Skip to main content

Idiosyncratic Deals for Older Workers: Increased Heterogeneity Among Older Workers Enhance the Need for I-Deals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship

Abstract

This chapter discusses how idiosyncratic deals (I-deals) can be negotiated by older workers and their organizations to increase the motivation and performance of older workers. Because work-related preferences of older workers tend to be more heterogeneous than those of younger workers, I-deals are in particular suited to the needs and preference of older workers. More specifically flexibility and development I-deals can help older workers stay motivated and productive throughout their careers. I-deals are defined as the idiosyncratic agreements employees negotiate with their employer about their work arrangements. I-deals benefit both employee and organization, such that the employee obtains a better work-life balance, and is able to develop, while the organization benefits from higher productivity and retention of valuable employees. I-deals have been shown to be crucial in motivating employees to work beyond their retirement age. The chapter concludes with boundary conditions for the effects of I-deals on motivation, productivity and health, and suggestions for future research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Kiburz, K. M., & Shockley, K. M. (2012). Work–family conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility. Personnel Psychology, 66, 345–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, S., Vidyarthi, P. R., Liden, R. C., & Rousseau, D. M. (2010). Good citizens in poor-quality relationships: Idiosyncratic deals as a substitute for relationship quality. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 970–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Ursel, N. D. (2009). Perceived organizational support career satisfaction and the retention of older workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 210–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., De Jong, S. B., Jansen, P. G. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). Motivating employees to work beyond retirement: A multi-level study of the role of I-deals and unit climate. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 306–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G., & Van Der Velde, M. E. (2008). Psychological contract breach and job attitudes: A meta-analysis of age as a moderator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 143–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., De Lange, A. H., Zacher, H., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2013). A lifespan perspective on psychological contracts and their relations with organizational commitment. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 279–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., & Dorenbosch, L. (2014). Age-related differences in the relations between individualized HR practices and organizational performance: A large-scale employer survey (Manuscript under review).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., & Kooij, D. (2011). The relations between work centrality, psychological contracts, and job attitudes: The influence of age. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 497–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bal, P. M., Kooij, D. T. A. M., & De Jong, S. B. (2013). How do developmental and accommodative HRM enhance employee engagement and commitment? The role of psychological contract and SOC‐strategies. Journal of Management Studies, 50, 545–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, B. B., Briggs, T. E., Huff, J. W., Wright, J. A., & Neuman, G. A. (1999). Flexible and compressed workweek schedules: A meta-analysis of their effects on work-related criteria. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 496–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny. Selection optimization and compensation as foundation. American Psychologist, 52, 366–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benko, C., & Weisberg, A. A. C. (2007). Mass career customization: Aligning the workplace with today’s nontraditional workforce. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boxall, P., & Macky, K. (2009). Research and theory on high‐performance work systems: Progressing the high‐involvement stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19, 3–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charles, S. T. (2005). Viewing injustice: Greater emotional heterogeneity with age. Psychology and Aging, 20, 159–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dannefer, D. (2003). Cumulative advantage/disadvantage and the life course: Cross-fertilizing age and social science theory. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, S327–S337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deary, I. J., & Der, G. (2005). Reaction time, age, and cognitive ability: Longitudinal findings from age 16 to 63 years in representative population samples. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 187–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic contingency and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 802–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2010). Green paper: Toward adequate, sustainable and safe European pension systems. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, A. M. (2006). Age-differential motivational consequences of optimization versus compensation focus in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 21, 240–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, T. M., Wright, P. M., & Moynihan, L. M. (2011). The impact of motivation, empowerment, and skill-enhancing practices on aggregate voluntary turnover: The mediating effect of collective affective commitment. Personnel Psychology, 64, 315–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J., Roberge, M. É., Ho, V. T., & Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Fairness in idiosyncratic work arrangements: Justice as an I-deal. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 23, 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., & Glaser, J. (2008). Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 655–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., Weigl, M., Muller, A., & Glaser, J. (2014). Redesigning work through idiosyncratic deals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 608–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehoe, R. R., & Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high performance HR practices on employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 39, 366–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H., & Michela, J. L. (1980). Attribution theory and research. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 457–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellough, J. L., & Knight, B. G. (2012). Positivity effects in older adults’ perception of facial emotion: The role of future time perspective. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 150–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kooij, D., De Lange, A., Jansen, P., & Dikkers, J. (2008). Older workers’ motivation to continue to work: Five meanings of age. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 364–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kooij, D., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G. W., Kanfer, R., & Dikkers, J. (2011). Age and work-related motives: Results of a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 197–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunze, F., Böhm, S. A., & Bruch, H. (2011). Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences—A cross organizational study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 264–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunze, F., & Bruch, H. (2010). Age-based faultlines and perceived productive energy: The moderation of transformational leadership. Small Group Research, 41, 593–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, L., Rousseau, D. M., & Chang, K. T. T. (2009). Idiosyncratic deals: Coworkers as interested parties. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 547–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, L. M., Manchester, C. F., Park, T. Y., & Mehng, S. A. (2012). Flexible work practices: A source of career premiums or penalties? Academy of Management Journal, 55, 1407–1428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Light, J. M., Grigsby, J. S., & Bligh, M. C. (1996). Aging and heterogeneity: Genetics, social structure, and personality. The Gerontologist, 36, 165–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, E. A., & Dannefer, D. (1992). Aged heterogeneity: Fact or fiction? The fate of diversity in gerontological research. The Gerontologist, 32, 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 392–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2009). Re-examining the relationship between age and voluntary turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 283–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt-Catsouphes, M., & Matz-Costa, C. (2008). The multi-generational workforce: Workplace flexibility and engagement. Community, Work and Family, 11, 215–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polat, T., Bal, P. M., & Jansen, P. G. (2012). Hoe willen werknemers na hun pensioen blijven werken? Gedrag en Organisatie, 25, 66–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, S. R. (1983). Age-related differences in work attitudes and behavior: A review and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 328–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, C. C., Slater, D. J., Chang, C. H., & Johnson, R. E. (2013). Let’s make a deal development and validation of the ex post I-deals scale. Journal of Management, 39, 709–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (2001). The idiosyncratic deal: Flexibility versus fairness? Organizational Dynamics, 29, 260–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M. (2005). I-deals: Idiosyncratic deals employees bargain for themselves. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., Ho, V. T., & Greenberg, J. (2006). I-deals: Idiosyncratic terms in employment relationships. Academy of Management Review, 31, 977–994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., Hornung, S., & Kim, T. G. (2009). Idiosyncratic deals: Testing propositions on timing, content, and the employment relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 338–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, K. S., Wang, M., Crimmins, E. M., & Fisher, G. G. (2010). Age differences in the Demand—Control Model of work stress an examination of data from 15 European countries. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29, 21–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somel, M., Khaitovich, P., Bahn, S., Pääbo, S., & Lachmann, M. (2006). Gene expression becomes heterogeneous with age. Current Biology, 16, R359–R360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truxillo, D. M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2013). Research themes on age and work: Introduction to the Special Issue. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 249–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twenge, J. M., Campbell, S. M., Hoffman, B. J., & Lance, C. E. (2010). Generational differences in work values: Leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. Journal of Management, 36, 1117–1142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Meij, K., & Bal, P. M. (2013). De ideale ‘Idiosyncratic-deal’. Gedrag en Organisatie, 26, 156–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lieshout, C. F. (2000). Lifespan personality development: Self-organising goal-oriented agents and developmental outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 276–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Lieshout, C. F. M. (2006). Lifespan development of personality and developmental outcome domains. European Journal of Personality, 20, 515–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M., & Shultz, K. S. (2010). Employee retirement: A review and recommendations for future investigation. Journal of Management, 36, 172–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welten, R. (2012). Work and leisure in a consumer society. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai-Philosophia, 2, 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2011). Maintaining a focus on opportunities at work: The interplay between age, job complexity, and the use of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 291–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaniboni, S., Truxillo, D. M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2013). Differential effects of task variety and skill variety on burnout and turnover intentions for older and younger workers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 306–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Matthijs Bal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bal, P.M., Jansen, P.G.W. (2015). Idiosyncratic Deals for Older Workers: Increased Heterogeneity Among Older Workers Enhance the Need for I-Deals. In: Bal, P., Kooij, D., Rousseau, D. (eds) Aging Workers and the Employee-Employer Relationship. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08007-9_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics