Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a pollutant of a significant public health concern due to its occurrence, persistence and toxicity. Children exposed to high levels of Pb may present serious health problems, such as neurological and adverse developmental effects. In adults, Pb intoxication may also induce severe damages to the central nervous system and even death. The presence of Pb in the environment has several natural and anthropogenic sources. Emissions of Pb have increased drastically, especially after the industrial revolution. A variety of Pb ores has been used to produce additives in gasoline, coal burning, paintings, batteries, electronic goods and other industrial applications. Crops may also be exposed to Pb pollution due to atmospheric deposition; soil and irrigation water contamination; and use of fertilizers and pesticides Pb-containing. This exposition may decrease crop productivity due to Pb toxicity. Previous studies reported that rice is also susceptible to Pb contamination. Under Pb stress, the germination of seeds can be affected, and rice plants may suffer morphological and biochemical damages. Besides the negative effect in plant development, high Pb concentrations (>1000 ng g−1) in rice grains were observed in areas affected by anthropogenic activities such as mining, spill accidents and inappropriate waste disposal. For food safety, it is necessary to keep contaminants within permissible levels. In this sense, many studies have been conducted around the world to verify the nutritional quality of rice, as well as the risks associated with its consumption due to the presence of toxic elements, i.e. lead.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acgih M (2012) TLVs and BEIs, threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (ACCLPP)
Ahmed MK, Shaheen N, Islam, MS, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam S, Banu CP (2015) Trace elements in two staple cereals (rice and wheat) and associated health risk implications in Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess 187:326.
Alam MGM, Allinson G, Stagnitti F, Tanaka A, Westbrooke M (2002) Metal concentrations in Rice and Pulses of Samta Village, Bangladesh. B Environ Contam Tox 69:323–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-002-0065-y
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N (2001) Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported rice grain samples. Biol Trace Elem Res 83:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1385/bter:83:1:91
Al-Saleh I, Al-Enazi S, Shinwari N (2009) Assessment of lead in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 54:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.02.005
Arao T, Kawasaki A, Baba K, Mori S, Matsumoto S (2009) Effects of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations in Japanese Rice. Environ Sci Technol 43:9361–9367. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9022738
Arazi T, Sunkar R, Kaplan B, Fromm H (1999) A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulin-binding transporter confers Ni2+ tolerance and Pb2+ hypersensitivity in transgenic plants. Plant J 20(2):171–182. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00588.x
Arias JA, Peralta-Videa JR, Ellzey JT, Ren M, Viveros MN, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2010) Effects of Glomus deserticola inoculation on Prosopis: enhancing chromium and lead uptake and translocation as confirmed by X-ray mapping, ICP-OES and TEM techniques. Environ Exp Bot 68(2):139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.009
Ashraf U, Tang X (2017) Yield and quality responses, plant metabolism and metal distribution pattern in aromatic rice under lead (Pb) toxicity. Chemosphere 176:141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.103
Ashraf U, Kanu AS, Mo Z, Hussain S, Anjum SA, Khan I, Abbas RN, Tang X (2015) Lead toxicity in rice: effects, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies – a mini review. Environ Sci Pollut R 22:18318–18332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5463-x
Ashraf U, Kanu AS, Deng Q, Mo Z, Pan S, Tian H, Tang X (2017a) Lead (Pb) toxicity; physio-biochemical mechanisms, grain yield, quality, and Pb distribution proportions in scented rice. Front Plant Sci 8(259):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00259
Ashraf U, Kanu AS, Deng Q, Mo Z, Pan S, Tian H, Tang X (2017b) Lead (Pb) toxicity; physio-biochemical mechanisms, grain yield, quality and Pb distribution proportions in scented rice. Front Plant Sci 8:259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00259
Ashraf U, Hussain S, Akbarb N, Anjumb SA, Hassan W, Tang X (2018) Water management regimes alter Pb uptake and translocation in fragrant rice. Ecotox Environ Safe 149:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.033
ATSDR (2019) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2019. Toxicological profile for lead. (Draft for Public Comment). Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Azcue JM (eds) (2012) Environmental impacts of mining activities: emphasis on mitigation and remedial measures. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59891-3
Babu BR, Parande AK, Basha CA (2007) Electrical and electronic waste: a global environmental problem. Waste Manag Res 25:307–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x07076941
Bakhtiarian A, Gholipour M, Ghazi-Khansari M (2001) Lead and cadmium content of Korbal rice in Northern Iran. Iran J Public Health 30:129–132
Batista BL, Nacano LR, De Freitas R, De Oliveira-Souza VC, Barbosa F (2012) Determination of essential (Ca, Fe, I, K, Mo) and toxic elements (Hg, Pb) in Brazilian rice grains and estimation of reference daily intake. Food Nutr Sci 3(1):129–134. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.31019
Batista BL, Nigar M, Mestrot A, Rocha BA, Barbosa-Júnior F, Price AH, Raab A, Feldmann J (2014) Identification and quantification of phytochelatins in roots of rice to long-term exposure: evidence of individual role on arsenic accumulation and translocation. J Exp Bot 65:1467–1479. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru018
Bennett JP, Chiriboga E, Coleman J, Waller DM (2000) Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin. Sci Total Environ 246:261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00464-7
Bergkvist C, Kippler M, Hamadani JD, Grandér M, Tofail F, Berglund M, Vahter M (2010) Assessment of early-life lead exposure in rural Bangladesh. Environ Res 110:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.07.004
Bian R, Joseph S, Cui L, Pan G, Li L, Liu X, Zhang A, Rutlidge H, Wong S, Chia C, Marjo C, Gong B, Munroe P, Donne S (2014) A three-year experiment confirms continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in contaminated paddy field with biochar amendment. J Hazard Mater 272:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017
Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J (2018) High content of lead is associated with the softness of drinking water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res 186(2):384–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1336-8
Bollhöfer A, Rosman KJR (2002) The temporal stability in lead isotopic signatures at selected sites in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66(8):1375–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00862-6
Boulakia JDC (1972) Lead in the Roman world. Am J Archaeol 76(2):139–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/503857
Brännvall ML, Bindler R, Renberg I, Emteryd O, Bartnicki J, Billström K (1999) The medieval metal industry was the cradle of modern large-scale atmospheric lead pollution in northern Europe. Environ Sci Technol 33(24):4391–4395. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990279n
Buscema I, Prieto A, Araujo L, Gonzalez G (1997) Determination of lead and cadmium content in the Rice Consumed in Maracaibo, Venezuela. B Environ Contam Tox 59:94–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900449
Caito S, Lopes ACBA, Paoliello MMB, Aschner M (2017) Chapter 16: toxicology of lead and its damage to Mammalian Organs. In: Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RKO (eds) Lead – its effects on environment and health. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 501–534. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110434330-016
