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Hormones in Photoperiodic Flower Induction

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Hormones and Plant Response

Part of the book series: Plant in Challenging Environments ((PCE,volume 2))

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Abstract

The timing of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development is of great fundamental and practical interest. Physiological event is a subject to strict and precise control. Among the environmental factors, the most important is photoperiod defined as the following changes in the light and darkness duration in the daily cycle, while the endogenous control depends on hormones action. Due to the different photoperiodic sensitivity, the plants were divided into long-day plants (LDPs), short-day plants (SDPs), and day-neutral plants (DNPs). Mainly genetic and molecular approaches have led to the identification of various components in the photoperiodic pathway among which the key are photoreceptors necessary for light perception, and elements of the endogenous circadian clock. Moreover, the circadian clock also synchronizes changes in the level of hormones. In Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as in many other LDPs, gibberellins (GAs) promote flowering, whereas in SDPs, GAs do not affect or inhibit this process. The influence of other hormones on flower induction is also dependent on photoperiodic requirements. Numerous studies have shown that ethylene (ET) and jasmonates (JAs) usually inhibit generative development. In the case of abscisic acid (ABA), a dual role in photoperiodic flowering was also recognized. The unclear role of individual hormones in the induction of flowering results from the fact that they interact in many ways. It is indisputable, however, that these small molecules are an important element coordinating the transformations leading to the generative induction of plants. On one hand, photoperiod regulates hormone levels and affects their signal transduction pathways, while on the other hand, the steady balance between hormonal stimulators and inhibitors of flowering determines the activation or inhibition of gene expression associated with generative induction pathways.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

abscisic acid

AG:

AGAMOUS

AP:

APETALA

CAL:

CAULIFLOWER

CCA1:

CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED1

CDF:

CYCLING DOF FACTOR

CO:

CONSTANS

COP1-SPA1:

CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-SUPPRESSOR PHYA105 1

CRYs:

cryptochromes

DNPs:

day-neutral plants

ELF:

EARLY FLOWERING

ET:

ethylene

FBH:

FLOWERING bHLH

FD:

FLOWERING LOCUS D

FKF1:

FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1

FT:

FLOWERING LOCUS T

GAs:

gibberellins

GI:

GIGANTEA

LD:

long day

HD:

HEADING DATE

HOS1:

HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE1

IAA:

indolyl-3-acetic acid

PHL:

PHYTOCHROME-DEPENDENT LATE FLOWERING

JAs:

jasmonates

LDPs:

long-day plants

LFY:

LEAFY

LHY:

LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL

LKP2:

LOV KELCH PROTEIN2

LUX:

LUX ARRHYTHMO

RVE8:

REVEILLE8

LWD1:

LIGHT REGULATED WD1

MFT:

MOTHER OF FT

miP1a:

microProtein1a

NF-Y:

NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y

PHYA-E:

phytochromes A-E

PRR5/7/9:

PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 5/7/9

RFI2:

RED AND FAR-RED INSENSITIVE2

SDPs:

short-day plants

SOC1:

SUPPRESSOR OF OVEXPRESION OF CO1

SVP:

SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE

TEM:

TEMPRANILLO

TFL1:

TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)

TOC1:

TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1

TOE:

TARGET OF EAT

TSF:

TWIN SISTER OF FT

ZTL:

ZEITLUPE

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  1. Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland

    Emilia Wilmowicz, Katarzyna Marciniak & Jan Kopcewicz

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  1. Emilia Wilmowicz
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  1. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi, India

    Dharmendra K. Gupta

  2. CSIC, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Granada, Spain

    Francisco J. Corpas

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Wilmowicz, E., Marciniak, K., Kopcewicz, J. (2021). Hormones in Photoperiodic Flower Induction. In: Gupta, D.K., Corpas, F.J. (eds) Hormones and Plant Response. Plant in Challenging Environments, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77477-6_6

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