Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae)

(Syns.: C. domestica Valeton; Amomum curcuma Jacq.)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants

Abstract

An aromatic , herbaceous perennial herb, widely cultivated in southeast Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, Madagascar, Laos , Vietnam, Cambodia, and Taiwan. In Ayurveda, the rhizome is considered hot, bitter, pungent, astringent and drying; it corroborates the humours, prevents skin diseases, and is a useful application on swellings and boils. A decoction is used as a cooling lotion in conjunctivitis, and boiled in milk and sweetened with sugar is a popular remedy for cold, and is also used in jaundice and other liver ailments. Other uses in Ayurveda include visavikãra, kustha, tvagroga, prameha, pãndu, ŝitapitta, and pinasa. In Unani medicine, the rhizome is regarded expectorant, vasodilator, vulnerary, anthelmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, detergent and to improve complexion. Its most common use is as a condiment and a household remedy for intermittent fevers, flatulence, dyspepsia, and to tone-up stomach, and externally for sprains, strains, bruises and wounds. It is approved for use in GI disorders in Europe since Nov. 2005 by the HMPC of the European Medicines Agency. In China, it is known as Jianghuang and is often used interchangeably with C. aromatica to treat distension of the chest and abdomen, obstruction or lump in the abdomen, frozen shoulder, amenorrhea due to blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain due to stasis, wounds and injuries, carbuncle and jaundice. Major alkaloids are curcuminoids, that include curcumin (also described as curcumin I), demethoxycurcumin (curcumin II) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (curcumin III). Turmeric powder suspension significantly alleviated metabolic syndrome-associated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, and elevation of atherogenic indices, by increasing insulin level, enhancing antioxidant defense system and decreasing LPO of diabetic rats. Orally ethanol and ether extracts, curcumin and the volatile oil lowered serum TC, TGs and β-lipoprotein levels in hyperlipidemic rats, and ethanol extract elevated HDL-C/TC ratio in hyperlipidemic rats. A single dose of 6 g turmeric increased postprandial serum insulin, without affecting plasma glucose levels in healthy Swedish volunteers, and daily intake of turmeric for sixty-days decreased peroxidation of both HDL and LDL, in healthy volunteers with high baseline values.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Adaramoye OA, Anjos RM, Almeida MM, et al. Hypotensive and endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects of methanolic extract from Curcuma longa L. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:457–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Adaramoye OA, Odunewu AO, Farombi EO. Hepatoprotective effect of Curcuma longa L. in D-galactosamine induced liver injury in mice: evidence of antioxidant activity. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2010;39(Suppl):27–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Adhvaryu MR, Reddy N, Parabia MH. Effects of four Indian medicinal herbs on Isoniazid-, Rifampicin- and Pyrazinamide-induced hepatic injury and immunosuppression in guinea pigs. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:3199–205.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Afrose R, Saha SK, Banu LA, et al. Antibacterial effect of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Mymensingh Med J. 2015;24:506–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Agarwal R, Gupta SK, Agarwal P, Srivastava S. Topically applied standardized aqueous extract of Curcuma longa Linn. suppresses endotoxin-induced uveal inflammation in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2013;51:797–803.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:1–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41:40–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Akazawa N, Choi Y, Miyaki A, et al. Curcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res. 2012;32:795–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aldini R, Budriesi R, Roda G, et al. Curcuma longa extract exerts a myorelaxant effect on the ileum and colon in a mouse experimental colitis model, independent of the anti-inflammatory effect. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e44650.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Alam MA, et al. Effect of Curcuma longa on CYP2D6- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of dextromethorphan in human liver microsomes and healthy human subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2015;40:61–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ammon HP, Safayhi H, Mack T, Sabieraj J. Mechanism of anti-inflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic acids. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;38:113–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ammon HP, Wahl MA. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 1991;57:1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Apisariyakul A, Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;49:163–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Arun N, Nalini N. Efficacy of turmeric on blood sugar and polyol pathway in diabetic albino rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2002;57:41–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ashok P, Meenakshi B. Contraceptive effect of Curcuma longa (L.) in male albino rat. Asian J Androl. 2004;6:71–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Azuine MA, Bhide SV. Adjuvant chemoprevention of experimental cancer: catechin and dietary turmeric in forestomach and oral cancer models. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;44:211–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Azuine MA, Kayal JJ, Bhide SV. Protective role of aqueous turmeric extract against mutagenicity of direct-acting carcinogens as well as benzo [alpha] pyrene-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1992;118:447–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Babu PS, Srinivasan K. Hypolipidemic action of curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997;166:169–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Balaji S, Chempakam B. Pharmacokinetics prediction and drugability assessment of diphenylheptanoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L). Med Chem. 2009;5:130–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Balaji S, Chempakam B. Toxicity prediction of compounds from turmeric (Curcuma longa L). Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:2951–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Belviranlı M, Okudan N, Atalık KE, Oz M. Curcumin improves spatial memory and decreases oxidative damage in aged female rats. Biogerontology. 2013;14:187–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bharal N, Sahaya K, Jain S, et al. Curcumin has anticonvulsant activity on increasing current electroshock seizures in mice. Phytother Res. 2008;22:1660–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bhide SV, Azuine MA, Lahiri M, Telang NT. Chemoprevention of mammary tumor virus-induced and chemical carcinogen-induced rodent mammary tumors by natural plant products. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1994;30:233–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bhutani MK, Bishnoi M, Kulkarni SK. Antidepressant like effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine in unpredictable chronic stress-induced behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical changes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;92:39–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Kulkarni SK. Protective effect of Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia and associated behavioural, biochemical and neurochemical changes in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008;88:511–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bright JJ. Curcumin and autoimmune disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:425–51 (Review).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bulku E, Stohs SJ, Cicero L, et al. Curcumin exposure modulates multiple proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling pathways to antagonize acetaminophen-induced toxicity. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2012;9:58–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Booth J. Turmeric extract may improve irritable bowel syndrome symptomology in otherwise healthy adults: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10:1015–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Burkill IH. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malaya Peninsula. London; 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Camacho-Barquero L, Villegas I, Sánchez-Calvo JM, et al. Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7:333–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Carrion-Gutierrez M, Ramirez-Bosca A, Navarro-Lopez V, et al. Effects of Curcuma extract and visible light on adults with plaque psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol. 2015;25:240–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Chainani-Wu N. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). J Altern Complement Med. 2003;9:161–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chakraborty B, Nath A, Saikia H, Sengupta M. Bactericidal activity of selected medicinal plants against multidrug resistant bacterial strains from clinical isolates. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S435–41.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Chan MM. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor by curcumin, a phytochemical. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995;49:1551–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen Y, Liu WH, Chen BL, et al. Plant polyphenol curcumin significantly affects CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activity in healthy, male Chinese volunteers. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:1038–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or premalignant lesions. Anticancer Res. 2001;21:2895–900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cheng H, Liu W, Ai X. Protective effect of curcumin on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Zhong Yao Cai. 2005;28:920–2 (Article in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chirapapaisan N, Uiprasertkul M, Chuncharunee A. The effect of coenzyme Q10 and curcumin on chronic methanol intoxication induced retinopathy in rats. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95 Suppl 4:S76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chiu J, Khan ZA, Farhangkhoee H, Chakrabarti S. Curcumin prevents diabetes-associated abnormalities in the kidneys by inhibiting p300 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Nutrition. 2009;25:964–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Daily JW, Yang M, Park S. Efficacy of turmeric extracts and curcumin for alleviating the symptoms of joint arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Med Food. 2016;19:717–29.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Deguchi Y, Andoh A, Inatomi O, et al. Curcumin prevents the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:2993–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Deshpande SS, Ingle AD, Maru GB. Chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin-free aqueous turmeric extract in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett. 1998;123:35–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Deshpande SS, Ingle AD, Maru GB. Inhibitory effects of curcumin-free aqueous turmeric extract on benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach papillomas in mice. Cancer Lett. 1997;118:79–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Deshpande UR, Gadre SG, Raste AS, et al. Protective effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998;36:573–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Deshpande UR, Joseph LJ, Samuel AM. Hepatobiliary clearance of labelled mebrofenin in normal and D-galactosamine HCl-induced hepatitis rats and the protective effect of turmeric extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47:332–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Deters M, Siegers C, Muhl P, Hänsel W. Choleretic effects of curcuminoids on an acute cyclosporin-induced cholestasis in the rat. Planta Med. 1999;65:610–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Deters M, Siegers C, Hänsel W, et al. Influence of curcumin on cyclosporin-induced reduction of biliary bilirubin and cholesterol excretion and on biliary excretion of cyclosporin and its metabolites. Planta Med. 2000;66:429–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Dixit VP, Jain P, Joshi SC. Hypolipidaemic effects of Curcuma longa L and Nardostachys jatamansi, DC in triton-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988;32:299–304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dohare P, Garg P, Jain V, et al. Dose dependence and therapeutic window for the neuroprotective effects of curcumin in thromboembolic model of rat. Behav Brain Res. 2008;193:289–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dohare P, Garg P, Sharma U, et al. Neuroprotective efficacy and therapeutic window of curcuma oil: in rat embolic stroke model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008;8:55.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Dohare P, Varma S, Ray M. Curcuma oil modulates the nitric oxide system response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nitric Oxide. 2008;19:1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Du ZY, Liu RR, Shao WY, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition of natural curcuminoids and curcumin analogs. Eur J Med Chem. 2006;41:213–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dvivedi J, Pandey S, Gupta R. Effect of curcumin on glucose absorption: an experimental study on albino rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;55:207–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Egashira K, Sasaki H, Higuchi S, Ieiri I. Food-drug interaction of tacrolimus with pomelo, ginger, and turmeric juice in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2012;27:242–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. El-Moselhy MA, Taye A, Sharkawi SS, El-Sisi SF, Ahmed AF. The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-α and free fatty acids. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011;49:1129–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. El-Shahat M, El-Abd S, Alkafafy M, El-Khatib G. Potential chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats: myrrh (Commiphora molmol) versus turmeric (Curcuma longa). Acta Histochem. 2012;114:421–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ferreira FD, Kemmelmeier C, Arrotéia CC, et al. Inhibitory effect of the essential oil of Curcuma longa L. and curcumin on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus Link. Food Chem. 2013;136:789–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Funk JL, Frye JB, Oyarzo JN, et al. Antiarthritic effects and toxicity of the essential oils of turmeric (Curcuma longa L). J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:842–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Funk JL, Oyarzo JN, Frye JB, et al. Turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids prevent experimental rheumatoid arthritis. J Nat Prod. 2006;69:351–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Garcia-Gomes AS, Curvelo JA, Soares RM, Ferreira-Pereira A. Curcumin acts synergistically with fluconazole to sensitize a clinical isolate of Candida albicans showing a MDR phenotype. Med Mycol. 2012;50:26–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gilhotra N, Dhingra D. GABAergic and nitriergic modulation by curcumin for its antianxiety-like activity in mice. Brain Res. 2010;1352:167–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Goto H, Sasaki Y, Fushimi H, et al. Effect of curcuma herbs on vasomotion and hemorheology in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33:449–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gupta SK, Agarwal R, Srivastava S, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of Curcuma longa and Berberis aristata in endotoxin-induced uveitis in rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:4036–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Habiboallah G, Nasroallah S, Mahdi Z, et al. Histological evaluation of Curcuma longa-ghee formulation and hyaluronic acid on gingival healing in dog. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:335–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Halder N, Joshi S, Gupta SK. Lens aldose reductase inhibiting potential of some indigenous plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86:113–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hanif R, Qiao L, Shiff SJ, Rigas B. Curcumin, a natural plant phenolic food additive, inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle changes in colon adenocarcinoma cell lines by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. J Lab Clin Med. 1997;130:576–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hong CH, Hur SK, Oh OJ, et al. Evaluation of natural products on inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured mouse macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83:153–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hou XL, Takahashi K, Tanaka K, et al. Curcuma drugs and curcumin regulate the expression and function of P-gp in Caco-2 cells in completely opposite ways. Int J Pharm. 2008;358:224–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hou XL, Takahashi K, Kinoshita N, et al. Possible inhibitory mechanism of Curcuma drugs on CYP3A4 in 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 treated Caco-2 cells. Int J Pharm. 2007;337:169–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Huang MT, Lou YR, Ma W, et al. Inhibitory effects of dietary curcumin on forestomach, duodenal, and colon carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5841–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Inano H, Onoda M. Radioprotective action of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa Linn.: inhibitory effect on formation of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, tumorigenesis, but not mortality, induced by gamma-ray irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:735–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Okazaki Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice: possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;92:33–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Itokawa H, Shi Q, Akiyama T, et al. Recent advances in the investigation of curcuminoids. Chin Med. 2008;3:11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Jagetia GC, Rajanikant GK. Role of curcumin, a naturally occurring phenolic compound of turmeric in accelerating the repair of excision wound, in mice whole-body exposed to various doses of gamma-radiation. J Surg Res. 2004;120:127–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jang HS, Nam HY, Kim JM, et al. Effects of curcumin for preventing restenosis in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit iliac artery stent model. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;74:881–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jiang J, Wang W, Sun YJ, et al. Neuroprotective effect of curcumin on focal cerebral ischemic rats by preventing blood-brain barrier damage. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;561:54–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Joshi J, Ghaisas S, Vaidya A, et al. Early human safety study of turmeric oil (Curcuma longa oil) administered orally in healthy volunteers. J Assoc Physicians India. 2003;51:1055–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kam TS, Wong CY, Kwan PL, et al. Effects and mechanism of turmeric vasorelaxation of the thoracic aorta in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Med Food. 2012;15:190–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kandarkar SV, Sawant SS, Ingle AD, et al. Subchronic oral hepatotoxicity of turmeric in mice—histopathological and ultrastructural studies. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998;36:675–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Karunagaran D, Joseph J, Kumar TR. Cell growth regulation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:245–68 (Review).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaur CD, Saraf S. Topical vesicular formulations of Curcuma longa extract on recuperating the ultraviolet radiation-damaged skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2011;10:260–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kawamori T, Lubet R, Steele VE, et al. Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1999;59:597–601.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kertia N, Asdie AH, Rochmah W, Marsetyawan. Ability of curcuminoid compared to diclofenac sodium in reducing the secretion of cycloxygenase-2 enzyme by synovial fluid’s monocytes of patients with osteoarthritis. Acta Med Indones. 2012;44:105–13.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Khajehdehi P, Pakfetrat M, Javidnia K, et al. Oral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2011;45:365–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Khar A, Ali AM, Pardhasaradhi BV, et al. Antitumor activity of curcumin is mediated through the induction of apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells. FEBS Lett. 1999;445:165–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Khattak S, Saeed-Ur-Rehman, Shah HU et al. In vitro enzyme inhibition activities of crude ethanolic extracts derived from medicinal plants of Pakistan. Nat Prod Res. 2005;19:567–71.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kheradpezhouh E, Panjehshahin MR, Miri R, et al. Curcumin protects rats against acetaminophen-induced hepatorenal damages and shows synergistic activity with N-acetyl cysteine. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;628:274–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Khorsandi L, Mirhoseini M, Mohamadpour M, et al. Effect of curcumin on dexamethasone-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Pharm Biol. 2013;51:206–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Kim DC, Kim SH, Choi BH, et al. Curcuma longa extract protects against gastric ulcers by blocking H2 histamine receptors. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28:2220–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kim HJ, Yoo HS, Kim JC, et al. Antiviral effect of Curcuma longa Linn. extract against hepatitis B virus replication. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124:189–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kim KJ, Yu HH, Cha JD, et al. Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa L. against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytother Res. 2005;19:599–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kim M, Kim Y. Hypocholesterolemic effects of curcumin via up-regulation of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase in rats fed a high fat diet. Nutr Res Pract. 2010;4:191–5.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Kiuchi F, Goto Y, Sugimoto N, et al. Nematocidal activity of turmeric: synergistic action of curcuminoids. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993;41:1640–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Koosirirat C, Linpisarn S, Changsom D, Chawansuntati K, Wipasa J. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10:815–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Krishnaswamy K, Goud VK, Sesikeran B, et al. Retardation of experimental tumorigenesis and reduction in DNA adducts by turmeric and curcumin. Nutr Cancer. 1998;30:163–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kulkarni SK, Bhutani MK, Bishnoi M. Antidepressant activity of curcumin: involvement of serotonin and dopamine system. Psychopharmacology. 2008;201:435–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kulkarni SK, Akula KK, Deshpande J. Evaluation of antidepressant-like activity of novel water-soluble curcumin formulations and St. John’s wort in behavioral paradigms of despair. Pharmacology. 2012;89:83–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kumar A, Dogra S, Prakash A. Protective effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa), against aluminium toxicity: possible behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2009;205:384–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kumar A, Prakash A, Dogra S. Protective effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa) against D-galactose-induced senescence in mice. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2011;13:42–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kumar A, Singh A. Possible nitric oxide modulation in protective effect of (Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae) against sleep deprivation-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice. Phytomedicine. 2008;15:577–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kumar G, Tajpara P, Maru G. Dietary turmeric post-treatment decreases DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch tumor growth by altering cell proliferation and apoptosis-related markers. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2012;31:295–312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Kumar P, Padi SS, Naidu PS, Kumar A. Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of curcumin in attenuating 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007;29:19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kundu S, Biswas TK, Das P, et al. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome paste and honey show similar wound healing potential: a preclinical study in rabbits. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2005;4:205–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kuttan R, Sudheeran PC, Josph CD. Turmeric and curcumin as topical agents in cancer therapy. Tumori. 1987;73:29–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Lal B, Kapoor AK, Asthana OP, et al. Efficacy of curcumin in the management of chronic anterior uveitis. Phytother Res. 1999;13:318–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lantz RC, Chen GJ, Solyom AM, et al. The effect of turmeric extracts on inflammatory mediator production. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:445–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lee GH, Lee HY, Choi MK, et al. Protective effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on CCl4-induced acute hepatic stress. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:77.