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Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes with Internal Variables

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Continuum Thermodynamics and Constitutive Theory

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Abstract

Introducing internal variables as additional independent quantities in the continuum element, a much richer constitutive behavior can be described than with classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The first example is liquid crystals, where the phase transition is obtained as a special case of the evolution equation for the internal variable and flow birefringence can be explained. The second example is colloid suspensions, where the theory predicts a rich non-Newtonian flow behavior. A solid material with after effects and suspensions of flexible fibers are treated as well. Finally, mechanical model systems with damping are modeled as thermodynamic systems with internal variables.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These unusual substances were mentioned for the first time in a letter from the botanist F. Reinitzer to the physicist O. Lehmann in 1888. This letter is published in [26]. O. Lehmann was the first one to investigate the physical properties of liquid crystals, especially the morphology of textures under the polarizing microscope.

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  1. FB 2, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, Berlin, Germany

    Christina Papenfuß

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Papenfuß, C. (2020). Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes with Internal Variables. In: Continuum Thermodynamics and Constitutive Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43989-7_7

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