Cao X, Wahbi A, Ma L, Li B, Yang Y (2009a) Immobilization of Zn, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. J Hazard Mater 164:555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.034
Cao H-c, Luan Z-q, Wang J-d, Zhang X-l (2009b) Potential ecological risk of cadmium, lead and arsenic in agricultural black soil in Jilin Province, China. Stoch Env Res Risk A 23:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-007-0195-1
Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y (2010) Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci 22:1792–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60321-1
Casas JS, Sordo J (2006) Chapter 1: An overview of the historical importance, occurrence, isolation, properties and applications of lead. In: Casas JS, Sordo J (eds) Lead. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452945-9/50001-4
CDC (2012) CDC response to Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Recommendations in “Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention.” Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. Available in: https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/final_document_030712.pdf. Accessed 1 Jul 2019
Cenkci S, Cigerci IH, Yildiz M, Özay C, Bozdag A, Terzi H (2010) Lead contamination reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis and genomic template stability in Brassica rapa L. Environ Exp Bot 67(3):467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.10.001
Chatterjee C, Dube BK, Sinha P, Srivastava P (2004) Detrimental effects of lead phytotoxicity on growth, yield, and metabolism of rice. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 35(1–2):255–265. https://doi.org/10.1081/css-120027648
Chauhan AS, Bhadauria R, Singh AK, Lodhi SS, Chaturvedi DK, Tomar VS (2010) Determination of lead and cadmium in cosmetic products. J Chem Pharm Res 2(6):92–97
Chen L, Xu Z, Liu M, Huang Y, Fan R, Su Y, Hu G, Peng X, Peng X (2012) Lead exposure assessment from study near a lead-acid battery factory in China. Sci Total Environ 429:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.015
Chen J, Yang L, Gu J, Bai X, Ren Y, Fan T, Cao S (2015) MAN3 gene regulates cadmium tolerance through the glutathione-dependent pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 205(2):570–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13101
Chen Q, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wei J, Shen W, Shen Z, Cui J (2017) Hemin-mediated alleviation of zinc, lead and chromium toxicity is associated with elevated photosynthesis, antioxidative capacity; suppressed metal uptake and oxidative stress in rice seedlings. Plant Growth Regul 81(2):253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-016-0202-y
Cheng H, Wang MY, Wong MH, Ye ZH (2014) Does radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation on roots alter Cd and Pb uptake and distribution in rice plant tissues? Plant and Soil 375:137–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1945-0
Chung I-M, Kim J-K, Lee J-K, Kim S-H (2015) Discrimination of geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by multielement analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. J Cereal Sci 65:252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.08.001
Clark CS, Rampal KG, Thuppil V, Roda SM, Succop P, Menrath W, Chen CK, Adebamowo EO, Agbede OA, Sridhar MKC, Adebamowo CA, Zakaria Y, El-Safty A, Shinde RM, Yu J (2009) Lead levels in new enamel household paints from Asia, Africa and South America. Environ Res 109:930–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.002
Codling EE, Chaney RL, Green CE (2015) Accumulation of lead and arsenic by carrots grown on lead-arsenate contaminated orchard soils. J Plant Nutr 38(4):509–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.934477
Corguinha APB, de Souza GA, Gonçalves VC, Carvalho CA, de Lima WEA, Martins FAD, Yamanaka CH, Francisco EAB, Guilherme LRG (2015) Assessing arsenic, cadmium, and lead contents in major crops in Brazil for food safety purposes. J Food Compos Anal 37:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.08.004
Costa ETS, Guilherme LRG, Melo EEC, Ribeiro BT, Inácio ESB, Severiano EC, Faquin V, Hale BA (2012) Assessing the tolerance of castor bean to Cd and Pb for phytoremediation purposes. Biol Trace Elem Res 145:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9164-0
Crews HM (2005) Speciation of Lead in Food and Wine. Speciation of lead in food and wine. In: Cornelis R, Caruso J, Crews H, Heumann K (eds) Handbook of elemental speciation II – species in the environment, food, medicine and occupational health. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470856009.ch2j(ii)
de Lima CVS, Hoehne L, Meurer EJ (2015) Cádmio, cromo e chumbo em arroz comercializado no Rio Grande do Sul. Cienc Rural 45(12):2164–2167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140654
de Oliveira RM, Antunes ACN, Vieira MA, Medina AL, Ribeiro AS (2016) Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the determination of As, Cd, Pb, and Se in rice samples by GF AAS. Microchem J 124:402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.018
Das N, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya S, Maiti MK (2017) Identification of alternatively spliced transcripts of rice phytochelatin synthase 2 gene OsPCS2 involved in mitigation of cadmium and arsenic stresses. Plant Mol Biol 94(1-2):167–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0600-1
Dehghani M, Mosaferi F (2016) Determination of heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic and lead) in Iranian, Pakistani and Indian rice Consumed in Hormozgan Province, Iran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 25:363–367
Dong HX, Tang SY, Ye SQ, Zhao ML, Li HH, Wang G (2016) Effect of lime on the transfer of Cd and Pb in the soil-rice cultivation system and their accumulation in the rice grains. J Safety Environ 16:226–231
Draelos ZD (2015) Cosmetics: the medicine of beauty. J Cosmet Dermatol-US 14(2):91. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12146
Ernst WHO, Verkleij JAC, Schat H (1992) Metal tolerance in plants. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 41(3):229–248
Eun SO, Youn HS, Lee Y (2000) Lead disturbs microtubule organization in the root meristem of Zea mays. Physiol Plant 110(3):357–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2000.1100310.x
European Commission (2006) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union 364:365–324
European Food Safety Authoriry (EFSA) (2010) Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA J 8(4):1570
Evans J, Pashley V, Madgwick R, Neil S, Chenery C (2018) Tracking natural and anthropogenic Pb exposure to its geological source. Sci Rep-UK 8(1):1969. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20397-y
Fahr M, Laplaze L, Bendaou N, Hocher V, MEl M, Bogusz D, Smouni A (2013) Effect of lead on root growth. Front Plant Sci 4:175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00175
Fakhri Y, Bjørklund G, Bandpei AM, Chirumbolo S, Keramati H, Hosseini Pouya R, Asadi A, Amanidaz N, Sarafraz M, Sheikhmohammad A, Alipour M, Baninameh Z, Mohseni SM, Sarkhosh M, Ghasemi SM (2018) Concentrations of arsenic and lead in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Iran: a systematic review and carcinogenic risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 113:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.018
Falahi E, Hedaiati R, Ghiasvand AR (2010) Survey of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, lead, and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran. Food Addit Contam B 3:80–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440041003671288
Fang T, Liu G, Zhou C, Lu L (2015) Lead in soil and agricultural products in the Huainan Coal Mining Area, Anhui, China: levels, distribution, and health implications. Environ Monit Assess 187(3):152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4368-y
Fangmin C, Ningchun Z, Haiming X, Yi L, Wenfang Z, Zhiwei Z, Mingxue C (2006) Cadmium and lead contamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations in southeast China. Sci Total Environ 359:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.005
Fernandes J, Henriques FS (1990) Heavy metal contents of paddy fields of Alcácer do Sal. Portugal Sci Total Environ 90:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90188-Z
Fu J, Zhou Q, Liu J, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang Q, Jiang G (2008) High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere 71:1269–1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.065
Gilfillan SC (1965) Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome. J Occup Environ Med 7(2):53–60
Goldschmidt VM (1954) Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, London, p 730
Gopal R, Rizvi AH (2008) Excess lead alters growth, metabolism and translocation of certain nutrients in radish. Chemosphere 70(9):1539–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.043
Gorbunov AV, Frontasyeva MV, Kistanov AA, Lyapunov SM, Okina OI, Ramadan AB (2003) Heavy and toxic metals in Staple foodstuffs and Agriproduct from Contaminated Soils. J Environ Sci Health B 38:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1081/pfc-120018448
Gottesfeld P (2015) Time to ban lead in industrial paints and coatings. Front Public Health 3:144. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00144
Grybos M, Davranche M, Gruau G, Petitjean P, Pédrot M (2009) Increasing pH drives organic matter solubilization from wetland soils under reducing conditions. Geoderma 154(1–2):13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.09.001
Gu SH, Zhu JZ, Gu ZL (1989) Study on the critical lead content of red paddy soil. Agro Environ Prot 8:17–22
Gunduz S, Akman S (2013) Determination of lead in rice grains by solid sampling HR-CS GFAAS. Food Chem 141:2634–2638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.020
Guo J, Li Y, Hu C, Zhou S, Xu H, Zhang Q, Wang G (2018) Ca-containing amendments to reduce the absorption and translocation of Pb in rice plants. Sci Total Environ 637–638:971–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.100
Gupta D, Nicoloso F, Schetinger M, Rossato L, Pereira L, Castro G, Srivastava S, Tripathi R (2009) Antioxidant defense mechanism in hydroponically grown Zea mays seedlings under moderate lead stress. J Hazard Mater 172(1):479–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.141
Hamid Y, Tang L, Wang X, Hussain B, Yaseen M, Aziz MZ, Yang X (2018) Immobilization of cadmium and lead in contaminated paddy field using inorganic and organic additives. Sci Rep-UK 8(1):17839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35881-8
Hang X, Wang H, Zhou J, Ma C, Du C, Chen X (2009) Risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in soils and rice (Oryza sativa) in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta. Environ Pollut 157:2542–2549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.002
Hansel CM, La Force MJ, Fendorf S, Sutton S (2002) Spatial and temporal association of As and Fe species on aquatic plant roots. Environ Sci Technol 36:1988–1994. https://doi.org/10.1021/es015647d
Hattab S, Hattab S, Flores-Casseres ML, Boussetta H, Doumas P, Hernandez LE, Banni M (2016) Characterisation of lead-induced stress molecular biomarkers in Medicago sativa plants. Environ Exp Bot 123:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.10.005
He Y, Chen Z, Mo F, Huang L, Xu L, Wu Y, Xue Z, Fu F (2016) Species characteristics of lead in sea foods collected from coastal water of Fujian, Southeastern of China. Sci Rep-UK 6:33294. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33294
Hem JD (1976) Geochemical controls on lead concentrations in stream water and sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40(6):599–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90106-X
Hernández-Martínez R, Navarro-Blasco I (2012) Estimation of dietary intake and content of lead and cadmium in infant cereals marketed in Spain. Food Control 26(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.024
Hernberg S (2000) Lead poisoning in a historical perspective. Am J Ind Med 38(3):244–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3%3C244::AID-AJIM3%3E3.0.CO;2-F
Hong S, Candelone JP, Patterson CC, Boutron CF (1994) Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science 265(5180):1841–1843. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5180.1841
Howarth D (2012) Lead exposure: implications for general practice. Aust Fam Physician 41(5):311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3865-3
Hu P, Li Z, Yuan C, Ouyang Y, Zhou L, Huang J, Huang Y, Luo Y, Christie P, Wu L (2013) Effect of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation by rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different metal accumulation capacities. J Soils Sediments 13(5):916–924
Hu Y, Norton GJ, Duan G, Huang Y, Liu Y (2014) Effect of selenium fertilization on the accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice plants. Plant Soil 384:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2189-3
Hu J, Shi G, Xu Q, Wang X, Yuan Q, Du K (2007) Effects of Pb2+ on the active oxygen scavenging enzyme activities and ultrastructure in Potamogeton crispus leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol 54(3):414–419. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1021443707030181
Huang JW, Cunningham SD (1996) Lead phytoextraction: species variation in lead uptake and translocation. New Phytol 134:75–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01147.x
Huang Z, Pan X-D, Wu P-G, Han J-L, Chen Q (2013) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in rice to the population in Zhejiang. China PLoS One 8(9):e75007. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075007
Huo X, Peng L, Xu X, Zheng L, Qiu B, Qi Z, Zhang B, Han D, Piao Z (2007) Elevated blood lead levels of children in Guiyu, an Electronic Waste Recycling Town in China. Environ Health Perspect 115(7):1113–1117. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9697
Iqbal MM, Murtaza G, Naz T, Niaz A, Mehdi SM (2017) Genotypic differences in rice cultivars for lead (pb) tolerance in salt affected soil. J Agric Res 55(4):627–637
Islam E, Yang X, Li T, Liu D, Jin X, Meng F (2007) Effect of Pb toxicity on root morphology, physiology and ultrastructure in the two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi. J Hazard Mater 147(3):806–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.117
Jacquart A, Brayner R, El Hage JM, Ha-Duong NT (2017) Cd2+ and Pb2+ complexation by glutathione and the phytochelatins. Chem-Bio Interact 267:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.002
Jiang W, Liu D (2010) Pb-induced cellular defense system in the root meristematic cells of Allium sativum L. BMC Plant Biol 10(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-40
Jiang S, Shi C, Wu J (2012a) Genotypic differences in arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Food Sci Nutr 63(4):468–475. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.636343
Jiang T-Y, Jiang J, Xu R-K, Li Z (2012b) Adsorption of Pb(II) on variable charge soils amended with rice-straw derived biochar. Chemosphere 89(3):249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.028
Jiang L, Wang W, Chen Z, Gao Q, Xu Q, Cao H (2017) A role for APX1 gene in lead tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci 256:94–102
Jing C, Cheng Z, Li-ping L, Zhong-yang S, Xue-bo P (2007) Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress. J Environ Sci 19(1):44–49
Jorhem L, Åstrand C, Sundström B, Baxter M, Stokes P Lewis J, Grawé KP (2008) Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic). Food Addit Contam A 25(3):284–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701474219
Jung MC, Yun S-T, Lee J-S, Lee J-U (2005) Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished Rice from South Korea. Environ Geochem Hlth 27(5–6):455–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-005-4221-2
Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H (2010) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, p 548. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10158
Kessler R (2014) Lead-based decorative paints: where are they still sold – and why? Environ Health Perspect 122(4):A96–A103. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.122-a96
Khaniki GRJ, Zazoli MA (2005) Cadmium and lead contents in rice (Oryza sativa) in the North of Iran. Int J Agric Biol 7:1026–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.251
Kim Y-Y, Yang Y-Y, Lee Y (2002) Pb and Cd uptake in rice roots. Physiol Plant 116(3):368–372. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160312.x
Kim S-C, Kim HS, Seo B-H et al (2016) Phytoavailability control based management for paddy soil contaminated with Cd and Pb: Implications for safer rice production. Geoderma 270:83–88
Kim DY, Bovet L, Kushnir S, Noh EW, Martinoia E, Lee Y (2006) AtATM3 is involved in heavy metal resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 140(3):922–932. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.074146
Kohli SK, Handa N, Bali S, Khanna K (2019) Current scenario of Pb toxicity in plants: unraveling plethora of physiological responses. In: de Voogt P (eds) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_25
Kopittke PM, Asher CJ, Kopittke RA, Menzies NW (2007) Toxic effects of Pb2+ on growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Environ Pollut 150(2):280–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.011
Kot A, Namiesńik J (2000) The role of speciation in analytical chemistry. TrAC-Trend Anal Chem 19(2–3):69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00195-8
Krełowska-Kułas M (1992) Studies on trace elements content in some cereal products. Food/Nahrung banner 36(3):269–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19920360309
Krzesłowska M (2011) The cell wall in plant cell response to trace metals: polysaccharide remodeling and its role in defense strategy. Acta Physiol Plant 33(1):35–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-010-0581-z
Krzesłowska M, Lenartowska M, Mellerowicz EJ, Samardakiewicz S, Woźny A (2009) Pectinous cell wall thickenings formation – a response of moss protonemata cells to lead. Environ Exp Bot 65(1):119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.05.006
Krzesłowska M, Lenartowska M, Samardakiewicz S, Bilski H, Woźny A (2010) Lead deposited in the cell wall of Funaria hygrometrica protonemata is not stable – a remobilization can occur. Environ Pollut 158(1):325–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.035
Kumar M, Rahman MM, Ramanathan AL, Naidu R (2016) Arsenic and other elements in drinking water and dietary components from the middle Gangetic plain of Bihar, India: health risk index. Sci Total Environ 539:125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.039
Kylander ME, Weiss DJ, Kober B (2009) Two high resolution terrestrial records of atmospheric Pb deposition from New Brunswick, Canada, and Loch Laxford, Scotland. Sci Total Environ 407(5):1644–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.036
Landrigan PJ, Garg A (2002) Chronic effects of toxic environmental exposures on children's health. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(4):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-120006747
Lane SD, Martin ES (1977) A histochemical investigation of lead uptake in Raphanus sativus. New Phytol 79:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1977.tb02206.x
Leal-Alvarado DA, Espadas-Gil F, Sáenz-Carbonell L, Talavera-May C, Santamaría JM (2016) Lead accumulation reduces photosynthesis in the lead hyper-accumulator Salvinia minima Baker by affecting the cell membrane and inducing stomatal closure. Aquat Toxicol 171:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.008
Lee TH, Jiang SJ (2005) Speciation of lead compounds in fish by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 20(11):1270–1274. https://doi.org/10.1039/b505779e
Lee M, Lee K, Lee J, Noh EW, Lee Y (2005) The Arabidopsis pxa1 Mutant is defective in an ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter-Like Protein Required for Peroxisomal Fatty Acid β-Oxidation. Plant Physiol 138(3):827–836. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.127.3.1266
Lee CSL, Qi S-H, Zhang G, Luo C-L, Zhao LYL, Li X-D (2008) Seven thousand years of records on the mining and utilization of metals from Lake Sediments in Central China. Environ Sci Technol 42:4732–4738. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702990n
Lee SH, Lee JS, Choi YJ, Kim JG (2009) In situ stabilization of cadmium-, lead-and zinc-contaminated soil using various amendments. Chemosphere 77:1069–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.056
Leyval C, Berthelin J (1991) Weathering of a mica by roots and rhizospheric microorganisms of pine. Soil Sci Soc Am J 55(4):1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040020x
Li X, Thornton I (2001) Chemical partitioning of trace and major elements in soils contaminated by mining and smelting activities. Appl Geochem 16 (15):1693–1706
Li JX, Yang XE, He ZL, Jilani G, Sun CY, Chen SM (2007) Fractionation of lead in paddy soils and its bioavailability to rice plants. Geoderma 141(3–4):174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.05.006
Li B, Wang X, Qi X, Huang L, Ye Z (2012a) Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese. J Environ Sci 24(10):1790–1798. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60972-8
Li X, Bu N, Li Y, Ma LA, Xin S, Zhang L (2012b) Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of endophyte infected and non-infected rice under lead stress conditions. J Hazard Mater 213–214:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.052
Li H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Wang M, Xie T, Wang G (2016) Biochar amendment immobilizes lead in rice paddy soils and reduces its phytoavailability. Sci Rep 6:31616. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31616
Li H, Guo X, Ye X (2017) Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: the role of surface area. J Environ Sci 52:141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.005
Liao Y, Chien SC, Wang M, Shen Y, Hung P, Das B (2006) Effect of transpiration on Pb uptake by lettuce and on water soluble low molecular weight organic acids in rhizosphere. Chemosphere 65(2):343–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.010
Lin H-T, Wong S-S, Li G-C (2004) Heavy metal content of rice and shellfish in Taiwan. J Food Drug Anal 12:167–174
Lin A, Zhang X, Yang X (2014) Glomus mosseae enhances root growth and Cu and Pb acquisition of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology 23(10):2053–2061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1368-6
Liu J, Li K, Xu J, Zhang Z, Ma T, Lu X, Yang J, Zhu Q (2003) Lead toxicity, uptake, and translocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Sci 165(4):793–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(03)00273-5
Liu H, Probst A, Liao B (2005) Metal contamination of soils and crops affected by the Chenzhou lead/zinc mine spill (Hunan, China). Sci Total Environ 339(1–3):153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.07.030
Liu D, Li T, Jin X, Yang X, Islam E, Mahmood Q (2008) Lead induced changes in the growth and antioxidant metabolism of the lead accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. J Integr Plant Biol 50(2):129–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00608.x
Liu J, Duan CQ, Zhang XH, Zhu YN, Hu C (2009) Subcellular distribution of chromium in accumulating plant Leersia hexandra Swartz. Plant and Soil 322(1–2):187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9907-2
Liu J, Leng X, Wang M, Zhu Z, Dai Q (2011) Iron plaque formation on roots of different rice cultivars and the relation with lead uptake. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(5):1304–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.01.017
Liu J, Ma X, Wang M, Sun X (2013) Genotypic differences among rice cultivars in lead accumulation and translocation and the relation with grain Pb levels. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 90:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.007
Liu JG, Mei C, Cai H, Wang M (2015) Relationships between subcellular distribution and translocation and grain accumulation of Pb in different rice cultivars. Water Air Soil Pollut 226(4):93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2380-z
Londonio A, Morzán E, Smichowski P (2019) Determination of toxic and potentially toxic elements in rice and rice-based products by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 284:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.104
Lu Y, Song S, Wang R, Liu Z, Meng J, Sweetman AJ, Jenkins A, Ferrier RC, Li H, Luo W, Wang T (2015) Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. Environ Int 77:5–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.010
Ma L, Sun J, Yang Z, Wang L (2015) Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils affected by mining activities around the Ganxi River in Chenzhou, Southern China. Environ Monit Assess 187(12):731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4966-8
Maione C, Batista BL, Campiglia AD, Barbosa F, Barbosa RM (2016) Classification of geographic origin of rice by data mining and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Comput Electron Agr 121:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.11.009
Malakootian M, Yaghmaeian K, Meserghani M, Mahvi AH, Danesh Pajouh M (2011) Determination of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni concentration in Imported Indian Rice to Iran. Iran J Health Environ 4:77–84
Małecka A, Piechalak A, Morkunas I, Tomaszewska B (2008) Accumulation of lead in root cells of Pisum sativum. Acta Physiol Plant 30(5):629–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0159-1
Maodzeka A, Hussain N, Wei L, Zvobgo G, Mapodzeke JM, Adil MF, Jabeen S, Wang F, Jiang L, Shamsi IH (2017) Elucidating the physiological and biochemical responses of different tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) genotypes to lead toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 36(1):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3522
Mataveli LRV, Buzzo ML, De Arauz LJ, Carvalho MFH, Arakaki EEK, Matsuzaki R, Tiglea P (2016) Total arsenic, cadmium, and lead determination in Brazilian Rice samples using ICP-MS. J Anal Methods Chem 2016:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3968786
McBride MB (1994) Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York
Mench M, Morel JL, Guchert A (1987) Metal binding properties of high molecular weight soluble exudates from maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Biol Fertil Soils 3:165–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00255778
Merwin I, Pruyne PT, Ebel JG Jr, Manzell KL, Lisk DJ (1994) Persistence, phytotoxicity, and management of arsenic, lead and mercury residues in old orchard soils of New York State. Chemosphere 29(6):1361–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90267-4
Mesko MF, Novo DLR, Rondan FS, Pereira RM, Costa VC (2017) Sample preparation of lipstick for further Cd and Pb determination by ICP-MS: is the use of complexing acids really necessary? J Anal Atom Spectrom 32:1780–1788. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ja00139h
Meyers DE, Auchterlonie GJ, Webb RI, Wood B (2008) Uptake and localisation of lead in the root system of Brassica juncea. Environ Pollut 153(2):323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.08.029
Mielke HW, Gonzales CR, Mielke PW Jr (2011) The continuing impact of lead dust on children's blood lead: comparison of public and private properties in New Orleans. Environ Res 111(8):1164–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.010
Mishra A, Choudhuri MA (1999) Monitoring of phytotoxicity of lead and mercury from germination and early seedling growth indices in two rice cultivars. Water Air Soil Pollut 114(3–4):339–346. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005135629433
Mu T, Wu T, Zhou T, Li Z, Ouyang Y, Jiang J, Zhu D, Hou J, Wang Z, Luo Y, Christie P, Wu L (2019) Geographical variation in arsenic, cadmium, and lead of soils and rice in the major rice producing regions of China. Sci Total Environ 677:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.337
Mukherji S, Maitra P (1977) Growth and metabolism of germinating rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds as influenced by toxic concentrations of lead. Z Pflanzenphysiol 81(1):26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-328x(77)80034-2
Mukta RH, Khatun MR, Nazmul Huda AKM (2019) Calcium induces phytochelatin accumulation to cope with chromium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Plant Interact 14(1):295–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2019.1629034
Murozumi M, Chow TJ, Patterson CC (1969) Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 33:1247–1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90045-3
Murphy EA, Aucott M (1998) An assessment of the amounts of arsenical pesticides used historically in a geographical area. Sci Total Environ 218(2–3):89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00180-6
Navarro MC, Pérez-Sirvent C, Martínez-Sánchez MJ, Vidal J, Tovar PJ, Bech J (2008) Abandoned mine sites as a source of contamination by heavy metals: A case study in a semi-arid zone. J Geochem Explor 96:183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.04.011
Needleman HL (1999) History of lead poisoning in the world. In: International conference on lead poisoning prevention and treatment, Bangalore
Needleman H (2004) Lead poisoning. Annu Rev Med 55:209–222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653
Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Chaouch S, Han Y, Neukermans J, Marquez-Garcia B, Queval G, Foyers CH (2012) Glutathione in plants: an integrated overview. Plant Cell Environ 35(2):454–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02400.x
Norton GJ, Williams PN, Adomako EE, Price AH, Zhu Y, Zhao F-J, McGrath S, Deacon CM, Villada A, Sommella A, Lu Y, Ming L, PMCS DS, Brammer H, Dasgupta T, Islam MR, Meharg AA (2014) Lead in rice: analysis of baseline lead levels in market and field collected rice grains. Sci Total Environ 485–486:428–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.090
Nriagu JO (1990) The rise and fall of leaded gasoline. Sci Total Environ 92:13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90318-O
Nriagu JO, Lin T-S (1995) Trace metals in wild rice sold in the United States. Sci Total Environ 172:223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04809-X
Ok YS, Oh S-E, Ahmad M, Hyun S, Kim K-R, Moon DH, Lee SS, Lim KJ, Jeon W-T (2010) Yang JE (2010) Effects of natural and calcined oyster shells on Cd and Pb immobilization in contaminated soils. Environ Earth Sci 61(6):1301–1308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0674-4
Orroño DI, Schindler V, Lavado RS (2012) Heavy metal availability in Pelargonium hortorum rhizosphere: interactions, uptake and plant accumulation. J Plant Nutr 35:1374–1386. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.684129
Oudijk G (2010) The rise and fall of organometallic additives in automotive gasoline. Environ Foren 11(1–2):17–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920903346794
Oymak T, Tokalıoğlu Ş, Yılmaz V, Kartal Ş, Aydın D (2009) Determination of lead and cadmium in food samples by the coprecipitation method. Food Chem 113:1314–1317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.064
Papanikolaou NC, Hatzidaki EG, Stamatis B, Tzanakakis GN, Tsatsakis AM (2005) Lead toxicity update. A brief review. Med Sci Monit 11(10):329–336
Parengam M, Judprasong K, Srianujata S, Jittinandana S, Laoharojanaphand S, Busamongko A (2010) Study of nutrients and toxic minerals in rice and legumes by instrumental neutron activation analysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Food Compos Anal 23(4):340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.12.012
Patterson CC (1965) Contaminated and natural lead environments of man. Arch Environ Health 11(3):344–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1965.10664229
Paz-Ferreiro J, Fu S, Méndez A, Gasco G (2014) Interactive effects of biochar and the earhworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on plant productivity and soil enzymes activities. J Soil Sediment 14:483–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0806-z
Pehlivan E, Ozkan AM, Dinc S, Parlayici S (2009) Adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ ion on dolomite powder. J Hazard Mater 167(1–3):1044–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.096
Peryea FJ, Creger TL (1994) Vertical distribution of lead and arsenic in soils contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide residues. Water Air Soil Pollut 78(3–4):297–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00483038
Piotrowska A, Bajguz A, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Czerpak R, Kamińska M (2009) Jasmonic acid as modulator of lead toxicity in aquatic plant Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae). Environ Exp Bot 66(3):507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.03.019
Pip E (1993) Cadmium, copper and lead in wild rice from Central Canada. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24:179–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01141345
Poletti J, Pozebon D, Barcellos de Fraga MV, Dressler VL, de Moraes DP (2014) Toxic and micronutrient elements in organic, brown and polished rice in Brazil. Food Addit Contam B 7(1):63–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2013.845249
Pourrut B, Perchet G, Silvestre J, Cecchi M, Guiresse M, Pinelli E (2008) Potential role of NADPH-oxidase in early steps of lead-induced oxidative burst in Vicia faba roots. J Plant Physiol 165(6):571–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2007.07.016
Pourrut B, Shahid M, Dumat C, Winterton P, Pinelli E (2011) Lead uptake, toxicity, and detoxification in plants. In: Whitacre D (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. Springer, New York, pp 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9860-6_4
Premalatha M, Tabassum A, Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2014) The generation, impact, and management of E-Waste: state of the Art. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 44:1577–1678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.782171
Qian Y, Chen C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Chen Z, Li M (2010) Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in Chinese market milled rice and associated population health risk. Food Control 21(12):1757–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.08.005
Qian JIN, Shan XQ, Wang ZJ, Tu Q (2016) Distribution and plant availability of heavy metals in different particle-size fractions of soil. Sci Total Environ 187(2):131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05134-0
Qufei L, Fashui H (2009) Effects of Pb2+ on the structure and function of photosystem II of Spirodela polyrrhiza. Biol Trace Elem Res 129(1–3):251–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8283-8
Rabin R (2008) The lead industry and lead water pipes “a modest campaign”. Am J Public Health 98(9):1584–1592. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.113555
Rahimi G, Kolahchi Z, Charkhabi A (2017) Uptake and translocation of some heavy metals by rice crop (Oryza sativa) in paddy soils. Agric (Poľnohospodárstvo) 63(4):163–175. https://doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0016
Rahman Z, Singh VP (2019) The relative impact of toxic heavy metals (THMs) (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) on the total environment: an overview. Environ Monit Assess 191(7):419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7528-7
Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Reichman SM, Lim RP, Naidu R (2014) Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on sale in Australia: health hazard. Ecotox Environ Safe 100:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.024
Reeder RJ, Schoonen MA, Lanzirotti A (2006) Metal speciation and its role in bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Rev Mineral Geochem 64(1):59–113. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.64.3
Richardson GM, Garrett R, Mitchell I, Mah-Poulson M, Hackbarth T (2001) Critical review on natural global and regional emissions of six trace metals to the atmosphere, report. Risklogic Sci Serv., Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Rizwan M, Ali S, ur Rehman MZ, Javed MR, Bashir A (2018) Lead toxicity in cereals and its management strategies: a critical review. Water Air Soil Pollut 229(6):211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3865-3
Rogan N, Serafimovski T, Dolenec M, Tasev G, Dolenec T (2009) Heavy metal contamination of paddy soils and rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Kočani Field (Macedonia). Environ Geochem Hlth 31:439–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9197-2
Romanowska E, Igamberdiev AU, Parys E, Gardeström P (2002) Stimulation of respiration by Pb2+ in detached leaves and mitochondria of C3 and C4 plants. Physiol Plant 116(2):148–154. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160203.x
Romanowska E, Pokorska B, Siedlecka M (2005) The effects of oligomycin on content of adenylates in mesophyll protoplasts, chloroplasts and mitochondria from Pb2+ treated pea and barley leaves. Acta Physiol Plant 27(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-005-0033-3
Romanowska E, Wróblewska B, Drozak A, Siedlecka M (2006) High light intensity protects photosynthetic apparatus of pea plants against exposure to lead. Plant Physiol Biochem 44(5–6):387–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.06.003
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2014) Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) 4:1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00301-6
Saito I, Oshima H, Kawamura N, Yamada M (1988) Screening method for determination of high levels of cadmium, lead, and copper in foods by polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry using discrete nebulization technique. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71:829–832
Samardakiewicz S, Strawiński P, Woźny A (1996) The influence of lead on callose formation in roots of Lemna minor L. Biol Plantarum 38(3):463–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02896682
Seregin IV, Ivanov VB (2001) Physiological aspects of cadmium and lead toxic effects on higher plants. Russ J Plant Physiol 48(4):606–630. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016719901147
Shakerian A, Rahimi E, Ahmadi M (2012) Cadmium and lead content in several brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. Toxicol Ind Health 28(10):955–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233711430979
Sharma P, Dubey RS (2005) Lead toxicity in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17(1):35–52. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000100004
Shaw DM, Cramer JJ, Higgins MD, Truscott MG (1986) Composition of the Canadian Precambrian Shield and the continental crust of the earth. In: Dawson JB, Carswell DA, Hall J, Wedepohl KH (eds) The nature of the lower continental crust, vol 24. Geological Society Special Publication, pp 275–282 https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.024.01.24
Shimbo S, Zhang Z-W, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M (2001) Cadmium and lead contents in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998–2000. Sci Total Environ 281:165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00844-0
Shotyk W, Weiss D, Kramers JD, Frei R, Cheburkin AK, Gloor M, Reese S (2001) Geochemistry of the peat bog at Etang de la Gruère, Jura Mountains, Switzerland, and its record of atmospheric Pb and lithogenic trace metals (Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, and REE) since 12,370 14C yr BP. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65(14):2337–2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00586-5
Shy CM (1990) Lead in petrol: the mistake of the XXth century. Wld Hlth Statist Quart 43:163
Silvano M, Alessia C, Vincenzo F (2012) Evaluation of the effectiveness of phosphate treatment for the remediation of mine waste soils contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemosphere 86(4):354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.050
Simons TJ (1985) Influence of lead ions on cation permeability in human red cell ghosts. J Membr Biol 84(1):61–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01871648
Simons TJ (1988) Active transport of lead by the calcium pump in human red cell ghosts. J Physiol 405(1):105–113. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017323
Singh R, Tripathi RD, Dwivedi S, Kumar A, Trivedi PK, Chakrabarty D (2010) Lead bioaccumulation potential of an aquatic macrophyte Najas indica are related to antioxidant system. Bioresour Technol 101(9):3025–3032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.031
Sjöstedt C, Löv Å, Olivecrona Z, Boye K, Kleja DB (2018) Improved geochemical modeling of lead solubility in contaminated soils by considering colloidal fractions and solid phase EXAFS speciation. Appl Geochem 92:110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.01.014
Smith DD (1978) Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome. J Chem Educ 55(5):334. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed055p334.3
Srikanth R, Ramana D, Rao V (1995) Role of rice and cereal products in dietary cadmium and lead intake among different socio-economic groups in south India. Food Addit Contam 12(5):695–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652039509374359
Srivastava RK, Pandey P, Rajpoot R, Rani A, Dubey RS (2014) Cadmium and lead interactive effects on oxidative stress and antioxidative responses in rice seedlings. Protoplasma 251:1047–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0614-3
Sun H-f, Li Y-h, Ji Y-f, Yang L-s, Wang W-y, Li H-r (2010) Environmental contamination and health hazard of lead and cadmium around Chatian mercury mining deposit in western Hunan Province, China. T Nonferr Metal Soc 20:308–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60139-4
Sun G-X, Wang X-J, Hu Q-H (2011) Using stable lead isotopes to trace heavy metal contamination sources in sediments of Xiangjiang and Lishui Rivers in China. Environ Pollut 159(12):3406–3410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.037
Tabelin CB, Igarashi T, Villacorte-Tabelin M, Park I, Opiso EM, Ito M, Hiroyoshi N (2018) Arsenic, selenium, boron, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in naturally contaminated rocks: a review of their sources, modes of enrichment, mechanisms of release, and mitigation strategies. Sci Total Environ 645:1522–1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.103
Tanton TW, Crowdy SH (1971) The distribution of lead chelate in the transpiration stream of higher plants. Pestic Sci 2:211–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780020507
Taylor SR (1964) Trace element abundances and the chondritic earth model. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 28(12):1989–1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90142-5
Thakur S, Singh L, Zularisam AW, Sakinah M, Din MFM (2017) Lead induced oxidative stress and alteration in the activities of antioxidative enzymes in rice shoots. Biol Plantarum 61(3):595–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-016-0680-9
Tong S, Schirnding YEV, Prapamontol T (2000) Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. B World Health Organ 78(9):1068–1077
Tripathi RM, Raghunath R, Krishnamoorthy TM (1997) Dietary intake of heavy metals in Bombay city, India. Sci Total Environ 208:149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00290-8
Udeigwe TK, Eze PN, Teboh JM, Stietiya MH (2011) Application, chemistry, and environmental implications of contaminant- immobilization amendments on agricultural soil and water quality. Environ Int 37:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.008
Uraguchi S, Tanaka N, Hofmann C, Abiko K, Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Weber M, Kamiya T, Sone Y, Nakamura R, Takanezawa Y, Kiyono M, Fujiwara T, Clemens S (2017) Phytochelatin Synthase has Contrasting effects on Cadmium and Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grains. Plant Cell Physiol 58(10):1730–1742. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcx114
US Geological Survey (2019) Mineral commodity summaries 2019: U.S. Geological Survey, 200 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/70202434
Uzu G, Sobanska S, Aliouane Y, Pradere P, Dumat C (2009) Study of lead phytoavailability for atmospheric industrial micronic and sub-micronic particles in relation with lead speciation. Environ Pollut 157(4):1178–1185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.053
van der Kuijp TJ, Huang L, Cherry CR (2013) Health hazards of China’s lead-acid battery industry: a review of its market drivers, production processes, and health impacts. Environ Health 12(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-12-61
Verbruggen N, Hermans C, Schat H (2009) Molecular mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. New Phytol 181(4):759–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02748.x
Verma S, Dubey RS (2003) Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Sci 164:645–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(03)00022-0
Wan Y, Huang Q, Camara AY, Wang Q, Li H (2019) Water management impacts on the solubility of Cd, Pb, As, and Cr and their uptake by rice in two contaminated paddy soils. Chemosphere 228:360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.133
Wang H, Shan X, Wen B, Owens G, Fang J, Zhang S (2007) Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on lead accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings and the relevant antioxidant response. Environ Exp Bot 61(3):246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.06.004
Wang C, Wang J, Yang Z, Mao C, Ji J (2013a) Characteristics of lead geochemistry and the mobility of Pb isotopes in the system of pedogenic rock–pedosphere–irrigated riverwater–cereal–atmosphere from the Yangtze River delta region, China. Chemosphere 93(9):1927–1935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.073
Wang X, Zhou C, Liu G, Dong Z (2013b) Transfer of Metals from Soil to Crops in an Area near a Coal Gangue Pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine, China. Anal Lett 46:1962–1977. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2013.777923
Wang X, Ye ZH, Li B, Huang LN, Meng M, Shi JB, Jiang GB (2014) Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases mercury accumulation by reducing both Hg bioavailability and the production of MeHg. Environ Sci Technol 48(3):1878–1885. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4038929
Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA (2015) Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip. Toxicol 8(2):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0009
Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M (1989) Cadmium and lead contents in rice available in various areas of Asia. Sci Total Environ 80:175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90073-9
Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59(7):1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2
Wen H, Zhang Y, Cloquet C, Zhu C, Fan H, Luo C (2015) Tracing sources of pollution in soils from the Jinding Pb–Zn mining district in China using cadmium and lead isotopes. Appl Geochem 52:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.11.025
Whitehead LS, Buchanan SD (2019) Childhood lead poisoning: a perpetual environmental justice issue? J Public Health Man 25:S115–S120. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000000891
Williams PN, Lei M, Sun G, Huang Q, Lu Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Zhu Y-G (2009) Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China. Environ Sci Technol 43(3):637–642. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802412r
Wojas S, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Wojciechowski M, Antosiewicz DM (2007) Ca2+-dependent plant response to Pb2+ is regulated by LCT1. Environ Pollut 147(3):584–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.012
Wolnik KA, Fricke FL, Capar SG, Meyer MW, Satzger RD, Bonnin E, Gaston CM (1985) Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 3. Cadmium, lead, and eleven other elements in carrots, field corn, onions, rice, spinach, and tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 33:807–811. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00065a010
Wolz S, Fenske RA, Simcox NJ, Palcisko G, Kissel JC (2003) Residential arsenic and lead levels in an agricultural community with a history of lead arsenate use. Environ Res 93(3):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00064-1
World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) Preventing disease through healthy environments – exposure to lead: a major public health concern. Switzerland, Geneva
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Chronicle 38:104–108
Wu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J, Hu S, Liu K (2011) Heavy metals pollution and the identification of their sources in soil over Xiaoqinling gold-mining region, Shaanxi, China. Environ Earth Sci 64(6):1585–1592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0833-7
Xia J, Fang Y, Chen Y, Pan Y, Li P, Xue M, Hu Q (2017) Lead speciation analysis in rice by reversed phase chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Food Compos Anal 60:74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.03.002
Xiao R, Huang Z, Li X, Chen W, Deng Y, Han C (2017) Lime and phosphate amendment can significantly reduce uptake of Cd and Pb by field-grown rice. Sustain-Basel 9(3):430(1–10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030430
Xiong Z, Zhao F, Li M (2006) Lead toxicity in Brassica pekinensis Rupr.: effect on nitrate assimilation and growth. Environ Toxicol 21(2):147–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20167
Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L, Zhou H, Luo Q (2014) Interaction of organic and inorganic fractions of biochar with Pb(II) ion: further elucidation of mechanisms for Pb(II) removal by biochar. RSC Adv 4(85):44930–44937. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07303g
Xue S, Shi L, Wu C, Wu H, Qin Y, Pan W, Hartley W, Cui M (2017) Cadmium, lead, and arsenic contamination in paddy soils of a mining area and their exposure effects on human HEPG2 and keratinocyte cell-lines. Environ Res 156:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.014
Yamazaki S, Ueda Y, Mukai A, Ochiai K, Matoh T (2018) Rice phytochelatin synthases OsPCS1 and OsPCS2 make different contributions to cadmium and arsenic tolerance. Plant Direct 2(1):e00034
Yang Y-Y, Jung J-Y, Song W-Y, Suh H-S, Lee Y (2000) Identification of Rice varieties with High Tolerance or sensitivity to lead and characterization of the mechanism of Tolerance. Plant Physiol 124:1019–1026. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.3.1019
Yang QW, Shu WS, Qiu JW, Wang HB, Lan CY (2004) Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and its potential health risk around Lechang Lead/Zinc Mine, Guangdong, China. Environ Int 30(7):883–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.002
Yang Y, Li S, Bi X, Wu P, Liu T, Li F, Liu C (2010) Lead, Zn, and Cd in slags, stream sediments, and soils in an abandoned Zn smelting region, southwest of China, and Pb and S isotopes as source tracers. J Soil Sediment 10(8):1527–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0253-z
Yang X, Liu J, McGrouther K, Huang H, Lu K, Guo X, He L, Lin X, Che L, Ye Z, Wang H (2016) Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:974–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4233-0
Yanqun Z, Yuan L, Jianjun C, Haiyan C, Li Q, Schvartz C (2005) Hyperaccumulation of Pb, Zn and Cd in herbaceous grown on lead–zinc mining area in Yunnan, China. Environ Int 31(5):755–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.004
Ye XX, Wang GZ, Zhang YX, Zhao HJ (2018) Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in root cells: reducing the mobility and toxicity of Pb in rice. Environ. Sci.: Nano 5(2):398–407
Yokel J, Delistraty DA (2003) Arsenic, lead, and other trace elements in soils contaminated with pesticide residues at the Hanford site (USA). Environ Toxicol 18(2):104–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.10106
Yousefi N, Meserghani M, Bahrami H, Mahvi AH (2016) Assessment of human health risk for heavy metals in imported rice and its daily intake in Iran. Res J Environ Toxicol 10:75–81. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2016.75.81
Yu Y, Li Q, Wang H, Wang B, Lu Q, Yan Z, Ding A (2016) Exposure risk of young population to lead: a case study in Le’an River Basin in Jiangxi Province, China. Environ Pollut 209:140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.017
Yuan H, Lu T, Huang H, Zhao D, Kobayashi N, Chen Y (2015) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physical and chemical properties of biochar made from sewage sludge. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 112:284–289
Zeng F, Wei W, Li M, Huang R, Yang F, Duan Y (2015) Heavy metal contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks. Int J Env Res Pub He 12:15584–15593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215005
Zeng G, Wan J, Huang D, Hu L, Huang C, Cheng M, Xue W, Gong X, Wang R, Jiang D (2017) Precipitation, adsorption and rhizosphere effect: The mechanisms for Phosphate-induced Pb immobilization in soils—A review. J Hazard Mater 339:354–367
Zhai CK, Tang WL, Jang XL, Lorenz KJ (1996) Studies of the safety of chinese wild rice. Food Chem Toxicol 34:347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(96)00117-2
Zhang ZW, Moon CS, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Ikeda M (1996) Lead content of rice collected from various areas in the world. Sci Total Environ 191:169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05257-6
Zhang Z-W, Moon C-S, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Ikeda M (1997) Contents of pollutant and nutrient elements in rice and wheat grown on the neighboring fields. Biol Trace Elem Res 57(1):39–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02803868
Zhang Z-W, Watanabe T, Shimbo S, Higashikawa K, Ikeda M (1998) Lead and cadmium contents in cereals and pulses in north-eastern China. Sci Total Environ 220:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00252-6
Zhang XY, Lin FF, Wong MTF, Feng XL, Wang K (2008) Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County, China. Environ Monit Assess 154(1–4):439–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0410-7
Zhang R, Liu G, Wu N, Gu M, Zeng H, Zhu Y, Xu G (2011) Adaptation of plasma membrane H+ ATPase and H+ pump to P deficiency in rice roots. Plant and Soil 349:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0774-2
Zhang X, Yang L, Li Y, Li H, Wang W, Ye B (2012) Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China. Environ Monit Assess 184(4):2261–2273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2115-6
Zhang X, Zhong T, Liu L, Ouyang X (2015) Impact of soil heavy metal pollution on Food Safety in China. Plos One 10(8):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135182
Zhao H, Xia B, Fan C, Zhao P, Shen S (2012) Human health risk from soil heavy metal contamination under different land uses near Dabaoshan Mine, Southern China. Sci Total Environ 417–418:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.047
Zheng N, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zheng D, Zhang Z, Zhang S (2007) Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huludao city, China. Sci Total Environ 387(1–3):96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.044
Zheng R-L, Cai C, Liang J-H, Huang Q, Chen Z, Huang Y-Z, Arp HPH, Sun G-X (2012) The effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, As in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Chemosphere 89(7):856–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.008
Zhou J-M, Dang Z, Cai M-F, Liu C-Q (2007) Soil heavy metal pollution around the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China. Pedosphere 17(5):588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60069-1
Zhou H, Zhou X, Zeng M, Liao BH, Liu L, Yang WT, Wu YM, Qiu QY, Wang YJ (2014) Effects of combined amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on contaminated paddy soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 101:226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.001
Zhou G, Xia X, Wang H, Li L, Wang G, Zheng S, Liao S (2016) Immobilization of Lead by Alishewanella sp. WH16-1 in Pot Experiments of Pb-Contaminated Paddy Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 227(9):339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3040-7
Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia H, Li N, Li Z (2009a) Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci Total Environ 407(5):1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.061
Zhuang P, Zou B, Li NY, Li ZA (2009b) Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong, China: implication for human health. Environ Geochem Hlth 31(6):707–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9248-3
Zhuang P, Li Z-A, McBride MB, Zou B, Wang G (2013) Health risk assessment for consumption of fish originating from ponds near Dabaoshan mine, South China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(8):5844–5854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1606-0
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pereira, R.M. et al. (2020). Lead in Rice Grain. In: Costa de Oliveira, A., Pegoraro, C., Ebeling Viana, V. (eds) The Future of Rice Demand: Quality Beyond Productivity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37510-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37510-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37509-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37510-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)