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Lee HS, Li L, Kim HK, et al. The protective effects of Curcuma longa Linn. extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via upregulation of Nrf2. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;20:1331–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Lekshmi PC, Arimboor R, Indulekha PS, Menon AN. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) volatile oil inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63:832–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Lekshmi PC, Arimboor R, Raghu KG, Menon AN. Turmerin, the antioxidant protein from turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibits antihyperglycaemic effects. Nat Prod Res. 2012;26:1654–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Li L, Fu S, Qing S. Effect of growth period, storage time and varieties on the contents of main active constituents of Curcuma longa L. in rhizome. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1999;24:589–90, 637 (Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Li L, Zhang Y. Effects of cultivating measures on rhizome yield and some main active constituents of Curcuma longa L. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1999;24:531–3, 574 (Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Li W, Feng JT, Xiao YS, et al. Three novel terpenoids from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2009;11:569–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Liju VB, Jeena K, Kuttan R. Acute and subchronic toxicity as well as mutagenic evaluation of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;53:52–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Liju VB, Jeena K, Kuttan R. An evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities of essential oil from Curcuma longa. L. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43:526–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Limtrakul P, Lipigorngoson S, Namwong O, et al. Inhibitory effect of dietary curcumin on skin carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett. 1997;116:197–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Madhu K, Chanda K, Saji MJ. Safety and efficacy of Curcuma longa extract in the treatment of painful knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology. 2013;21:129–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Madkor HR, Mansour SW, Ramadan G. Modulatory effects of garlic, ginger, turmeric and their mixture on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats. Br J Nutr. 2011;105:1210–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Yun G, Lu ZZ. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a group 1 carcinogen. Anticancer Res. 2002;22:4179–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Marasini BP, Baral P, Aryal P, et al. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:265425.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Mazumder A, Raghavan K, Weinstein J, et al. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase by curcumin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995;49:1165–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Mehra KS, Mikuni I, Gupta U, Gode KD. Curcuma longa (Linn.) drops in corneal wound healing. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1984;9:27–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Mehta K, Pantazis P, McQueen T, Aggarwal BB. Antiproliferative effect of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) against human breast tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs. 1997;8:470–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Micucci M, Aldini R, Cevenini M et al. Curcuma longa L. as a therapeutic agent in intestinal motility disorders. 2: Safety profile in mouse. PLoS One. 2013;8:e80925.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Mishra RK, Singh SK. Reversible antifertility effect of aqueous rhizome extract of Curcuma longa L. in male laboratory mice. Contraception. 2009;79:479–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Moghadam AR, Tutunchi S, Namvaran-Abbas-Abad A, et al. Preadministration of turmeric prevents methotrexate-induced liver toxicity and oxidative stress. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:246.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Mohamad RH, El-Bastawesy AM, Zekry ZK, et al. The role of Curcuma longa against doxorubicin (adriamycin)-induced toxicity in rats. J Med Food. 2009;12:394–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Mohankumar S, McFarlane JR. An aqueous extract of Curcuma longa (turmeric) rhizomes stimulates insulin release and mimics insulin action on tissues involved in glucose homeostasis in vitro. Phytother Res. 2011;25:396–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mohanty I, Arya DS, Gupta SK. Effect of Curcuma longa and Ocimum sanctum on myocardial apoptosis in experimentally induced myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006;6:3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Mohanty I, Singh Arya D, Dinda A, et al. Protective effects of Curcuma longa on ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injuries and their mechanisms. Life Sci. 2004;75:1701–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Monsey MS, Gerhard DM, Boyle LM, et al. A diet enriched with curcumin impairs newly acquired and reactivated fear memories. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:1278–88.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Mun SH, Joung DK, Kim YS, et al. Synergistic antibacterial effect of curcumin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Phytomedicine. 2013;20:714–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Mythri RB, Veena J, Harish G, et al. Chronic dietary supplementation with turmeric protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-mediated neurotoxicity in vivo: implications for Parkinson’s disease. Br J Nutr. 2011;106:63–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Nada AS, Hawas AM, Amin Nel-D, et al. Radioprotective effect of Curcuma longa extract on γ-irradiation-induced oxidative stress in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;90:415–23.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Ng TP, Chiam PC, Lee T, et al. Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:898–906.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, et al. Effect of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents against microorganism causing upper respiratory tract infection. Anc Sci Life. 2010;29:30–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Nishiyama T, Mae T, Kishida H, et al. Curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) suppress an increase in blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:959–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Oh SW, Cha JY, Jung JE, et al. Curcumin attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice through NF-κB inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;136:414–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Ojha RP, Rastogi M, Devi BP, et al. Neuroprotective effect of curcuminoids against inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2012;7:609–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Okazaki Y, Iqbal M, Okada S. Suppressive effects of dietary curcumin on the increased activity of renal ornithine decarboxylase in mice treated with a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1740:357–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Oner-İyidoğan Y, Koçak H, Seyidhanoğlu M, et al. Curcumin prevents liver fat accumulation and serum fetuin-A increase in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol Biochem. 2013;69:677–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Pakfetrat M, Basiri F, Malekmakan L, Roozbeh J. Effects of turmeric on uremic pruritus in end stage renal disease patients: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Nephrol. 2014;27:203–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Pari L, Amali DR. Protective role of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) an active principle of turmeric on chloroquine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;8:115–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Pari L, Murugan P. Changes in glycoprotein components in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes: influence of tetrahydrocurcumin from Curcuma longa. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2007;62:25–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Park C, Moon DO, Choi IW, et al. Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits prostaglandin E(2) production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Med. 2007;20:365–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Polasa K, Raghuram TC, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of turmeric on urinary mutagens in smokers. Mutagenesis. 1992;7:107–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Polasa K, Sesikaran B, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)-induced reduction in urinary mutagens. Food Chem Toxicol. 1991;29:699–706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Pongchaidecha A, Lailerd N, Boonprasert W, Chattipakorn N. Effects of curcuminoid supplement on cardiac autonomic status in high-fat-induced obese rats. Nutrition. 2009;25:870–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Prakash P, Misra A, Surin WR, et al. Antiplatelet effects of Curcuma oil in experimental models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2011;127:111–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Prasad NS, Raghavendra R, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Spice phenolics inhibit human PMNL 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004;70:521–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Prucksunand C, Indrasukhsri B, Leethochawalit M, Hungspreugs K. Phase II clinical trial on effect of the long turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) on healing of peptic ulcer. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001;32:208–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Purohit A. Antifertility efficacy of Curcuma longa (50% EtOH extract) with special reference to serum biochemistry and fertility test. Anc Sci Life. 1999;18:192–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Pyrzanowska J, Piechal A, Blecharz-Klin K, et al. The influence of the long-term administration of Curcuma longa extract on learning and spatial memory as well as the concentration of brain neurotransmitters and level of plasma corticosterone in aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010;95:351–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Pyun CW, Han KH, Hong GE, Lee CH. Effect of curcumin on the increase in hepatic or brain phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide levels in mice after consumption of excessive alcohol. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:242671.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Quiles JL, Mesa MD, Ramírez-Tortosa CL, et al. Curcuma longa extract supplementation reduces oxidative stress and attenuates aortic fatty streak development in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1225–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Qureshi S, Shah AH, Ageel AM. Toxicity studies on Alpinia galanga and Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 1992;58:124–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Rai PK, Jaiswal D, Mehta S, et al. Effect of Curcuma longa freeze dried rhizome powder with milk in STZ induced diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2010;25:175–81.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Rainey-Smith SR, Brown BM, Sohrabi HR, et al. Curcumin and cognition: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of community-dwelling older adults. Br J Nutr. 2016;115:2106–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Rajakrishnan V, Viswanathan P, Rajasekharan KN, Menon VP. Neuroprotective role of curcumin from Curcuma longa on ethanol-induced brain damage. Phytother Res. 1999;13:571–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Rajakrishnan V, Jayadeep A, Arun OS, et al. Changes in the prostaglandin levels in alcohol toxicity: effect of curcumin and N-acetylcysteine. J Nutr Biochem. 2000;11:509–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ram A, Das M, Ghosh B. Curcumin attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sensitized guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26:1021–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Ramadan G, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Sayed WM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation. 2011;34:291–301.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Ramirez Bosca A, Carrión Gutierrez MA, Soler A, et al. Effects of the antioxidant turmeric on lipoprotein peroxides: implications for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Age (Omaha). 1997;20:165–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Mesa MD, Aguilera MC, et al. Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits LDL oxidation and has hypocholesterolemic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1999;147:371–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Ramsewak RS, DeWitt DL, Nair MG. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumins I-III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine. 2000;7:303–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Rasyid A, Rahman AR, Jaalam K, Lelo A. Effect of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11:314–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Reddy AC, Lokesh BR. Effect of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol. 1994;32:279–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Teng E, et al. Oral curcumin for Alzheimer’s disease: tolerability and efficacy in a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2012;4:43.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Rong S, Zhao Y, Bao W, et al. Curcumin prevents chronic alcohol-induced liver disease involving decreasing ROS generation and enhancing antioxidative capacity. Phytomedicine. 2012;19:545–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Rukkumani R, Aruna K, Varma PS, et al. Comparative effects of curcumin and its analog on alcohol- and polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced alterations in circulatory lipid profiles. J Med Food. 2005;8:256–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Rungseesantivanon S, Thenchaisri N, Ruangvejvorachai P, Patumraj S. Curcumin supplementation could improve diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction associated with decreased vascular superoxide production and PKC inhibition. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Salama SM, Abdulla MA, AlRashdi AS, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa on thioacetamide induced liver cirrhosis in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:56.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Sengupta M, Sharma GD, Chakraborty B. Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of aqueous extract of Curcuma longa in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated Swiss albino mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1:193–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Seo SW, Bae GS, Kim SG, et al. Protective effects of Curcuma longa against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. Int J Mol Med. 2011;27:53–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Sethi P, Jyoti A, Hussain E, Sharma D. Curcumin attenuates aluminium-induced functional neurotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009;93:31–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Shah BH, Nawaz Z, Pertani SA, et al. Inhibitory effect of curcumin, a food spice from turmeric, on platelet-activating factor- and arachidonic acid-mediated platelet aggregation through inhibition of thromboxane formation and Ca2+ signaling. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;58:1167–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Shalini VK, Srinivas L. Lipid peroxide induced DNA damage: protection by turmeric (Curcuma longa). Mol Cell Biochem. 1987;77:3–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Sharma RA, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:453–70 (Review).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Sharma S, Kulkarni SK, Chopra K. Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33:940–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Sidhu GS, Mani H, Gaddipati JP, et al. Curcumin enhances wound healing in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and genetically diabetic mice. Wound Repair Regen. 1999;7:362–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Sidhu GS, Singh AK, Thaloor D, et al. Enhancement of wound healing by curcumin in animals. Wound Repair Regen. 1998;6:167–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Singh G, Kapoor IP, Singh P, et al. Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fresh and dry rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.). Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:1026–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Sompamit K, Kukongviriyapan U, Nakmareong S, et al. Curcumin improves vascular function and alleviates oxidative stress in nonlethal lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;616:192–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Song EK, Cho H, Kim JS, et al. Diarylheptanoids with free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity in vitro from Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 2001;67:876–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Srinivas L, Shalini VK, Shylaja M. Turmerin: a water soluble antioxidant peptide from turmeric [Curcuma longa]. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992;292:617–23.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Srivastava KC, Bordia A, Verma SK. Curcumin, a major component of food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits aggregation and alters eicosanoid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1995;52:223–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Srivastava KC. Extracts from two frequently consumed spices—cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa)—inhibit platelet aggregation and alter eicosanoid biosynthesis in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1989;37:57–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Srivastava S, Saksena AK, Khattri S, Kumar S, Dagur RS. Curcuma longa extract reduces inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in osteoarthritis of knee: a four-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology. 2016;24:377–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Suresh Babu P, Srinivasan K. Amelioration of renal lesions associated with diabetes by dietary curcumin in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998;181:87–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Suryanarayana P, Satyanarayana A, Balakrishna N, et al. Effect of turmeric and curcumin on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:BR286–92.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Suryanarayana P, Saraswat M, Mrudula T, et al. Curcumin and turmeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2092–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Taty Anna K, Elvy Suhana MR, Das S, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on collagen-induced arthritis: an anatomico-radiological study. Clin Ter. 2011;162:201–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Thongson C, Davidson PM, Mahakarnchanakul W, Vibulsresth P. Antimicrobial effect of Thai spices against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium DT104. J Food Prot. 2005;68:2054–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Tilak JC, Banerjee M, Mohan H, Devasagayam TP. Antioxidant availability of turmeric in relation to its medicinal and culinary uses. Phytother Res. 2004;18:798–804.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Tranchida F, Shintu L, Rakotoniaina Z, et al. Metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of serum samples following Curcuma longa extract supplementation in high-fructose and saturated fat fed rats. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135948.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  196. Troselj KG, Kujundzic RN. Curcumin in combined cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:6682–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Um MY, Hwang KH, Ahn J, Ha TY. Curcumin attenuates diet-induced hepatic steatosis by activating AMPK. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;113:152–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Van Dau N, Ham NN, Khac DH, et al. The effects of a traditional drug, turmeric (Curcuma longa), and placebo on the healing of duodenal ulcer. Phytomedicine. 1998;5:29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Vidal B, Vázquez-Roque RA, Gnecco D, et al. Curcuma treatment prevents cognitive deficit and alteration of neuronal morphology in the limbic system of aging rats. Synapse. 2017;71.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Vlahović P, Cvetković T, Savić V, Stefanović V. Dietary curcumin does not protect kidney in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1777–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Wang LY, Zhang M, Zhang CF, Wang ZT. Alkaloid and sesquiterpenes from the root tuber of Curcuma longa. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2008;43:724–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Wang NP, Wang ZF, Tootle S, et al. Curcumin promotes cardiac repair and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167:1550–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  203. Wang R, Xu Y, Wu HL, et al. The antidepressant effects of curcumin in the forced swimming test involve 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;578:43–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Wang SY, Xue J, Zhou J. Preliminary effects of alcohol and Curcuma longa upon CYP2E1 and hematotoxicity in benzene-induced mice. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009;89:2429–31 (Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  205. Wattanapitayakul SK, Chularojmontri L, Herunsalee A, et al. Screening of antioxidants from medicinal plants for cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;96:80–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Wickenberg J, Ingemansson SL, Hlebowicz J. Effects of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin in healthy subjects. Nutr J. 2010;9:43.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Witkin JM, Li X. Curcumin, an active constiuent of the ancient medicinal herb Curcuma Longa L.: some uses and the establishment and biological basis of medical efficacy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2013;12:487–97.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Wongcharoen W, Jai-Aue S, Phrommintikul A, et al. Effects of curcuminoids on frequency of acute myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:40–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Wu SJ, Tam KW, Tsai YH, et al. Curcumin and saikosaponin A inhibit chemical-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis in rats. Am J Chin Med. 2010;38:99–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Wuthi-udomlert M, Grisanapan W, Luanratana O, Caichompoo W. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31 Suppl 1:178–82.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Xia X, Cheng G, Pan Y, et al. Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the ethanolic extract from Curcuma longa L. in the mouse forced swimming test. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110:356–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Xia X, Pan Y, Zhang WY, et al. Ethanolic extracts from Curcuma longa attenuates behavioral, immune, and neuroendocrine alterations in a rat chronic mild stress model. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29:938–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Xu Y, Ku B, Tie L, et al. Curcumin reverses the effects of chronic stress on behavior, the HPA axis, BDNF expression and phosphorylation of CREB. Brain Res. 2006;1122:56–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Xu Y, Ku BS, Yao HY, et al. Antidepressant effects of curcumin in the forced swim test and olfactory bulbectomy models of depression in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005;82:200–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Xu Y, Ku BS, Yao HY, et al. The effects of curcumin on depressive-like behaviors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;518:40–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Yan LG, Ruan JS, Zhang L, et al. Effect of aqueous extracts of several kinds of herbs on human platelet aggregation and expression of P-selectin in vitro. Chin J Integr Med. 2015;21:286–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Yiu WF, Kwan PL, Wong CY, et al. Attenuation of fatty liver and prevention of hypercholesterolemia by extract of Curcuma longa through regulating the expression of CYP7A1, LDL-receptor, HO-1, and HMG-CoA reductase. J Food Sci. 2011;76:H80–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Yu SY, Gao R, Zhang L, et al. Curcumin ameliorates ethanol-induced memory deficits and enhanced brain nitric oxide synthase activity in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;44C:210–6.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Yu WG, Xu G, Ren GJ, et al. Preventive action of curcumin in experimental acute pancreatitis in mouse. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134:717–24.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  220. Yu ZF, Kong LD, Chen Y. Antidepressant activity of aqueous extracts of Curcuma longa in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83:161–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Zeng Y, Qiu F, Takahashi K, et al. New sesquiterpenes and calebin derivatives from Curcuma longa. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2007;55:940–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Zhao X, Xu Y, Zhao Q, et al. Curcumin exerts antinociceptive effects in a mouse model of neuropathic pain: descending monoamine system and opioid receptors are differentially involved. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62:843–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Zingg JM, Hasan ST, Meydani M. Molecular mechanisms of hypolipidemic effects of curcumin. Biofactors. 2013;39:101–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Stockton, CA, USA

    Shahid Akbar

Authors
  1. Shahid Akbar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shahid Akbar .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Akbar, S. (2020). Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae). In: Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16807-0_83

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation