption in orthodontically treated subjects: analysis of edgewise and light wire mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105:350–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dermaut LR, De Munck A. Apical root resorption of upper incisors caused by intrusive tooth movement: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1986;90:321–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Harris DA, Jones AS, Darendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: part 8. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of controlled intrusive light and heavy orthodontic forces: a microcomputed tomography scan study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:639–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Barbagallo LJ, Jones AS, Petocz P, et al. Physical properties of root cementum: part 10. Comparison of the effects of invisible removable thermoplastic appliances with light and heavy orthodontic forces on premolar cementum. A microcomputed-tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:218–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Faltin RM, Faltin K, Sander FG, et al. Ultrastructure of cementum and periodontal ligament after continuous intrusion in humans: a transmission electron microscopy study. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23:35–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Chan EKM, Darendeliler MA. Exploring the third dimension in root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:64–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chan E, Darendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: part 5. Volumetric analysis of root resorption craters after application of light and heavy orthodontic forces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:186–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chan E, Darendeliler MA. Physical properties of root cementum: part 7. Extent of root resorption under areas of compression and tension. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:504–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Parker RJ, Harris EF. Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:672–83.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Han G, Huang S, Von den Hoff JW, et al. Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:912–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Costopoulos G, Nanda R. An evaluation of root resorption incident to orthodontic intrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:543–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Thilander B, Rygh P, Reitan K. Tissue reactions in orthodontics. In: Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KW, editors. Orthodontics: current principles and techniques. 4th ed. St Louis: C.V. Mosby; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Linge BO, Linge L. Apical root resorption in upper anterior teeth. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5:173–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Acar A, Canyurek U, Kocaaga M, et al. Continuous vs. discontinuous force application and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:159–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Konoo T, Kim YJ, Gu GM, et al. Intermittent force in orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res. 2001;80:457–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Weiland F. Constant versus dissipating forces in orthodontics: the effect on initial tooth movement and root resorption. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25:335–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Owman-Moll P, Kurol J, Lundgren D. Continuous versus interrupted continuous orthodontic force related to early tooth movement and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:395–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: the clinical aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:180–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Root resorption after orthodontic treatment: part 1. Literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:62–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ketcham AH. A preliminary report of an investigation of apical root resorption of vital permanent teeth. Int J Orthod. 1927;13:97–127.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pandis N, Nasika M, Polychronopoulou A, et al. External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:646–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Blake M, Woodside DG, Pharoah MJ. A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with the edgewise and speed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108:76–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Janson GR, De Luca Canto G, Martins DR, et al. A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;118:262–73.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Malmgren O, Goldson L, Hill C, et al. Root resorption after orthodontic treatment of traumatized teeth. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:487–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Goldson L, Henrikson CO. Root resorption during Begg treatment: a longitudinal roentgenologic study. Am J Orthod. 1975;68:55–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. TenHoeve A, Mulie RM. The effects of antero-postero incisor repositioning on the palatal cortex as studied with laminagraphy. J Clin Orthod. 1976;10:804–22.

    Google Scholar 

  50. McNab S, Battistutta D, Taverne A, et al. External apical root resorption following orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2000;70:227–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lew K. Intrusion and apical resorption of mandibular incisors in Begg treatment: anchorage bend or curve? Aust Orthod J. 1990;11:164–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alexander SA. Levels of root resorption associated with continuous arch and sectional arch mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;110:321–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Scott P, DiBiase AT, Sherriff M, et al. Alignment efficiency of Damon3 self-ligating and conventional orthodontic bracket systems: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:470.e1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hartsfield Jr JK, Everett ET, Al-Qawasmi RA. Genetic factors in external apical root resorption and orthodontic treatment. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15:115–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hamilton RS, Gutmann JL. Endodontic-orthodontic relationships: a review of integrated treatment planning challenges. Int Endod J. 1999;32:343–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Drysdale C, Gibbs SL, Ford TR. Orthodontic management of root-filled teeth. Br J Orthod. 1996;23:255–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Newman WG. Possible etiologic factors in external root resorption. Am J Orthod. 1975;67:522–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. McNab S, Battistutta D, Taverne A, et al. External apical root resorption of posterior teeth in asthmatics after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:545–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kjaer I. Morphological characteristics of dentitions developing excessive root resorption during orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17:25–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Smale I, Årtun J, Behbehani F, et al. Apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:57–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Thongudomporn U, Freer TJ. Anomalous dental morphology and root resorption during orthodontic treatment: a pilot study. Aust Orthod J. 1998;15:162–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lee RY, Årtun J, Alonzo TA. Are dental anomalies risk factors for apical root resorption in orthodontic patients? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:187–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. English H. External apical root resorption as a consequence of orthodontic treatment. J N Z Soc Periodontol. 2001;86:17–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Al-Qawasmi RA, Hartsfield Jr JK, Everett ET, et al. Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:242–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Harris EF, Kineret SE, Tolley EA. A heritable component for external apical root resorption in patients treated orthodontically. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:301–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ngan DCS, Kharbanda OP, Byloff FK, et al. The genetic contribution to orthodontic root resorption: a retrospective twin study. Aust Orthod J. 2004;20:1–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Al-Qawasmi RA, Hartsfield Jr JK, Everett ET, et al. Genetic predisposition to external apical root resorption in orthodontic patients: linkage of chromosome-18 marker. J Dent Res. 2003;82:356–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bollen AM. Large overjet and longer teeth are associated with more root resorption when treated orthodontically. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2002;2:44–5.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Igarashi K, Adachi H, Mitani H, et al. Inhibitory effect of topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate) on root resorption incident to orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res. 1996;75:1644–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Adachi H, Igarashi K, Mitani H, et al. Effects of topical administration of a bisphosphonate (risedronate) on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res. 1994;73:1478–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Attati I, Hammarstrom L. Root surface defects in rat molar induced by 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54:59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Attati I, Hellsing E, Hammarstrom L. Orthodontically induced root resorption in rat molars after 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate injection. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54:102–8.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Villa PA, Oberti G, Moncada CA, et al. Pulp-dentine complex changes and root resorption during intrusive orthodontic tooth movement in patients prescribed nabumetone. J Endod. 2005;31:61–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Poumpros E, Loberg E, Engstrom C. Thyroid function and root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:389–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shirazi M, Dehpour AR, Jefari F. The effect of thyroid hormone on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1999;23:259–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Loberg EL, Engstrom C. Thyroid administration to reduce root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:395–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Christiansen RL. Commentary: thyroxine administration and its effects on root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:399–400.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Horiuchi A, Hotokezaka H, Kobayashi K. Correlation between cortical plate proximity and apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114:311–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Rygh P, Reitan K. Ultrastructural changes in the periodontal ligament incident to orthodontic tooth movement. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1972;393–405.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Goldie RS, King GJ. Root resorption and tooth movement in orthodontically treated, calcium-deficient, and lactating rats. Am J Orthod. 1984;85:424–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Midgett RJ, Shaye R, Fruge Jr JF. The effect of altered bone metabolism on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1981;80:256–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Davidovitch Z, Godwin SL, Park YG, et al. The etiology of root resorption. In: McNamara JA, Trotman CA, editors. Orthodontic treatment: the management of unfavorable sequelae. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1996. p. 93–117.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Andreasen JO. External root resorption: its implication in dental traumatology, paedodontics, periodontics, orthodontics and endodontics. Int Endod J. 1985;18:109–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mandall N, Lowe C, Worthington H, et al. Which orthodontic archwire sequence? A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:561–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part 1: the basic science aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:175–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Wickwire NA, McNeil MH, Norton LA, et al. The effects of tooth movement upon endodontically treated teeth. Angle Orthod. 1974;44:235–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Taner T, Ciger S, Sencift Y. Evaluation of apical root resorption following extraction therapy in subjects with class I and class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:491–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Harris EF, Robinson QC, Woods MA. An analysis of causes of apical root resorption in patients not treated orthodontically. Quintessence Int. 1993;24:417–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Mavragani M, Boe OE, Wisth PJ, et al. Changes in root length during orthodontic treatment: advantages for immature teeth. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:91–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Reitan K. Initial tissue behaviour during apical root resorption. Angle Orthod. 1974;44:68–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Harris EF, Baker WC. Loss of root length and crestal bone height before and during treatment in adolescent and adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;98:463–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bishara SE, von Wald L, Jakobsen JR. Changes in root length from early to mid-adulthood: resorption or apposition? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:563–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Spurrier SW, Hall SH, Joondeph DR, et al. A comparison of apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment in endodontically treated and vital teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1990;97:130–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Harris EF, Butler ML. Patterns of incisor root resorption before and after orthodontic correction of cases with anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101:112–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Vlaskalic V, Boyd RL, Baumrind S. Etiology and sequelae of root resorption. Semin Orthod. 1998;4:124–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Årtun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, et al. Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:919–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Levander E, Malmgren O, Eliasson S. Evaluation of root resorption in relation to two orthodontic treatment regimes. A clinical experimental study. Eur J Orthod. 1994;16:223–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kalkwarf KL, Krejci RF, Pao YC. Effect of apical root resorption on periodontal support. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56:317–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Cureton SL, Regennitter FJ, Yancey JM. Clinical vs. quantitative assessment of headgear compliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104:277–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Nguyen QV, Bezemer PD, Habets SL, et al. A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:503–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Koroluk L, Tulloch JFC, Phillips C. Incisor trauma and early treatment for Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:117–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Årtun J, Behbehani F, Al-Jame B, et al. Incisor trauma in an adolescent Arab population: prevalence, severity and occlusal risk factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:347–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kaste LM, Gift HC, Bhat M, et al. Prevalence of incisor trauma in persons 6 to 50 years of age: United States, 1988–1991. J Dent Res. 1996;75(Spec iss):696–705.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Justus R. Letters to the Editor. Are there any advantages of early Class II treatment? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:717–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Huang G, English J, Ferguson D, et al. Functional appliances and long-term effects on mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop (Readers’ Forum). 2005;128:271–2.

    Google Scholar 

  106. O’Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, et al. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the twin-block appliance: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:234–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C. Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:657–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Moore AW. Orthodontic treatment factors in Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1959;45:323–52.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Wieslander L. The effects of orthodontic treatment on the concurrent development of the craniofacial complex. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1963;49:15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Jakobsson SO. Cephalometric evaluation of treatment effect on Class II, Division 1 malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1967;53:446–57.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Wieslander L. The effect of force on craniofacial development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1974;65:531–8.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Melsen B. Effects of cervical anchorage during and after treatment: an implant study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1978;73:526–40.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Baumrind S, Molthen R, West EE, et al. Distal displacement of the maxilla and the upper first molar. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1979;75:630–40.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Derringer K. A cephalometric study to compare the effects of cervical traction and Andresen therapy in the treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion: part 1-skeletal changes. Br J Orthod. 1990;17:33–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Justus R. Finalización en Ortodoncia. In: Interlandi S, editor. Ortodoncia–Bases para la Iniciación. Sao Paulo: Editorial Artes Médicas; 2002. p. 533–46.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Fidler BC, Artun J, Joondeph DR, et al. Long-term stability of Class II malocclusions with successful occlusal results at end of active treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:276–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Ericson S, Kurol J. Early treatment of palatally erupting maxillary canines by extraction of the primary canines. Eur J Orthod. 1988;10:283–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Bonetti GA, Zanarini M, Parenti SI, et al. Extraction of deciduous canines and first molars to prevent ectopic eruption of permanent canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:316–23.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Huang GJ, Justus R, Kennedy DB, et al. Stability of anterior open bite treated with crib therapy. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:17–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Justus R. Correction of anterior open bite with spurs: long-term stability. World J Orthod. 2001;2:219–31.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Franklin E. Losing sleep over malpractice claims. AAO Bulletin. Risk Management Review. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. Jan/Feb 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Franklin E. Prolonged orthodontic treatment increases exposure to malpractice claims: take steps to reduce risk. AAO Bulletin. Risk Management Review. Saint Louis, Missouri, USA Apr/May 2005.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, Universidad Intercontinental, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Roberto Justus

Authors
  1. Roberto Justus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Justus, R. (2015). Prevention of External Apical Root Resorption. In: Iatrogenic Effects of Orthodontic Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18353-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18353-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18352-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18353-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation