Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alternative Carbonless Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines of Vehicles

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ecology in Transport: Problems and Solutions

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 124))

Abstract

The problematics of decarbonisation in road transport sector is considered in this chapter. The impact of growing motor vehicle fleet on pollutant by carbon dioxide (CO2) gases of atmosphere is analysed. The detail analysis of purposeful restriction of permissible level of comparative amount CO2 in car exhaust gases in EU to control the total CO2 emission in road transport sector is presented. The urgent demand to use carbonless fuel additives to stop the growth of total amount of CO2 emission during vehicle traction transient process “from heat power to electric power” is clarified. The introduction of electric cars by itself does not solve the problem of decarbonisation, since it is necessary to assess how electricity is produced, whether from renewable sources or by burning fossil fuel. The objective reasons for the delay in the widespread implementation of electric vehicles are investigated: the distance of one battery charge dissatisfied with drivers, an underdeveloped network of battery recharging stations, problems with the capacity and overloads of state-run electric networks, aspects of determination of time for recharging private cars, and insufficient government support measures. The main characteristics of the integrity of biofuel production and use and the continuous biofuel supply chain are described. Direct and indirect the 4th generation biofuel production processes, photo-fermentation and gaseous reversible reaction for hydrogen production are described. Using of hydrogen as carbonless fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE) slightly improves the burning processes of ICE combustible mixture and this decreases on ICE emission harmfulness. The undisputed advantages of hydrogen as ICE fuel additive encourages the development of hydrogen re-fulling infrastructure. Gained results of performed stand tests to define the efficiency of ICE and exhaust gases toxicity using Brown’s gas (HHO) are described. Finally, basic conclusions are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Energy Investment (2017) Executive summary. https://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/WEI2017SUM.pdf

  2. Mock P (2014) European vehicle market statistics, Pocketbook

    Google Scholar 

  3. Korakianitis T, Namasivayam AM, Crookes RJ (2011) Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci 37:89–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Wasiu AB, Aziz ARA, Heikal MR (2012) The effect of carbon dioxide content-natural gas on the performance characteristics of engines: a review. J Appl Sci 12:2346–2350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Springer International Publishing (2016) North sea region climate change assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0

  6. Decarbonisation of Transport (2019) EASAC—science advice for the benefit of Europe. https://easac.eu/projects/details/decarbonisation-of-transport/

  7. European Environment Agency (2019) Adaptation of transport to climate change in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/adaptation-of-transport-to-climate

  8. European Environment Agency (2016) Trends and projections in Europe 2016—tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe

  9. European Environment Agency (2019) National emissions reported to the UNFCCC and to the EU greenhouse gas monitoring mechanism. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-unfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism-15

  10. Share of renewable energy in the EU up to 17.5% in 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9571695/8-12022019-AP-EN.pdf/b7d237c1-ccea-4adc-a0ba-45e13602b428

  11. EUR-Lex—L:2014:307:TOC—EN—EUR-Lex (2019). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2014:307:TOC

  12. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (2011). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/com/com_com(2011)0681_/com_com(2011)0681_en.pdf

  13. Selech J, Joachimiak-Lechman K, Klos Z, Kulczycka J, Kurczewski P (2014) Life cycle thinking in small and medium enterprises: the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in polish SMEs—part 3: LCC-related aspects. Int J Life Cycle Assess 19:1119–1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Union, P. O. of the E. EU transport in figures: statistical pocketbook (2018). https://op.europa.eu:443/en/publication-detail/-/publication/52f721ed-c6b8-11e8-9424-01aa75ed71a1

  15. Maghrour Zefreh M, Torok A (2018) Single loop detector data validation and imputation of missing data. Measurement 116:193–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ecological Transport Information Tool for Worldwide Transports (2014). https://www.ecotransit.org/download/EcoTransIT_World_Methodology_Report_2014-12-04.pdf

  17. Zoldy M, Hollo A, Thernesz A (2010) Butanol as a diesel extender option for internal combustion engines. SAE technical paper 2010-01-0481. https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0481

  18. Bielaczyc P, Woodburn J, Szczotka A (2014) An assessment of regulated emissions and CO2 emissions from a European light-duty CNG-fueled vehicle in the context of Euro 6 emissions regulations. Appl Energy 117:134–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Melaika M (2016) Research of a combustion process in a spark ignition engine, fuelled with gaseous fuel mixtures. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rakopoulos CD, Kosmadakis GM, Pariotis EG (2010) Evaluation of a combustion model for the simulation of hydrogen spark-ignition engines using a CFD code. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:12545–12560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ma F et al (2010) Performance and emission characteristics of a turbocharged spark-ignition hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas engine under wide open throttle operating conditions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:12502–12509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Karim G (2003) Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel. Int J Hydrogen Energy 28:569–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Juknelevičius R (2019) Research on biodiesel and hydrogen co-combustion process in compression ignition engine. VGTU leidykla “Technika”

    Google Scholar 

  24. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (2013) Clean power for transport: a European alternative fuels strategy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2013:0017:FIN:EN:PDF

  25. Electromobility in Sweden: facilitating market conditions to encourage consumer uptake of electric vehicles (2019). http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:534972/FULLTEXT01.pdf

  26. Alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies for improved environmental performance: towards zero carbon transportation (2014) Woodhead Publ

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hymel K (2019) If you build it, they will drive: measuring induced demand for vehicle travel in urban areas. Transp Policy 76:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lin B, Wu W (2018) Why people want to buy electric vehicle: An empirical study in first-tier cities of China. Energy Policy 112:233–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jeong E, Oh C, Lee S (2017) Is vehicle automation enough to prevent crashes? Role of traffic operations in automated driving environments for traffic safety. Accid Anal Prev 104:115–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Khan M, Machemehl R (2017) Commercial vehicles time of day choice behavior in urban areas. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 102:68–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Electric vehicles. Mobility and Transport—European Commission (2016). https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/vehicles/road/electric_en

  32. Benajes J, García A, Monsalve-Serrano J, Martínez-Boggio S (2019) Optimization of the parallel and mild hybrid vehicle platforms operating under conventional and advanced combustion modes. Energy Convers Manag 190:73–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dorcec L, Pevec D, Vdovic H, Babic J, Podobnik V (2019) How do people value electric vehicle charging service? A gamified survey approach. J Clean Prod 210:887–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Çağatay Bayindir K, Gözüküçük M, Teke A (2011) A comprehensive overview of hybrid electric vehicle: powertrain configurations, powertrain control techniques and electronic control units. Energy Convers Manag 52:1305–1313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Figenbaum E (2017) Perspectives on Norway’s supercharged electric vehicle policy. Environ Innov Soc Trans 25:14–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Hardman S, Chandan A, Tal G, Turrentine T (2017) The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles—a review of the evidence. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:1100–1111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Johansson P, Nilsson J-E (2004) An economic analysis of track maintenance costs. Transp Policy 11:277–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Arias MB, Kim M, Bae S (2017) Prediction of electric vehicle charging-power demand in realistic urban traffic networks. Appl Energy 195:738–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Dubey A (2012) Impact of electric vehicle loads on utility distribution network voltages. UT Electronic theses and dissertations

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wang Q, Liu X, Du J, Kong F (2016) Smart charging for electric vehicles: a survey from the algorithmic perspective. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 18:1500–1517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. How_Leading_Utilities_Are_Embracing_EVs_Feb-2016.pdf (2016). https://www.swenergy.org/data/sites/1/media/documents/publications/documents/How_Leading_Utilities_Are_Embracing_EVs_Feb-2016.pdf

  42. Langbroek JHM, Franklin JP, Susilo YO (2017) When do you charge your electric vehicle? A stated adaptation approach. Energy Policy 108:565–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Huang K, Kanaroglou P, Zhang X (2016) The design of electric vehicle charging network. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 49:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the sound level of motor vehicles (2011). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/com/com_com(2011)0856_/com_com(2011)0856_en.pdf

  45. Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure. Text with EEA relevance

    Google Scholar 

  46. Eurostat—Data Explorer (2019). http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?lang=en&dataset=env_air_gge

  47. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. 47

    Google Scholar 

  48. Deb M, Debbarma B, Majumder A, Banerjee R (2016) Performance—emission optimization of a diesel-hydrogen dual fuel operation: a NSGA II coupled TOPSIS MADM approach. Energy 117:281–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Lengvųjų variklinių transporto priemonių taršos mažinimas (2018). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/LT/TXT/HTML/?uri=LEGISSUM:l28186&from=LT (In Lithuanian: Reduction of pollution from light motor vehicles)

  50. Kniūkšta B (2017) Biodegalų gamybos ir vartojimo modeliai baltijos šalyse. Manage Theory Stud Rural Bus Infrastruct Develop 39(2):178–202 (In Lithuanian: Biofuel production and consumption patterns in the Baltic countries)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Alternative fuels for transportation (2011) CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  52. Alalwan HA, Alminshid AH, Aljaafari HAS (2019) Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subject review. Renew Energy Focus 28:127–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Abdullah B et al (2019) Fourth generation biofuel: a review on risks and mitigation strategies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 107:37–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. de Sá LRV, de Oliveira Faber M, da Silva AS, Cammarota MC, Ferreira-Leitão VS (2020) Biohydrogen production using xylose or xylooligosaccharides derived from sugarcane bagasse obtained by hydrothermal and acid pretreatments. Renew Energy 146:2408–2415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Leong W-H, Lim J-W, Lam M-K, Uemura Y, Ho Y-C (2018) Third generation biofuels: a nutritional perspective in enhancing microbial lipid production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 91:950–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Keskin T, Abubackar HN, Yazgin O, Gunay B, Azbar N (2019) Effect of percolation frequency on biohydrogen production from fruit and vegetable wastes by dry fermentation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:18767–18775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Panchuk M, Kryshtopa S, Sładkowski A, Kryshtopa L, Klochko N, Romanyshyn T, Panchuk A, Mandryk I (2019) Efficiency of production of motor biofuels for water and land transport. Naše more 66(3 Supplement):4–10

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mirza SS, Qazi JI, Liang Y, Chen S (2019) Growth characteristics and photofermentative biohydrogen production potential of purple non sulfur bacteria from sugar cane bagasse. Fuel 255(115805):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  59. Sinharoy A, Pakshirajan K (2020) A novel application of biologically synthesized nanoparticles for enhanced biohydrogen production and carbon monoxide bioconversion. Renew Energy 147:864–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Srivastava N et al (2019) Nanoengineered cellulosic biohydrogen production via dark fermentation: a novel approach. Biotechnol Adv 37(107384):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  61. Veeramalini JB, Selvakumari IAE, Park S, Jayamuthunagai J, Bharathiraja B (2019) Continuous production of biohydrogen from brewery effluent using co-culture of mutated Rhodobacter M 19 and Enterobacter aerogenes. Biores Technol 286(121402):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  62. Ziolkowska JR (2020) Chapter 1—biofuels technologies: an overview of feedstocks, processes, and technologies. In: Ren J, Scipioni A, Manzardo A, Liang H (eds) Biofuels for a more sustainable future. Elsevier, pp 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815581-3.00001-4

  63. Acar C, Dincer I (2019) Review and evaluation of hydrogen production options for better environment. J Clean Prod 218:835–849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Williams LO (1980) Hydrogen power: an introduction to hydrogen energy and its applications. Pergamon Press

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gao Y, Jiang J, Meng Y, Yan F, Aihemaiti A (2018) A review of recent developments in hydrogen production via biogas dry reforming. Energy Convers Manag 171:133–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Hydrogen and other alternative fuels for air and ground transportation (1995) Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dimitriou P, Tsujimura T, Suzuki Y (2019) Low-load hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine operation—a combustion efficiency improvement approach. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:17048–17060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Miyamoto T et al (2011) Effect of hydrogen addition to intake gas on combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:13138–13149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Talibi M, Hellier P, Ladommatos N (2017) Combustion and exhaust emission characteristics, and in-cylinder gas composition, of hydrogen enriched biogas mixtures in a diesel engine. Energy 124:397–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Marreroalfonso E, Gray J, Davis T, Matthews M (2007) Hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with steam. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32:4717–4722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Khaselev O (1998) A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280:425–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Parra D, Valverde L, Pino FJ, Patel MK (2019) A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy systems for deep decarbonisation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 101:279–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Advances in hydrogen energy (2000) Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  74. Pandey B, Prajapati YK, Sheth PN (2019) Recent progress in thermochemical techniques to produce hydrogen gas from biomass: a state of the art review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:25384–25415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Li J, Huang H, Kobayashi N, Wang C, Yuan H (2017) Numerical study on laminar burning velocity and ignition delay time of ammonia flame with hydrogen addition. Energy. 126:796–809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Santilli R (2006) A new gaseous and combustible form of water. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31:1113–1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Yilmaz AC, Uludamar E, Aydin K (2010) Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gas addition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:11366–11372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Escalante Soberanis MA, Fernandez AM (2010) A review on the technical adaptations for internal combustion engines to operate with gas/hydrogen mixtures. Int J Hydrogen Energy 35:12134–12140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Hydrogen fuel: production, transport, and storage (2009) CRC Press

    Google Scholar 

  80. Handbook of diesel engines (2010) Springer

    Google Scholar 

  81. Surygała J (2008) Wodór jako paliwo. Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne (In Polish: Hydrogen as a fuel)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Verma S, Das LM, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK (2018) An experimental investigation of exergetic performance and emission characteristics of hydrogen supplemented biogas-diesel dual fuel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43:2452–2468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Kahraman E, Cihangir Ozcanlı S, Ozerdem B (2007) An experimental study on performance and emission characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32:2066–2072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen K, Karim GA, Watson HC (2001) Experimental and analytical examination of the development of inhomogeneities and autoignition during rapid compression of hydrogen-oxygen-argon mixtures. J Eng Gas Turbines Power 125:458–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Verhelst S, Maesschalck P, Rombaut N, Sierens R (2009) Increasing the power output of hydrogen internal combustion engines by means of supercharging and exhaust gas recirculation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:4406–4412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. White C, Steeper R, Lutz A (2006) The hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine: a technical review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 31:1292–1305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Hari Ganesh R et al (2008) Hydrogen fueled spark ignition engine with electronically controlled manifold injection: an experimental study. Renew Energy 33:1324–1333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Dandrea T (2004) The addition of hydrogen to a gasoline-fuelled SI engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 29:1541–1552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Yan F, Xu L, Wang Y (2018) Application of hydrogen enriched natural gas in spark ignition IC engines: from fundamental fuel properties to engine performances and emissions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:1457–1488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, Boulouchos K (2007) Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen–natural gas mixtures: a thermodynamic analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32:3073–3083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Zhao H (ed) (2010) Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development: gasoline and gas engines. Woodhead Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  92. Aziz AAR, Firmansyah F (2009) The effect of fuel rail pressure on the performance of a CNG-direct injection engine. SAE Techn Pap. https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Baratta M, Rapetto N (2015) Mixture formation analysis in a direct-injection NG SI engine under different injection timings. Fuel 159:675–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Di Iorio S, Sementa P, Vaglieco BM, Catapano F (2014) An experimental investigation on combustion and engine performance and emissions of a methane-gasoline dual-fuel optical engine. SAE Techn Pap. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Stojkovic BD, Fansler TD, Drake MC, Sick V (2005) High-speed imaging of OH* and soot temperature and concentration in a stratified-charge direct-injection gasoline engine. Proc Combust Inst 30:2657–2665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Ji C, Wang S (2009) Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emissions performance of a spark ignition gasoline engine at lean conditions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:7823–7834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Ji C, Liu X, Gao B, Wang S, Yang J (2013) Numerical investigation on the combustion process in a spark-ignited engine fueled with hydrogen–gasoline blends. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:11149–11155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Köse H, Ciniviz M (2013) An experimental investigation of effect on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel mode of hydrogen. Fuel Process Technol 114:26–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Saravanan N, Nagarajan G, Dhanasekaran C, Kalaiselvan K (2007) Experimental investigation of hydrogen port fuel injection in DI diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 32:4071–4080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Homan H, Reynolds R, Deboer P, Mclean W (1979) Hydrogen-fueled diesel engine without timed ignition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 4:315–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Nguyen TA, Mikami M (2013) Effect of hydrogen addition to intake air on combustion noise from a diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38:4153–4162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Szwaja S, Grab-Rogalinski K (2009) Hydrogen combustion in a compression ignition diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 34:4413–4421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Saravanan N, Nagarajan G (2008) An experimental investigation of hydrogen-enriched air induction in a diesel engine system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33:1769–1775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Alrazen HA, Abu Talib AR, Adnan R, Ahmad KA A review of the effect of hydrogen addition on the performance and emissions of the compression—ignition engine. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:785–796

    Google Scholar 

  105. Tripathi G, Sharma P, Dhar A, Sadiki A (2019) Computational investigation of diesel injection strategies in hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 36(100543):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  106. Yang B, Wei X, Zeng K, Lai M-C (2014) The development of an electronic control unit for a high pressure common rail diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engine. SAE Tech Pap 2014-01-1168. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1168

  107. Green car congress (2009) High-pressure direct-injection hydrogen engine achieves efficiency of 42%; on par with turbodiesels. https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/03/high-pressure-d.html

  108. Yanxing Z, Maoqiong G, Yuan Z, Xueqiang D, Jun S (2019) Thermodynamics analysis of hydrogen storage based on compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen and cryo-compressed hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 44:16833–16840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Rimkus A (2013) Vidaus degimo variklio darbo efektyvumo didinimas panaudojant Brauno dujas. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (In Lithuanian: Improvement of efficiency of operation of an internal combustion engine by using Brown’s gas)

    Google Scholar 

  110. US Patent # 4,081,656 issued March 28, 1978. Arc-assisted oxy/hydrogen welding. https://patents.justia.com/patent/4081656

  111. US Patent # 4,014,777 issued March 29, 1977. Welding. https://patents.justia.com/patent/4014777

  112. Baltacioglu MK, Arat HT, Özcanli M, Aydin K (2016) Experimental comparison of pure hydrogen and HHO (hydroxy) enriched biodiesel (B10) fuel in a commercial diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy 41:8347–8353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Ismail TM et al (2018) Performance of hybrid compression ignition engine using hydroxy (HHO) from dry cell. Energy Convers Manag 155:287–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Subramanian B, Ismail S (2018) Production and use of HHO gas in IC engines. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43:7140–7154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Uludamar E (2018) Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel. Int J Hydrogen Energy 43:18028–18036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Yilmaz IT, Gumus M (2018) Effects of hydrogen addition to the intake air on performance and emissions of common rail diesel engine. Energy 142:1104–1113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Srinivasan S, Salzano F (1977) Prospects for hydrogen production by water electrolysis to be competitive with conventional methods. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2:53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Polverino P, D’Aniello F, Arsie I, Pianese C (2019) Study of the energetic needs for the on-board production of oxy-hydrogen as fuel additive in internal combustion engines. Energy Convers Manag 179:114–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. VDMA exhaust emission legislation diesel- and gas-engines (2019). https://mus.vdma.org/documents/266753/15962998/VDMA+Emission+Brochure+English.pdf/dbf89492-3833-4a15-831d-7758f9c471c8

  120. Rimkus A, Pukalskas S, Matijošius J, Sokolovskij E (2013) Betterment of ecological parameters of a diesel engine using Brown‘s gas. J Environ Eng Landscape Manag 21:133–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Selim M (2005) Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines. Fuel 84:961–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Wang J, Chen H, Liu B, Huang Z (2008) Study of cycle-by-cycle variations of a spark ignition engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends. Int J Hydrogen Energy 33:4876–4883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Heywood JB (1988) Internal combustion engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill

    Google Scholar 

  124. Rodrigues Filho FA et al (2016) E25 stratified torch ignition engine performance, CO2 emission and combustion analysis. Energy Convers Manag 115:299–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Transport Engineering, Department of Mobile Machinery and Railway Transport, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytinės g. 27, Vilnius, 10105, Lithuania

    Gintautas Bureika

  2. Faculty of Transport Engineering, Department of Automobile Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, J. Basanavičiaus g. 28, Vilnius, 10105, Lithuania

    Jonas Matijošius & Alfredas Rimkus

Authors
  1. Gintautas Bureika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jonas Matijošius
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alfredas Rimkus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gintautas Bureika .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Transport and Aviation Technologies, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland

    Aleksander Sładkowski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bureika, G., Matijošius, J., Rimkus, A. (2020). Alternative Carbonless Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines of Vehicles. In: Sładkowski, A. (eds) Ecology in Transport: Problems and Solutions. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 124. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42323-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42323-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42322-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42323-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation