Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) workshop in 2005 redefined all oral lesions with a potential for a malignant transformation to be grouped under the title “potentially malignant disorders.” The traditional terminologies of premalignant lesions and premalignant conditions have been abandoned. There are several lesions that fall under this title; however we will limit our discussion to the most commonly seen lesions in clinical practice; these include lichen planus, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia, erythroplakia with ulceration, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, and submucous fibrosis. All the aforementioned lesions are predominantly found in the oral cavity. Potentially malignant lesions of the skin can also be found in the head and neck and however are beyond the scope of this chapter and will not be discussed.
Change history
28 May 2020
Chapter [7] has been retracted by the publisher. The chapter contains sections that substantially overlap with the following articles [2,3]. All authors agree to the retraction.
Bibliography
Silverman Jr S, Bahl S. Oral lichen planus update: clinical characteristics, treatment responses, and malignant transformation. Am J Dent. 1997;10(6):259–63.
Silverman Jr S, et al. A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;72(6):665–70.
Kawamura E, et al. Accumulation of oligoclonal T cells in the infiltrating lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(5):282–9.
Iijima W, et al. Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES/CCL5 and IP-10/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self-recruiting mechanism. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(1):261–8.
Femiano F, et al. Recent advances on the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The adhesion molecules. Minerva Stomatol. 1999;48(4):151–9.
Demitsu T, et al. Corticosteroid-resistant erosive oral lichen planus successfully treated with topical cyclosporine therapy. Int J Dermatol. 2000;39(1):79–80.
Eisen D. The clinical manifestations and treatment of oral lichen planus. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(1):79–89.
De Rossi SS, Ciarrocca K. Oral lichen planus and lichenoid mucositis. Dent Clin North Am. 2014;58(2):299–313.
Rhodus NL, Myers S, Kaimal S. Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus. Northwest Dent. 2003;82(2):17–9, 22–5.
Kuffer R, Lombardi T. Erosion and ulceration occurring on oral lichen planus. Comments on the article ‘Erosive lichen planus: what is this?’ by A. Rebora. Dermatology. 2003;207(3):340.
Brouns ER, et al. The relevance of uniform reporting in oral leukoplakia: definition, certainty factor and staging based on experience with 275 patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(1):e19–26.
Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(10):575–80.
Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):770–80.
Schepman KP, et al. Prevalence study of oral white lesions with special reference to a new definition of oral leucoplakia. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1996;32B(6):416–9.
Abidullah M, et al. Leukoplakia – review of a potentially malignant disorder. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(8):ZE01–4.
Schepman KP, et al. Tobacco usage in relation to the anatomical site of oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis. 2001;7(1):25–7.
Freitas MD, et al. Clinicopathologic aspects of oral leukoplakia in smokers and nonsmokers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(2):199–203.
Hashibe M, et al. Alcohol drinking, body mass index and the risk of oral leukoplakia in an Indian population. Int J Cancer. 2000;88(1):129–34.
Ram H, et al. Oral cancer: risk factors and molecular pathogenesis. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2011;10(2):132–7.
Stransky N, et al. The mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Science. 2011;333(6046):1157–60.
Silverman S. Oral cancer. Semin Dermatol. 1994;13(2):132–7.
Zengel P, et al. Cancer of unknown primary originating from oropharyngeal carcinomas are strongly correlated to HPV positivity. Virchows Arch. 2012;461(3):283–90.
Krisanaprakornkit S, Iamaroon A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ISRN Oncol. 2012;2012:681469.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer. 1953;6(5):963–8.
Bedi GC, et al. Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin. Cancer Res. 1996;56(11):2484–7.
Braakhuis BJ, et al. A genetic explanation of Slaughter’s concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res. 2003;63(8):1727–30.
Vedtofte P, et al. Surgical treatment of premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;16(6):656–64.
Ishii J, Fujita K, Komori T. Clinical assessment of laser monotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2002;20(2):57–61.
van der Hem PS, et al. The results of CO2 laser surgery in patients with oral leukoplakia: a 25 year follow up. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(1):31–7.
Shafer WG, Waldron CA. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1975;36(3):1021–8.
Reichart PA, Philipsen HP. Oral erythroplakia – a review. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(6):551–61.
Tung CL, et al. Proteomics-based identification of plasma biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2013;75:7–17.
van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4–5):317–23.
Mashberg A, Samit A. Early diagnosis of asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancers. CA Cancer J Clin. 1995;45(6):328–51.
Rhodus NL, Kerr AR, Patel K. Oral cancer: leukoplakia, premalignancy, and squamous cell carcinoma. Dent Clin North Am. 2014;58(2):315–40.
Mashberg A. Diagnosis of early oral and oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma: obstacles and their amelioration. Oral Oncol. 2000;36(3):253–5.
Silverman Jr S, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84(2):154–7.
Palefsky JM, et al. Association between proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and infection with human papillomavirus type 16. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995;24(5):193–7.
Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman Jr S. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):285–98.
Lee SY, et al. Relevance of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection to carcinogenesis of oral tongue cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39(7):678–83.
Hillbertz NS, et al. Viral and molecular aspects of oral cancer. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(10):4201–12.
Femiano F, Gombos F, Scully C. Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL); open trial of surgery compared with combined therapy using surgery and methisoprinol in papillomavirus-related PVL. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30(4):318–22.
Schoelch ML, et al. Laser management of oral leukoplakias: a follow-up study of 70 patients. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(6):949–53.
Schwartz J. Atrophia idiopathica mucosae oris. London: Demonstrated at the 11th Int Dent Congress; 1952.
Joshi SG. Fibrosis of the palate and pillars. Indian J Otolaryngol. 1953;4:1.
Jacob BJ, et al. Betel quid without tobacco as a risk factor for oral precancers. Oral Oncol. 2004;40(7):697–704.
Canniff JP, Harvey W. The aetiology of oral submucous fibrosis: the stimulation of collagen synthesis by extracts of areca nut. Int J Oral Surg. 1981;10 Suppl 1:163–7.
Murti PR, et al. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1985;13(6):340–1.
Kakar PK, Puri RK, Venkatachalam VP. Oral submucous fibrosis – treatment with hyalase. J Laryngol Otol. 1985;99(1):57–9.
Haque MF, et al. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) may reverse oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(1):12–21.
Epstein JB, et al. Defining the risk of oral premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(3):297–8.
Holmstrup P, et al. Long-term treatment outcome of oral premalignant lesions. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(5):461–74.
Holmstrup P, et al. Oral premalignant lesions: is a biopsy reliable? J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(5):262–6.
Roed-Petersen B. Effect on oral leukoplakia of reducing or ceasing tobacco smoking. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62:164–7.
Chad Martin G, Brown JP, Eifler CW, Houston GD. Oral leukoplakia status six weeks after cessation of smokeless tobacco use. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:945–54.
Lippman SM, Benner SE, Hong WK. Cancer chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(4):851–73.
Kuriakose MA, Sharan R. Oral cancer prevention. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2006;18(4):493–511.
Forastiere A, et al. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(26):1890–900.
Ribeiro AS, Salles PR, da Silva TA, et al. Review of the nonsurgical treatment of oral leukoplakia. Int J Dentistry. 2010;1155:1–10.
Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasurya S, et al. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7).
Hong WK, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(24):1501–5.
Benner SE, Lippman SM, Hong WK. Retinoid chemoprevention of second primary tumors. Semin Hematol. 1994;31(4 Suppl 5):26–30.
Toma S, et al. Biological aspects and perspectives applicable to the chemoprevention of cancer of the upper respiratory-digestive tract. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 1990;10 Suppl 27:41–54.
Chiesa F, et al. Prevention of local relapses and new localisations of oral leukoplakias with the synthetic retinoid fenretinide (4-HPR). Preliminary results. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1992;28B(2):97–102.
Nagao T, et al. Treatment of oral leukoplakia with a low-dose of beta-carotene and vitamin C supplements: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(7):1708–17.
Sharma OP. Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol. 1976;25(15):1811–2.
Toda S, et al. Natural antioxidants. III. Antioxidative components isolated from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1985;33(4):1725–8.
Ruby AJ, et al. Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Lett. 1995;94(1):79–83.
Kawamori T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1999;59(3):597–601.
Pereira MA. Prevention of colon cancer and modulation of aberrant crypt foci, cell proliferation, and apoptosis by retinoids and NSAIDs. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;470:55–63.
Pereira MA, et al. Effects of the phytochemicals, curcumin and quercetin, upon azoxymethane-induced colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(6):1305–11.
Tao L, Li K, Pereira MA. Chemopreventive agents-induced regression of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci with the recovery of hexosaminidase activity. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(7):1415–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patel, K., Kadamani, D., Kuriakose, M.A. (2017). Retracted: Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. In: Kuriakose, M.A. (eds) Contemporary Oral Oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14911-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14911-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14910-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14911-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)