Abstract
Across the globe, there have been increasing concerns about the detrimental effects of the organic solvents, used in pharmaceutical industries, on the environment. There is a great possibility of residual solvents in the finished drug formulation which may impose a significant health hazard. Neither the traditional organic solvents are cost-effective nor are they environment-friendly. The increasingly stringent environmental regulations, search for cost-effective alternatives and demanding needs for highly pure and superior products have fuelled significant research in the areas of green pharmaceutical technologies including supercritical fluids.
The chapter deals with the exciting interface of supercritical fluid technology and pharmaceutical product processing. The various advancements where supercritical fluids are exploited in order to improve the quality of pharmaceutical products are discussed in details.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Barillaro V, Evrard B, Delattre L, Piell G (2005) Oral bioavailability in pigs of a miconazole/hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin/L-tartaric acid inclusion complex produced by supercritical carbon dioxide processing. AAPS J 7(1):E149–E155
Baxendale A, van Hooff P, Durrant LG, Spendlove I, Howdle SM, Woods HM, Whitaker MJ, Davies OR, Naylor A, Lewis AL, Illum L (2011) Single shot tetanus vaccine manufactured by a supercritical fluid encapsulation technology. Int J Pharm 413(1–2):147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.053
Bouledjouidja A, Masmoudi Y, Van Speybroeck M, Schueller L, Badens E (2016) Impregnation of fenofibrate on mesoporous silica using supercritical carbon dioxide. Int J Pharm 499(1–2):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.049
Brazeau G, Sauberan SL, Gatlin L, Wisniecki P, Shah J (2011) Effect of particle size of parenteral suspensions on in vitro muscle damage. Pharm Dev Technol 16(6):591–598. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2010.542161
Cai C, Liu M, Li Y, Guo B, Chang H, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhang T (2016) A silica-supported solid dispersion of bifendate using supercritical carbon dioxide method with enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 42(3):412–417. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2015.1071833
Checinska A, Fruth IA, Green TL, Crawford RL, Paszczynski AJ (2011) Sterilization of biological pathogens using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide containing water and hydrogen peroxide. J Microbiol Methods 87(1):70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2011.07.008
Djuris J, Milovanovic S, Medarevic D, Dobricic V, Dapčević A, Ibric S (2019) Selection of the suitable polymer for supercritical fluid assisted preparation of carvedilol solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 554:190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.015
Falconer JR, Svirskis D, Adil AA, Wu Z (2015) Supercritical fluid technologies to fabricate proliposomes. J Pharm Pharm Sci 18(5):747–764
Fan Q, Zhang Y, Hou X, Li Z, Zhang K, Shao Q, Feng N (2018) Improved oral bioavailability of notoginsenoside R1 with sodium glycocholate-mediated liposomes: preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Pharm 552(1–2):360–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.005
Gandhi AV, Thipsay P, Kirthivasan B (2017) Squillante E adsorption onto mesoporous silica using supercritical fluid technology improves dissolution rate of carbamazepine-a poorly soluble compound. AAPS PharmSciTech 18(8):3140–3150. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-017-0784-3
Ghinet A, Zehani Y, Lipka E (2017) Supercritical fluid chromatography approach for a sustainable manufacture of new stereoisomeric anticancer agent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 145:845–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.006
Girotra P, Singh SK, Nagpal K (2013) Supercritical fluid technology: a promising approach in pharmaceutical research. Pharm Dev Technol 18(1):22–38
Guan J, Han J, Zhang D, Chu C, Liu H, Sun J, He Z, Zhang T (2014) Increased dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drug glyburide tablets produced using supercritical CO2 silica dispersion technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 86(3):376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.10.008
Ha ES, Kim JS, Baek IH, Yoo JW, Jung Y, Moon HR, Kim MS (2015) Development of megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery by using a supercritical antisolvent process. Drug Des Devel Ther 9:4269–4277. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S90706
Hanrahan JP, Copley MP, Ziegler KJ, Spalding TR, Morris MA, Steytler DC, Heenan RK, Schweins R, Holmes JD (2005) Pore size engineering in mesoporous silicas using supercritical CO2. Langmuir 21(9):4163–4167
Hassan HA, Al-Marzouqi AH, Jobe B, Hamza AA, Ramadan GA (2007) Enhancement of dissolution amount and in vivo bioavailability of itraconazole by complexation with beta-cyclodextrin using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Pharm Biomed Anal 45(2):243–250
Hemmer JD, Drews MJ, LaBerge M, Matthews MA (2007) Sterilization of bacterial spores by using supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 80(2):511–518
Huang L, Poh C, Ng SC, Hidajat K, Kawi S (2005a) Preparation of supported mesoporous thin films concerning template removal by supercritical fluid extraction. Langmuir 21(4):1171–1174
Huang L, Kawi S, Poh C, Hidajat K, Ng SC (2005b) Extraction of cationic surfactant templates from mesoporous materials by CH(3)OH-modified CO(2) supercritical fluid. Talanta 66(4):943–951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.12.057
Huang Y, Zu Y, Zhao X, Wu M, Feng Z, Deng Y, Zu C, Wang L (2016) Preparation of inclusion complex of apigenin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin by using supercritical antisolvent process for dissolution and bioavailability enhancement. Int J Pharm 511(2):921–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.007
Jordan F, Naylor A, Kelly CA, Howdle SM, Lewis A, Illum L (2010 Jan 25) Sustained release hGH microsphere formulation produced by a novel supercritical fluid technology: in vivo studies. J Control Release 141(2):153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.013
Kalíková K, Slechtová T, Vozka J, Tesařová E (2014) Supercritical fluid chromatography as a tool for enantioselective separation; a review. Anal Chim Acta 821:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.036
Karn PR, Cho W, Hwang SJ (2013) Liposomal drug products and recent advances in the synthesis of supercritical fluid-mediated liposomes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 8(9):1529–1548. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.13.131
Karn PR, Kim HD, Kang H, Sun BK, Jin SE, Hwang SJ (2014) Supercritical fluid-mediated liposomes containing cyclosporin A for the treatment of dry eye syndrome in a rabbit model: comparative study with the conventional cyclosporin A emulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 9:3791–3800. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S65601
Lemasson E, Bertin S, West C (2016) Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification. J Sep Sci 39(1):212–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201501062
Li Y, He ZD, Zheng QE, Hu C, Lai WF (2018) Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin for delivery of baicalin via inclusion complexation by supercritical fluid encapsulation. Molecules 23(5). pii: E1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051169
Li-Hong W, Xin C, Hui X, Li-Li Z, Jing H, Mei-Juan Z, Jie L, Yi L, Jin-Wen L, Wei Z, Gang C (2013) A novel strategy to design sustained-release poorly water-soluble drug mesoporous silica microparticles based on supercritical fluid technique. Int J Pharm 454(1):135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.027
Liu G, Jiang Y, Wang X (2015) Tailoring particle microstructures via supercritical CO2 processes for particular drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des 21(19):2543–2562
Lucas S, Alonso E, Sanz JA, Cocero MJ (2003) Safety study in a supercritical extraction plant. Chem Eng Technol 26(4):449–461
Mahapatra AK, Murthy PN, Patra RK, Pattnaik S (2013) Solubility enhancement of modafinil by complexation with β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin: a response surface modeling approach. Drug Deliv Lett 3:210–219
Majdoub S, El Mokni R, Muradalievich AA, Piras A, Porcedda S, Hammami S (2019) Effect of pressure variation on the efficiency of supercritical fluid extraction of wild carrot (Daucus carota subsp. maritimus) extracts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 1125:121713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121713
Mallick S, Pattnaik S, Swain K, De PK (2007) Current perspectives of solubilization: potential for improved bioavailability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33(8):865–873
Mallick S, Pattnaik S, Swain K, De PK, Saha A, Ghoshal G, Mondal A (2008) Formation of physically stable amorphous phase of ibuprofen by solid state milling with kaolin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 68(2):346–351
Michaels P, Neef J, Galyan K, Ginsburg-Moraff C, Zhou X, Dunstan D, Poirier J, Reilly J (2019) Enabling chiral separations in discovery chemistry with open-access chiral supercritical fluid chromatography. Chirality 31(8):575–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.23081
Mushtaq M, Sultana B, Akram S, Anwar F, Adnan A, Rizvi SSH (2017) Enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction: an alternative and green technology for non-extractable polyphenols. Anal Bioanal Chem 409(14):3645–3655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0309-7
Obaidat RM, Tashtoush BM, Awad AA, Al Bustami RT (2017) Using supercritical fluid technology (SFT) in preparation of tacrolimus solid dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 18(2):481–493. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-016-0492-4
Obaidat RM, Khanfar M, Ghanma R (2019) A comparative solubility enhancement study of cefixime trihydrate using different dispersion techniques. AAPS PharmSciTech 20(5):194. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-019-1395-y
Patil YP, Jadhav S (2014 Jan) Novel methods for liposome preparation. Chem Phys Lipids 177:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.10.011
Pattnaik S, Pathak K (2017) Mesoporous silica molecular sieve based nanocarriers: transpiring drug dissolution research. Curr Pharm Des 23(3):467–480. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666161026162005
Perinelli DR, Cespi M, Bonacucina G, Naylor A, Whitaker M, Lam JK, Howdle SM, Casettari L, Palmieri GF (2016) PEGylated biodegradable polyesters for PGSS microparticles formulation: processability, physical and release properties. Curr Drug Deliv 13(5):673–681
Prasad TR, Joseph S, Kole P, Kumar A, Subramanian M, Rajagopalan S, Kr P (2017) Enantioselective supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous estimation of risperidone and its 9-hydroxyl metabolites in rat plasma. Bioanalysis 9(22):1739–1750. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio-2017-0168
Rudrangi SR, Trivedi V, Mitchell JC, Wicks SR, Alexander BD (2015) Preparation of olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes using a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process: an approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution properties. Int J Pharm 494(1):408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.062
Rudrangi SR, Kaialy W, Ghori MU, Trivedi V, Snowden MJ, Alexander BD (2016) Solid-state flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes prepared using a single-step, organic solvent-free supercritical fluid process. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 104:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.024
Santo IE, Campardelli R, Albuquerque EC, Vieira De Melo SAB, Reverchon E, Porta GD (2015) Liposomes size engineering by combination of ethanol injection and supercritical processing. J Pharm Sci 104(11):3842–3850. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.24595
Santos-Zea L, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Benedito J (2019) Effect of ultrasound intensification on the supercritical fluid extraction of phytochemicals from Agave salmiana bagasse. J Supercrit Fluids 144:98–107
Shieh E, Paszczynski A, Wai CM, Lang Q, Crawford RL (2009) Sterilization of Bacillus pumilus spores using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide containing various modifier solutions. J Microbiol Methods 76(3):247–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2008.11.005
Sikin AM, Rizvi SS (2011) Recent patents on the sterilization of food and biomaterials by supercritical fluids. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 3(3):212–225
Soares VB, Coelho GLV (2012) Safety study of an experimental apparatus for extraction with supercritical CO2. Braz J Chem Eng 29(3):677–682
Soh SH, Lee LY (2019) Microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation using supercritical fluid (SCF) techniques. Pharmaceutics 11(1). pii: E21. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11010021
Szafraniec J, Antosik A, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Kurek M, Syrek K, Chmiel K, Paluch M, Jachowicz R (2017) Planetary ball milling and supercritical fluid technology as a way to enhance dissolution of bicalutamide. Int J Pharm 533(2):470–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.078
Tsai WC, Rizvi SSH (2017a) Microencapsulation and characterization of liposomal vesicles using a supercritical fluid process coupled with vacuum-driven cargo loading. Food Res Int 96:94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.027
Tsai WC, Rizvi SSH (2017b) Simultaneous microencapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactives in liposomes produced by an ecofriendly supercritical fluid process. Food Res Int 99(Pt 1):256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.029
Vijayaraghavan M, Stolnik S, Howdle SM, Illum L (2012) Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: thermodynamic behaviour of fatty acids, PEGs and PEG-fatty acids. Int J Pharm 438(1–2):225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.044
Vijayaraghavan M, Stolnik S, Howdle SM, Illum L (2013) Suitability of polymer materials for production of pulmonary microparticles using a PGSS supercritical fluid technique: preparation of microparticles using PEG, fatty acids and physical or chemicals blends of PEG and fatty acids. Int J Pharm 441(1–2):580–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.040
White A, Burns D, Christensen TW (2006) Effective terminal sterilization using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Biotechnol 123:504–515
Wolrab D, Frühauf P, Gerner C, Kohout M, Lindner W (2017) Consequences of transition from liquid chromatography to supercritical fluid chromatography on the overall performance of a chiral zwitterionic ion-exchanger. J Chromatogr A 1517:165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.022
Wrona O, Rafińska K, Możeński C, Buszewski B (2017) Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials. J AOAC Int 100(6):1624–1635. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0232
Wu DR, Yip SH, Li P, Sun D, Mathur A (2016) From analytical methods to large scale chiral supercritical fluid chromatography using chlorinated chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1432:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.072
Xin H, Dai Z, Cai J, Ke Y, Shi H, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X (2017) Rapid purification of diastereoisomers from Piper kadsura using supercritical fluid chromatography with chiral stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1509:141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.020
Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Dang B, Liu Y, Feng N (2015) Enhanced oral bioavailability of silymarin using liposomes containing a bile salt: preparation by supercritical fluid technology and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Nanomedicine 6633
Yang R, Li Y, Li J, Liu C, Du P, Zhang T (2018) Application of scCO2 technology for preparing CoQ10 solid dispersion and SFC-MS/MS for analyzing in vivo bioavailability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 44(2):289–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2017.1391833
Yen HW, Yang SC, Chen CH, Jesisca, Chang JS (2015) Supercritical fluid extraction of valuable compounds from microalgal biomass. Bioresour Technol 184:291–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.030
Yin X, Daintree LS, Ding S, Ledger DM, Wang B, Zhao W, Qi J, Wu W, Han J (2015) Itraconazole solid dispersion prepared by a supercritical fluid technique: preparation, in vitro characterization, and bioavailability in beagle dogs. Drug Des Devel Ther 9:2801–2810. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S81253
Zawatzky K, Biba M, Regalado EL, Welch CJ (2016) MISER chiral supercritical fluid chromatography for high throughput analysis of enantiopurity. J Chromatogr A 1429:374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.057
Zehani Y, Lemaire L, Millet R, Lipka E (2017) Small scale separation of isoxazole structurally related analogues by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1505:106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.028
Zhang W, Sun Y, Li Y, Shen R, Ni H, Hu D (2012) Preparation and influencing factors of sirolimus liposome by supercritical fluid. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 40(1–2):62–65. https://doi.org/10.3109/10731199.2011.585618
Zhang Q, Ou C, Ye S, Song X, Luo S (2017) Construction of nanoscale liposomes loaded with melatonin via supercritical fluid technology. J Microencapsul 34(7):687–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2017.1376001
Zhao L, Chen F, Guo F, Liu W, Liu K (2019) Enantioseparation of chiral perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC): effects of the chromatographic conditions and separation mechanism. Chirality 31:870. https://doi.org/10.1002/chir.23120
Zoccali M, Giuffrida D, Dugo P, Mondello L (2017) Direct online extraction and determination by supercritical fluid extraction with chromatography and mass spectrometry of targeted carotenoids from red habanero peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). J Sep Sci 40(19):3905–3913. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700669
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pattnaik, S., Arun, G., Swain, K. (2020). Supercritical Fluid Technologies: A Green Solvent Approach for Pharmaceutical Product Development. In: Inamuddin, Asiri, A. (eds) Advanced Nanotechnology and Application of Supercritical Fluids. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44984-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44984-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44983-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44984-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)