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Recent Developments and Challenges in Nanoformulations Targeting Various Ailments of the Colon

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Nanoformulations in Human Health

Abstract

The oral route of drug administration is the most preferred and patient-compliant route. When a drug is required to be delivered to the colon, special attention is required as the colon is the distal-most part of the gastrointestinal system. Also, a drug has to face a wide range of pH conditions before reaching the colon as it varies significantly, starting from 1.2 to 2.0 (acidic) in the stomach, 4.5–6.8 in the small intestine and 7–7.4 (basic) in the colon. Therefore, targeted approaches are required to protect a drug from the variations it has to face/deal with in the gastric milieu in order to reach the colon. Though targeting to the colon is tedious, it has its own advantages as the enzymatic activity in the colon is less, the residence time is more and bioavailability of drugs enhances significantly. Targeting of proteins and peptides can also be done easily to the colon as their structure remains integrated due to minimum enzymatic activity.

In recent years, the advancement in nanotechnology has tremendously helped target drugs to the colon. The nanoformulations target the drugs to the colon by using simple approaches that may be based on size, pH sensitivity, surface charges, polymers used, ligand-receptor interactions, etc., and are thus useful in enhancing the cell specificity.

The nanoparticles conjugated with ligands like peptides, carbohydrates, antibodies, aptamers, etc. act as new-generation therapies for various colon-associated diseases. These conjugated nanoparticles are beneficial in recognizing and targeting the desired site at cellular as well as molecular levels.

The upcoming outlook of the targeted nanoparticles stands dazzling as many promising nanoformulations targeting various colon-associated ailments are under preclinical and clinical trials and will soon be available in the market.

In this chapter, we will discuss the anatomy of the colon and the associated diseases, the factors that influence the delivery of a drug to the colon, the various strategies for colon targeting, types of nanoformulations used for colon targeting and the role and mechanism of nanoformulations in colon targeting, as well as existing nanoformulations for colon targeting.

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India

    Nidhi Mishra, Samipta Singh, Priyanka Maurya, Raquibun Nisha & Shubhini A. Saraf

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, New Delhi, India

    Sushama Talegaonkar

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

    Mahendra Rai

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Mishra, N., Singh, S., Maurya, P., Nisha, R., Saraf, S.A. (2020). Recent Developments and Challenges in Nanoformulations Targeting Various Ailments of the Colon. In: Talegaonkar, S., Rai, M. (eds) Nanoformulations in Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41858-8_7

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