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Staging and Workup of Invasive Breast Cancer

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The Outpatient Breast Clinic

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Abstract

• Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease, comprising multiple entities associated with distinctive histological and biological features. • The heterogeneity may be decreased after stratifications by grade (especially for grade I and III tumours) or by ER/PR status; however, one residual unpredictable heterogeneity is still observed. • Among predictive factors, also race and cancer subtype could play a modifying role.

Future directions. In theory, understanding which genes are amplified, which are deleted, and which are mutated in the BC cells provides the base for a rational, tailored medical treatment. Further studies on sources of still unknown heterogeneity of genetic/epigenetic characteristics could lead to a more stratification rather than unification of breast cancer assessment and treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA

    Virgilio S. Sacchini

  2. Breast Surgery, Policlinic of Abano Terme, Padova, Italy

    Alfonso M. Pluchinotta

Authors
  1. Virgilio S. Sacchini
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  2. Alfonso M. Pluchinotta
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Virgilio S. Sacchini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Breast Surgery Department Consultant Surgeon, Polyclinic Abano Terme, Padova, Italy

    Alfonso M. Pluchinotta

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© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Sacchini, V.S., Pluchinotta, A.M. (2015). Staging and Workup of Invasive Breast Cancer. In: Pluchinotta, A. (eds) The Outpatient Breast Clinic. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15907-2_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15907-2_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15906-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15907-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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