Skip to main content
  • 837 Accesses

Abstract

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are one of the most common of menopause transition symptoms with varied incidence by region, culture, and race/ethnicity. Despite being the single symptom with the most research, the physiology is not yet completely understood. Investigation of KNDy neuronal activity is both deepening our understanding and opening new opportunities for management. Management of moderate to severe VMS includes lifestyle alterations as well as both hormonal and nonhormonal therapy. Differences in estrogen and progestogen formulation and delivery route impact associated risks. Supplements are marketed worldwide to women in the menopause transition without the evidence for efficacy and safety of pharmaceutically regulated products. Botanicals, although a mainstay of Traditional Chinese Medicine, are difficult to evaluate in allopathic medical theory. The consequences of failure to treat when indicated may decrease quality of life, increase incidence or severity of other health conditions, and increase medical costs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Makara-Studzinska MT, Krys-Noszczyk KM, Jakiel G. Epidemiology of the symptoms of menopause - an intercontinental review. Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(3):203–11. https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2014.43827.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Woods NF, Hohensee C, Carpenter JS, Cohen L, Ensrud K, Freeman EW, Guthrie KA, Joffe H, LaCroix AZ, Otto JL. Symptom clusters among MsFLASH clinical trial participants. Menopause. 2016;23(2):158–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000516.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Miller HG, Li RM. Measuring hot flashes: summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(6):777–81. https://doi.org/10.4065/79.6.777. PMID: 15182093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sloan JA, Loprinzi CL, Novotny PJ, Barton DL, Lavasseur BI, Windschitl H. Methodologic lessons learned from hot flash studies. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(23):4280–90. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.23.4280. PMID: 11731510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Melby MK. Factor analysis of climacteric symptoms in Japan. Maturitas. 2005;52(3–4):205–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.002. PMID: 16154301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Minkin MJ, Reiter S, Maamari R. Prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms in North America and Europe. Menopause. 2015;22:1231–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gold EB, Colvin A, Avis N, Bromberger J, Greendale GA, Powell L, Sternfeld B, Matthews K. Longitudinal analysis of the association between VMS and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1226–35. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066936. PMID: 16735636; PMCID: PMC1483882.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Sternfeld B, Gold EB, Bromberger J, Chang Y, Joffe H, Crandall CJ, Waetjen LE, Matthews KA. Gains in body fat and vasomotor symptom reporting over the menopausal transition: the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(6):766–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp203. PMID: 19675142; PMCID: PMC2768523.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Chang Y, Sternfeld B, Gold EB, Johnston JM, Matthews KA. Adiposity and reporting of VMS among midlife women: the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(1):78–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Thurston RC, El Khoudary SR, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. VMS and insulin resistance in the study of women’s health across the nation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(10):3487–94. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ. STRAW + 10 Collaborative Group. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159–68. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3362. Epub 2012 Feb 16. PMID: 22344196; PMCID: PMC3319184.

  12. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal VMS over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Liu Z, Gracia CR. Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(5):1095–104. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318214f0de. PMID: 21508748; PMCID: PMC3085137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Tepper PG, Brooks MM, Randolph JF Jr, et al. Characterizing the trajectories of VMS across the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2016;23(10):1067–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pinkerton JV, Abraham L, Bushmakin AG, Cappelleri JC, Komm BS. Relationship between changes in VMS and changes in menopause-specific quality of life and sleep parameters. Menopause. 2016;23(10):1060–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chung HF, Pandeya N, Dobson AJ, Kuh D, Brunner EJ, Crawford SL, Avis NE, Gold EB, Mitchell ES, Woods NF, Bromberger JT, Thurston RC, Joffe H, Yoshizawa T, Anderson D, Mishra GD. The role of sleep difficulties in the vasomotor menopausal symptoms and depressed mood relationships: an international pooled analysis of eight studies in the InterLACE consortium. Psychol Med. 2018;48(15):2550–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000168. PMID: 29429422; PMCID: PMC6087679.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Herber-Gast G, Brown WJ, Mishra GD. Hot flushes and night sweats are associated with coronary heart disease risk in midlife: a longitudinal study. BJOG. 2015;122(11):1560–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13163. PMID: 25377022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dam V, Dobson AJ, Onland-Moret NC, van der Schouw YT, Mishra GD. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular disease risk in midlife: a longitudinal study. Maturitas. 2020;133:32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.011. PMID: 32005421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhu D, Chung HF, Dobson AJ, Pandeya N, Anderson DJ, Kuh D, Hardy R, Brunner EJ, Avis NE, Gold EB, El Khoudary SR, Crawford SL, Mishra GD. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms and risk of cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of six prospective studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(6):898.e1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.039. Epub 2020 Jun 23. PMID: 32585222; PMCID: PMC7704910.

  20. Muka T, Oliver-Williams C, Colpani V, Kunutsor S, Chowdhury S, Chowdhury R, Kavousi M, Franco OH. Association of vasomotor and other menopausal symptoms with risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157417. PMID: 27315068; PMCID: PMC4912069.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Tang WY, Grothe D, Keshishian A, Morgenstern D, Haider S. Pharmacoeconomic and associated cost savings among women who were prescribed systemic conjugated estrogens therapy compared with those without menopausal therapy. Menopause. 2018;25(5):493–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001028. PMID: 29189600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Duff PK, Money DM, Ogilvie GS, Ranville F, Kestler M, Braschel MC, Pick N, Shannon K, SHAWNA Project. Severe menopausal symptoms associated with reduced adherence to antiretroviral therapy among perimenopausal and menopausal women living with HIV in Metro Vancouver. Menopause. 2018;25(5):531–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001040. PMID: 29206769; PMCID: PMC5899045.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Brown D e, Sievert LL, Morrison LA, Reza AM, Mills P. Do Japanese American women really have fewer hot flashes than European Americans? The Hilo Women’s Health Study. Menopause. 2009;16(5):870–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31819d88d.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Freeman RR, Krell W. Reduced thermoregulatory null zone in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(1):66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70437-0. PMID: 10411797.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Maki PM, Thurston RC. Menopause and brain health: hormonal changes are only part of the story. Front Neurol. 2020;11:562275. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.562275.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Christakis MK, Strobino DM, Shen W. A critical appraisal of vasomotor symptom assessment tools used in clinical trials evaluating hormone therapy compared to placebo. Menopause. 2019;26(11):1334–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001387. PMID: 31567867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Iliodromiti S, Wang W, Lumsden MA, Hunter MS, Bell R, Mishra G, Hickey M. Variation in menopausal VMS outcomes in clinical trials: a systematic review. BJOG. 2020;127(3):320–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15990. PMID: 31621155; PMCID: PMC6972542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Heinemann LA, Potthoff P, Schneider HP. International versions of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. de Villiers TJ, Hall JE, Pinkerton JV, Cerdas Pérez S, Rees M, Yang C, Pierroz DD. Revised global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016;19(4):313–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2016.1196047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Liu ZM, Chen B, Li S, Li G, Zhang D, Ho SC, Chen YM, Ma J, Qi H, Ling WH. Effect of whole soy and isoflavones daidzein on bone turnover and inflammatory markers: a 6-month double-blind, randomized controlled trial in Chinese postmenopausal women who are equol producers. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820920555. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018820920555. PMID: 32595918; PMCID: PMC7303504.

  31. MacLennan QH, Broadbent JL, Lester S, et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD002978.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Van Die MD, Teede HJ, Bone K, Reece JE, Burger HG. Predictors of placebo response in a randomized, controlled trial of phytotherapy in menopause. Menopause. 2009;16(4):792–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0b013e318199d5e6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Handley AP, Williams M. The efficacy and tolerability of SSRI/SNRIs in the treatment of VMS in menopausal women: a systematic review. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2015;27(1):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. The North American Menopause Society. Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2015;22(11):1155–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000546; quiz 1173-4. PMID: 26382310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Talton CW. Serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity. Fed Pract. 2020;37(10):452–9. https://doi.org/10.12788/fp.0042.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Yoon SH, Lee JY, Lee C, Lee H, Kim SN. Gabapentin for the treatment of hot flushes in menopause: a meta-analysis. Menopause. 2020;27(4):485–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001491. PMID: 32049930.

  37. Aguirre W, Chedraui P, Mendoza J, Ruilova I. Gabapentin vs. low-dose transdermal estradiol for treating post-menopausal women with moderate to very severe hot flushes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26(5):333–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590903511539. PMID: 20050764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Allameh Z, Rouholamin S, Valaie S. Comparison of Gabapentin with Estrogen for treatment of hot flashes in post-menopausal women. J Res Pharm Pract. 2013;2(2):64–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/2279-042X.117392. PMID: 24991606; PMCID: PMC4076904.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Loprinzi CL, Qin R, Balcueva EP, Flynn KA, Rowland KM Jr, Graham DL, Erwin NK, Dakhil SR, Jurgens DJ, Burger KN. Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of pregabalin for alleviating hot flashes, N07C1. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(4):641–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.5647. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1808. Baclueva, Ernie P [corrected to Balcueva, Ernie P]. PMID: 19901102; PMCID: PMC2815998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pandya KJ, Raubertas RF, Flynn PJ, Hynes HE, Rosenbluth RJ, Kirshner JJ, et al. Oral clonidine in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:788–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Boindala S, Lewis JI. The grand challenge of regulating health foods in India. Indian J Med Res. 2019;150(3):248–53. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1719_18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. NIH. Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994. Public law 103-417; 103rd Congress. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements; 1994. https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA_Wording.aspx. Accessed 2 Feb 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  43. European Food Safety Authority. Food supplements. Parma: European Food Safety Authority. www.Efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-supplements. Accessed 2 Feb 2021.

  44. Patsner B. Government regulation of dietary supplements. In: Crandall CJ, Bachman GA, Faubion SS, Klein W, Lui JH, Manson JE, Mortimer J, Pinkerton JV, Santoro NF, Sifren JL, Thurston RC, editors. Menopause practice: a clinician’s guide. 8th ed. Pepper Pike, OH: The North American Menopause Society; 2019. p. 245–9.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Lewis JI. Good regulatory practice: health supplements & nutraceuticals. PFNDAI Bull. 2017;8:10–2. http://www.pfndai.org/Document/BulletIn/2017/03.Mar2017_Bulletin_Web.pdf. Accessed 10 Sep 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  46. FAO. Codex Alimentarius CAC/GL 23-1997. Guidelines for use of nutrition and health claims. Rome: FAO; 2013. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/guidelines/en/. Accessed 2 Feb 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Johnson A, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine for menopause. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2019;24:2515690X19829380. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X19829380.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhu X, Liew Y, Liu ZL. Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD009023. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2. PMID: 26976671; PMCID: PMC4951187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CF. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric. 2015;18:260–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gartoulla P, Han MM. Red clover extract for alleviating hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2014;79(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.018. Erratum in: Maturitas. 2015;80(4):443-5. PMID: 25074017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ghazanfarpour M, Sadeghi R, Roudsari RL, Khorsand I, Khadivzadeh T, Muoio B. Red clover for treatment of hot flashes and menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36(3):301–11. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2015.1049249. PMID: 26471215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Myers SP, Vigar V. Effects of a standardised extract of Trifolium pratense (Promensil) at a dosage of 80mg in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2017;24:141–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.003. PMID: 28160855.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Duric K, Liu Y, Chen SN, Lankin DC, Nikolic D, McAlpine JB, Friesen JB, Pauli GF. Studying mass balance and the stability of (Z)-ligustilide from angelica sinensis helps to bridge a botanical instability-bioactivity chasm. J Nat Prod. 2019;82(9):2400–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00962. PMID: 31478376; PMCID: PMC6930006.014;145:535–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Varinska L, Gal P, Mojzisova G, Mirossay L, Mojzis J. Soy and breast cancer: focus on angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(5):11728–49. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160511728. PMID: 26006245; PMCID: PMC4463727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Kronenberg F, Fugh-Berman A. Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: a review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:805–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal VMS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD001395.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Liu Z-M, Ho SC, Woo J, Chen Y-M, Wong C. Randomized controlled trial of whole soy and isoflavone daidzein on menopausal symptoms in equol-producing Chinese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2014;21(6):653–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. North American Menopause Society. The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health: report of The North American Menopause Society/Wulf H. Utian Translational Science Symposium in Chicago, IL. (October, 2010). Menopause. 2011;18:732–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Utian WH, Jones M, Setchell KDR. S-equol: a potential nonhormonal agent for menopause-related symptom relief. J Women’s Health. 2015;24:200–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Yoshikata R, Myint KZ, Ohta H. Relationship between equol producer status and metabolic parameters in 743 Japanese women: equol producer status is associated with antiatherosclerotic conditions in women around menopause and early postmenopause. Menopause. 2017;24(2):216–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000743.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tousen Y, Ezaki J, Fujii Y, Ueno T, Nishimuta M, Ishimi Y. Natural S-equol decreases bone resorption in postmenopausal, non-equol-producing Japanese women: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2011;18(5):563–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181f85aa7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wu J, Oka J, Ezaki J, Ohtomo T, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Toda T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Possible role of equol status in the effects of isoflavone on bone and fat mass in postmenopausal Japanese women: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Menopause. 2007;14(5):866–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3180305299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Newton KM, Reed SD, Uchiyama S, Qu C, Ueno T, Iwashita S, Gunderson G, Fuller S, Lampe JW. A cross-sectional study of equol producer status and self-reported VMS. Menopause. 2015;22(5):489–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Yang Y, Hernandez G, Mack WJ, Schneider LS, Yin F, Brinton RD. Retrospective analysis of phytoSERM for management of menopause-associated VMS and cognitive decline: a pilot study on pharmacogenomic effects of mitochondrial haplogroup and APOE genotype on therapeutic efficacy. Menopause. 2020;27(1):57–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Oyama A, Ueno T, Uchiyama S, Aihara T, Miyake A, Kondo S, Matsunaga K. The effects of natural S-equol supplementation on skin aging in postmenopausal women: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. Menopause. 2012;19(2):202–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318227427b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01723917. n.d. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01723917?term=phytoSERM&cond=Menopause&draw=2&rank=1. Accessed 3 Feb 2021.

  67. Cho SH, Whang WW. Acupuncture for vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause. 2009;16(5):1065–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181a48abd. PMID: 19424092.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dodin S, Blanchet C, Marc I, et al. Acupuncture for menopausal hot flushes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD007410.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Lund I, Näslund J, Lundeberg T. Minimal acupuncture is not a valid placebo control in randomised controlled trials of acupuncture: a physiologist’s perspective. Chin Med. 2009;4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-4-1. PMID: 19183454; PMCID: PMC2644695.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Chiu HY, Pan C-H, Shyu Y-K, Han B-C, Tsai P-S. Effects of acupuncture on menopause-related symptoms and quality of life in women in natural menopause. Menopause. 2015;22(2):234–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, Brown C, Mouton C, Reame N, Salamone L, Stellato R. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40-55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(5):463–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Reed SD, Lampe JW, Qu C, Copeland WK, Gundersen G, Fuller S, Newton KM. Premenopausal VMS in an ethnically diverse population. Menopause. 2014;21(2):153–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Gold EB, Crawford SL, Shelton JF, et al. Longitudinal analysis of changes in weight and waist circumference in relation to incident VMS: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause. 2017;24(1):9–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000723.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Caan BJ, Emond JA, Su HI, et al. Effect of postdiagnosis weight change on hot flash status among early-stage breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1492–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Huang AJ, Subak LL, Wing R, et al. An intensive behavioral weight loss intervention and hot flushes in women. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1161–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Kroenke CH, Caan BJ, Stefanick ML, et al. Effects of a dietary intervention and weight change on VMS in the Women’s Health Initiative. Menopause. 2012;19:980–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Thurston RC, Ewing LJ, Low CA, Christie AJ, Levine MD. Behavioral weight loss for the management of menopausal hot flashes: a pilot study. Menopause. 2015;22(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000274. PMID: 24977456; PMCID: PMC4270932.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Daley A, Stokes-Lampard H, Thomas A, MacArthur C. Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD006108. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006108.pub4. PMID: 25431132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Sydora BC, Turner C, Malley A, Davenport M, Yuksel N, Shandro T, Ross S. Can walking exercise programs improve health for women in menopause transition and postmenopausal? Findings from a scoping review. Menopause. 2020;27(8):952–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001554.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Reid R, Abramson BL, Blake J, Desindes S, et al. SOGC clinical guideline managing menopause no. 311. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(9 Suppl A):S1–S80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Avis NE, Legault C, Russell G, Weaver K, Danhauer SC. Pilot study of integral yoga for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2014;21:846–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Joshi S, Khandwe R, Bapat D, Deshmukh U. Effect of yoga on menopausal symptoms. Menopause Int. 2011;17:78–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Newton KM, Reed SD, Guthrie KA, et al. Efficacy of yoga for VMS: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2014;21:339–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Carmody JF, Crawford S, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Leung K, Churchill L, Olendzki N. Mindfulness training for coping with hot flashes: results of a randomized trial. Menopause. 2011;18:611–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Modi M, Dhillo WS. Neurokinin 3 receptor antagonism: a novel treatment for menopausal hot flushes. Neuroendocrinology. 2019;109:242–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495889.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Prague JK, Roberts RE, Comninos AN, Clarke S, Jayasena CN, Nash Z, Doyle C, Papadopoulou DA, Bloom SR, Mohideen P, Panay N, Hunter MS, Veldhuis JD, Webber LC, Huson L, Dhillo WS. Neurokinin 3 receptor antagonism as a novel treatment for menopausal hot flushes: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10081):1809–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30823-1. PMID: 28385352; PMCID: PMC5439024.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Anderson RA, Skorupskaite K, Sassarini J. The neurokinin B pathway in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes. Climacteric. 2019;22(1):51–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2018.1540564. PMID: 30572747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Reame NK. Estetrol for menopause symptoms: the Cinderella of estrogens or just another fairy tale? Menopause. 2020;27(8):841–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Coelingh Bennink HJ, Verhoeven C, Zimmerman Y, Visser M, Foidart JM, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Clinical effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in a multiple-rising-dose study in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2016;91:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.017. PMID: 27451327.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gaspard U, Taziaux M, Mawet M, Jost M, Gordenne V, Coelingh Bennink HJT, Lobo RA, Utian WH, Foidart JM. A multicenter, randomized study to select the minimum effective dose of estetrol (E4) in postmenopausal women (E4Relief): part 1. VMS and overall safety. Menopause. 2020;27(8):848–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001561. PMID: 32379217; PMCID: PMC7386865.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia Geraghty .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Geraghty, P. (2022). Vasomotor Symptoms. In: Geraghty, P. (eds) Each Woman’s Menopause: An Evidence Based Resource. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85484-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85484-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85483-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-85484-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics