Abstract
Phosphorus is enlisted as a growth-limiting element, but this falls under the category of limited non-renewable resources due to continuous mining of phosphatic rocks. It is directly involved in plant root and foliage development, reproductive growth, biological N fixation, yield improvement, and disease resistance. Phosphorus uptake from soil by plants takes place as phosphate ions, which have relatively less mobility. Further, large amounts of phosphatic fertilisers enter the immobile pools after precipitated as orthophosphate or adsorbed by iron and aluminium oxides in low-pH and calcium in high-pH normal or calcareous soils. Therefore, bioavailable P content in soil remains around 1.0 mg kg−1, and fertiliser use efficiency of phosphorus hardly exceeds 20%. Phosphorus availability in soil relies on the naturally occurring processes, viz. sorption-desorption and immobilisation-mineralisation. Microorganisms contribute significantly in the phosphorus bioavailability from soil to plants via solubilisation of inorganic compounds and/or mineralisation of organic materials. Phosphate-solubilising microorganisms operate two mechanisms in soil, viz. lowering of soil pH through organic acids and their anion production for solubilisation of mineral phosphates and mineralisation of organic phosphates via acid phosphatases. Inoculation with phosphate-solubilising microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) enhances phosphorus availability in soil and uptake by crops. These microbes also increase the prospects of using phosphatic rocks and organic manures for agricultural production. Greater efficiency has been found from co-inoculation of phosphate-solubilising bacteria (e.g. Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas) with other beneficial bacteria (e.g. Enterobacter, Rhizobium), fungi (e.g. Arthrobotrys, Aspergillus, Penicillium), and mycorrhizae. This chapter describes the latest findings of the microbial phosphorus solubilisation for agricultural development. It includes a detailed discussion on the mechanisms of phosphorus solubilisation, interaction of phosphate-solubilising microorganism with other microbes, amounts of solubilised phosphorus, effects on soil and crop production, and prospects through genetic engineering and modern technologies.
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Jilani, G., Zhang, D., Chaudhry, A.N., Iqbal, Z., Ikram, M., Bashir, M. (2021). Role of Phosphate-Solubilising Microorganisms in Agricultural Development. In: Mohamed, H.I., El-Beltagi, H.ED.S., Abd-Elsalam, K.A. (eds) Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6_17
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