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Effects of Exercise on Hypertension pp 157–184Cite as

Effects of In Vitro Laminar Shear Stress as an Exercise Mimetic on Endothelial Cell Health

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Part of the book series: Molecular and Translational Medicine ((MOLEMED))

Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction has been associated with a host of cardiovascular diseases and is thought to be an important contributor to many of them. Exercise training is a potent nonpharmacological modality to improve endothelial dysfunction. It is thought that the elevated intravascular shear stress is what leads to exercise-induced improvements in endothelial function. Microarray studies show that the gene expression profile of endothelial cells is dramatically altered by high physiological levels of laminar shear stress. Overwhelmingly, the genetic program of protein expression in response to in vitro laminar shear stress is vasoprotective and atheroprotective. There are three purposes of this chapter: (1) to review endothelial dysfunction at the cellular level, (2) to describe the different types of shear stress to which endothelial cells are exposed and the methodology used to examine them; and (3) to specifically describe the effects of high physiological levels of laminar shear stress on the expression of genes and proteins directly related to endothelial health.

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Abbreviations

BAEC:

Bovine aortic endothelial cell

BH4 :

Tetrahydrobiopterin

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

EC:

Endothelial cell

ECE:

Endothelin converting enzyme

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

HAEC:

Human aortic endothelial cell

HCAEC:

Human coronary artery endothelial cell

HMVEC:

Human microvessel endothelial cell

HUAEC:

Human umbilical artery endothelial cell

HUVEC:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cell

ICAM-1:

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1

IL-6:

Interlukin-6

JAK-STAT:

Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription

KLF2:

Krüppel-like factor 2

LSS:

Laminar shear stress

MCP:

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1

miRNA:

Micro ribonucleic acid

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial deoxribonucleic acid

NADPH:

Nicotanimide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

Nox:

Nicotanimide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like-2

P13k/Akt:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor/protein kinase B

PG:

Prostaglandin

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha

PGHS:

Prostaglandin G/H synthase

PGI2 :

Prostaglandin-2

PKA:

Protein Kinase A

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Ser:

Serine

SIRT1:

Sirtuin 1

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Trx:

Thioredoxin

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, Integrative Physiology Lab, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St., AHSB Rm. 646, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Michael D. Brown Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M., F.A.H.A.

  2. Department of Kinesiology, College of Public Health Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Joon-Young Park Ph.D.

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  1. Michael D. Brown Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M., F.A.H.A.
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  2. Joon-Young Park Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Michael D. Brown Ph.D., F.A.C.S.M., F.A.H.A. .

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  1. Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut Department of Kinesiology &, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

    Linda S. Pescatello

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Brown, M.D., Park, JY. (2015). Effects of In Vitro Laminar Shear Stress as an Exercise Mimetic on Endothelial Cell Health. In: Pescatello, L. (eds) Effects of Exercise on Hypertension. Molecular and Translational Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17076-3_7

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