Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide of D-glucosamine, which has opened vista of possible applications in the chemical, environmental, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industry. Due to the presence of functional hydroxyl and amine groups in the parent backbone, chitosan is easily amenable to chemical modification to convey distinct physicochemical and biochemical properties to the polymer without changing the basic structure. In the past four decades, copious protocols have been established and employed to generate chitosan derivatives with different physicochemical properties. Chemical modifications that have been performed include acylation, alkylation, carboxyalkylation, quaternization, thiolation, sulfation, phosphorylation, attachment of carbohydrates and dendrimers, and graft copolymerization with assorted modifications. In this article, we will review the large variety of studies that have engineered chitosan derivatives and discuss how the specific chemical modification has improved the characteristics of the polymer to meet the requirements of the desired application. This review outlines the chemical foundations of chitosan modifications, which will help to explore the plethora of suggested and accomplished application summarized in Chap. 14. Beyond that, it will hopefully bring forth new ideas and set further impulses in this important field of polymer science.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbasian M, Jaymand M, Niroomand P, Farnoudian-Habibi A, Karaj-Abad SG (2017) Grafting of aniline derivatives onto chitosan and their applications for removal of reactive dyes from industrial effluents. Int J Biol Macromol 95:393–403
Abbasian M, Mahmoodzadeh F (2017) Synthesis of antibacterial silver–chitosan-modified bionanocomposites by RAFT polymerization and chemical reduction methods. J Elastomers Plast 49:173–193
Abdullah J, Ahmad M, Heng LY, Karuppiah N, Sidek H (2006) Chitosan-based tyrosinase optical phenol biosensor employing hybrid nafion/sol-gel silicate for MBTH immobilization. Talanta 70:527–532
Agbovi HK, Wilson LD (2018) Design of amphoteric chitosan flocculants for phosphate and turbidity removal in wastewater. Carbohydr Polym 189:360–370
Aghajari R, Azadbakht A (2018) Amplified detection of streptomycin using aptamer-conjugated palladium nanoparticles decorated on chitosan-carbon nanotube. Anal Biochem 547:57–65
Al-Mokaram AMAAA, Yahya R, Abdi MM, Mahmud HNME (2017) The development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensors based on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole-chitosan-titanium dioxide nanocomposite films. Nano 7:pii E129. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7060129
Al-Remawi M, Elsayed A, Maghrabi I, Hamaidi M, Jaber N (2017) Chitosan/lecithin liposomal nanovesicles as an oral insulin delivery system. Pharm Dev Technol 22:390–398
Al-Sagheer F, Khalil K, Mahmoud H, Elassar AZ, Ibrahim E (2017) Chitosan-g-poly(4-acrylamidobenzenesulfonamide) copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity. J Polym Res 24:230
Albrecht K, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2007) Thiomers: forms, functions and applications to nanomedicine. Nanomedicine 2:41–50
Aliramaji S, Zamanian A, Mozafari M (2017) Super-paramagnetic responsive silk fibroin/chitosan/magnetite scaffolds with tunable pore structures for bone tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C 70:736–744
Amorim CM, Couto AG, Netz DJA, de Freitas RA, Bresolin TMB (2010) Antioxidant idebenone-loaded nanoparticles based on chitosan and N-carboxymethylchitosan. Nanomedicine 6:745–752
An NT, Dung PL, Thien DT, Dong NT, Nhi TTY (2008) An improved method for synthesizing N,N′-dicarboxymethylchitosan. Carbohydr Polym 73:261–264
Anantha RK, Kota S (2016) An evaluation of the major factors influencing the removal of copper ions using the egg shell (Dromaius novaehollandiae): chitosan (Agaricus bisporus) composite. 3 Biotech 6:83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0381-2
Anghileri A, Lantto R, Kruus K, Arosio C, Freddi G (2007) Tyrosinase-catalyzed grafting of sericin peptides onto chitosan and production of protein-polysaccharide bioconjugates. J Biotechnol 127:508–519
Aoi K, Takasu A, Okada M (1994) Synthesis of novel chitin derivatives having poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) side-chains. Macromol Chem Phys 195:3835–3844
Aoi K, Takasu A, Okada M, Imae T (1999) Synthesis and assembly of novel chitin derivatives having amphiphilic polyoxazoline block copolymer as a side chain. Macromol Chem Phys 200:1112–1120
Argüelles-Monal W, Lizardi-Mendoza J, Fernández-Quiroz D, Recillas-Mota M, Montiel-Herrera M (2018) Chitosan derivatives: introducing new functionalities with a controlled molecular architecture for innovative materials. Polymers 10:342. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030342
Arif M, Dong QJ, Raja MA, Zeenat S, Chi Z, Liu CG (2018) Development of novel pH-sensitive thiolated chitosan/PMLA nanoparticles for amoxicillin delivery to treat Helicobacter pylori. Mater Sci Eng C 83:17–24
Arjunan N, Singaravelu CM, Kulanthaivel J, Kandasamy J (2017) A potential photocatalytic, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of chitosan-copper nanocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1774–1782
Azevedo EP, Retarekar R, Raghavan ML, Kumar V (2013) Mechanical properties of cellulose: chitosan blends for potential use as a coronary artery bypass graft. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 24:239–252
Azzam EM, Eshaq G, Rabie AM, Bakr AA, Abd-Elaal AA, El Metwally AE, Tawfik SM (2016) Preparation and characterization of chitosan-clay nanocomposites for the removal of cu(II) from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 89:507–517
Badhe RV, Nanda RK, Chejara DR, Choonara YE, Kumar P, du Toit LC, Pillay V (2015) Microwave-assisted facile synthesis of a new tri-block chitosan conjugate with improved mucoadhesion. Carbohydr Polym 130:213–221
Baghaie S, Khorasani MT, Zarrabi A, Moshtaghian J (2017) Wound healing properties of PVA/starch/chitosan hydrogel membranes with nano zinc oxide as antibacterial wound dressing material. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 28:2220–2241
Baghdan E, Pinnapireddy SR, Strehlow B, Engelhardt KH, Schafer J, Bakowsky U (2018) Lipid coated chitosan-DNA nanoparticles for enhanced gene delivery. Int J Pharm 535:473–479
Bao H, Pan Y, Ping Y, Sahoo NG, Wu T, Li L, Li J, Gan LH (2011) Chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery. Small 7:1569–1578
Bao J, Hou C, Chen M, Li J, Huo D, Yang M, Luo X, Lei Y (2015) Plant esterase-chitosan/gold nanoparticles-graphene nanosheet composite-based biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of organophosphate pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 63:10319–10326
Bayramoglu G, Yilmaz M, Arica MY (2003) Affinity dye-ligand poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/chitosan composite membrane for adsorption lysozyme and kinetic properties. Biochem Eng J 13:35–42
Beltrame A, Suchyta D, Abd Alraheam I, Mohammed A, Schoenfisch M, Walter R, Almeida ICS, Souza LC, Miguez PA (2018) Effect of phosphorylated chitosan on dentin erosion: an in vitro study. Caries Res 52:378–386
Benamer S, Mahlous M, Tahtat D, Nacer-Khodja A, Arabi M, Lounici H, Mameri N (2011) Radiation synthesis of chitosan beads grafted with acrylic acid for metal ions sorption. Radiat Phys Chem 80:1391–1397
Benediktsdottir BE, Gaware VS, Runarsson OV, Jonsdottir S, Jensen KJ, Masson M (2011) Synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan homopolymer and highly substituted N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl chitosan derivatives with the aid of di-tert-butyldimethylsilyl chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 86:1451–1460
Berkovich LA, Tsyurupa MP, Davankov VA (1983) The synthesis of crosslinked co-polymers of maleilated chitosan and acrylamide. J Polym Sci A 21:1281–1287
Bernkop-Schnurch A, Brandt UM, Clausen AE (1999) Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-cysteine conjugates. Sci Pharm 67:197–208
Bernkop-Schnurch A, Hornof M, Zoidl T (2003) Thiolated polymers-thiomers: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-2-iminothiolane conjugates. Int J Pharm 260:229–237
Beskardes IG, Demirtas TT, Durukan MD, Gumusderelioglu M (2015) Microwave-assisted fabrication of chitosan-hydroxyapatite superporous hydrogel composites as bone scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9:1233–1246
Bhattacharya A, Misra BN (2004) Grafting: a versatile means to modify polymers: techniques, factors and applications. Prog Polym Sci 29:767–814
Bhowmick A, Banerjee SL, Pramanik N, Jana P, Mitra T, Gnanamani A, Das M, Kundu PP (2018) Organically modified clay supported chitosan/hydroxyapatite-zinc oxide nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical and biological properties for the application in bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 106:11–19
Bian F, Jia L, Yu W, Liu M (2009) Self-assembled micelles of N-phthaloylchitosan-g-polyvinylpyrrolidone for drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 76:454–459
Bosman AW, Janssen HM, Meijer EW (1999) About dendrimers: structure, physical properties, and applications. Chem Rev 99:1665–1688
Bresolin JR, Largura M-CT, Dalri CC, Hoffer G, Rodrigues CA, Lucinda-Silva RM (2014) Spray-dried O-carboxymethyl chitosan as potential hydrophilic matrix tablet for sustained release of drug. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 40:503–510
Budnyak TM, Yanovska ES, Kichkiruk OY, Sternik D, Tertykh VA (2016) Natural minerals coated by biopolymer chitosan: synthesis, physicochemical, and adsorption properties. Nanoscale Res Lett 11:492. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1696-y
Bueno CZ, Dias AM, de Sousa HJ, Braga ME, Moraes AM (2014) Control of the properties of porous chitosan-alginate membranes through the addition of different proportions of Pluronic F68. Mater Sci Eng C 44:117–125
Bugnicourt L, Ladavière C (2017) A close collaboration of chitosan with lipid colloidal carriers for drug delivery applications. J Control Release 256:121–140
Caddeo C, Nacher A, Diez-Sales O, Merino-Sanjuan M, Fadda AM, Manconi M (2014) Chitosan-xanthan gum microparticle-based oral tablet for colon-targeted and sustained delivery of quercetin. J Microencapsul 31:694–699
Cai H, Zhang ZP, Sun PC, He BL, Zhu XX (2005) Synthesis and characterization of thermo- and pH-sensitive hydrogels based on chitosan-grafted N-isopropylacrylamide via gamma-radiation. Radiat Phys Chem 74:26–30
Cai KY, Yao K, Cui Y, Lin S, Yang Z, Li X, Xie H, Qing T, Luo J (2002) Surface modification of poly (D,L-lactic acid) with chitosan and its effects on the culture of osteoblasts in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 60:398–404
Campos EVR, Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF (2017) Poly(ethylene glycol) and cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan: from methodologies to preparation and potential biotechnological applications. Front Chem 5:93
Campos EVR, Proença PLF, Oliveira JL, Melville CC, Della Vechia JF, de Andrade DJ, Fraceto LF (2018) Chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with β-cyclodextrin: a promising carrier for botanical pesticides. Sci Rep 8:2067. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20602-y
Caner H, Hasipoglu H, Yilmaz O, Yilmaz E (1998) Graft copolymerization of 4-vinylpyridine on to chitosan - I. By ceric ion initiation. Eur Polym J 34:493–497
Caner H, Yilmaz E, Yimaz O (2007) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of poly(N-vinylimidazole) grafted chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 69:318–325
Cao L, Zhang F, Wang Q, Wu X (2017) Fabrication of chitosan/graphene oxide polymer nanofiber and its biocompatibility for cartilage tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C 79:697–701
Cerchiara T, Abruzzo A, Parolin C, Vitali B, Bigucci F, Gallucci MC, Nicoletta FP, Luppi B (2016) Microparticles based on chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose polyelectrolyte complexes for colon delivery of vancomycin. Carbohydr Polym 143:124–130
Chaiyasan W, Srinivas SP, Tiyaboonchai W (2015) Crosslinked chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticle for improved topical ocular drug delivery. Mol Vis 21:1224–1234
Chang J, Lee YS, Fang SJ, Park DJ, Choi YL (2013) Hydrolysis of isoflavone glycoside by immobilization of beta-glucosidase on a chitosan-carbon in two-phase system. Int J Biol Macromol 61:465–470
Chang MY, Juang RS (2004) Adsorption of tannic acid, humic acid, and dyes from water using the composite of chitosan and activated clay. J Colloid Interface Sci 278:18–25
Chen H, Huang J, Yu J, Liu S, Gu P (2011) Electrospun chitosan-graft-poly (epsilon -caprolactone)/poly (epsilon-caprolactone) cationic nanofibrous mats as potential scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 48:13–19
Chen L, Tian Z, Du Y (2004a) Synthesis and pH sensitivity of carboxymethyl chitosan-based polyampholyte hydrogels for protein carrier matrices. Biomaterials 25:3725–3732
Chen S-C, Wu Y-C, Mi F-L, Lin Y-H, Yu L-C, Sung H-W (2004b) A novel pH-sensitive hydrogel composed of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan and alginate cross-linked by genipin for protein drug delivery. J Control Release 96:285–300
Chen T, Kumar G, Harris MT, Smith PJ, Payne GF (2000) Enzymatic grafting of hexyloxyphenol onto chitosan to alter surface and rheological properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 70:564–573
Chen X-G, Park H-J (2003) Chemical characteristics of O-carboxymethyl chitosans related to the preparation conditions. Carbohydr Polym 53:355–359
Chen X, Chen X, Li C, Liu Y, Du Z, Xu S, Li L, Zhang M, Wang T (2008) Electrocatalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase/chitosan/carbon microsphere microbiocomposites to hydrogen peroxide. Talanta 77:37–41
Chen Y, Ye Y, Li R, Guo Y, Tan H (2013) Synthesis of chitosan 6-OH immobilized cyclodextrin derivates via click chemistry. Fiber Polym 14:1058–1065
Chen Y, Ye Y, Wang L, Guo Y, Tan H (2012) Synthesis of chitosan C6-substituted cyclodextrin derivatives with tosyl-chitin as the intermediate precursor. J Appl Polym Sci 125:E378–E383
Cheng D, Xia H, Chan HS (2005) Synthesis and characterization of surface-functionalized conducting polyaniline-chitosan nanocomposite. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:466–473
Cheng S, Zhao H, Xu Y, Yang Y, Lv X, Wu P, Li X (2014) Inhibition of influenza virus infection with chitosan-sialyloligosaccharides ionic complex. Carbohydr Polym 107:132–137
Chethan PD, Vishalakshi B (2013) Synthesis of ethylenediamine modified chitosan and evaluation for removal of divalent metal ions. Carbohydr Polym 97:530–536
Chitkara D, Shikanov A, Kumar N, Domb AJ (2006) Biodegradable injectable in situ depot-forming drug delivery systems. Macromol Biosci 6:977–990
Choi B, Cui ZK, Kim S, Fan J, Wu BM, Lee M (2015) Glutamine-chitosan modified calcium phosphate nanoparticles for efficient siRNA delivery and osteogenic differentiation. J Mater Chem B 3:6448–6455
Cohen E, Joseph T, Kahana F, Magdassi S (2003) Photostabilization of an entomopathogenic fungus using composite clay matrices. Photochem Photobiol 77:180–185
Curti E, de Britto D, Campana-Filho SP (2003) Methylation of chitosan with iodomethane: effect of reaction conditions on chemoselectivity and degree of substitution. Macromol Biosci 3:571–576
Cushing IB, Davis RV, Kratovil EJ, Maccorquodale DW (1954) The sulfation of chitin in chlorosulfonic acid and dichloroethane. J Am Chem Soc 76:4590–4591
Dadhich P, Das B, Dhara S (2015) Microwave assisted rapid synthesis of N-methylene phosphonic chitosan via Mannich-type reaction. Carbohydr Polym 133:345–352
Daly WH, Manuszak-Guerrini MA (2001) Biocidal chitosan derivatives for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. USA Patent 6306835
de Britto D, Assis OBG (2007) A novel method for obtaining a quaternary salt of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 69:305–310
Deepthi S, Venkatesan J, Kim SK, Bumgardner JD, Jayakumar R (2016) An overview of chitin or chitosan/nano ceramic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 93:1338–1353
Dehghan GMH, Marzuka M (2014) Lyophilized chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complex based mucoadhesive inserts for nasal delivery of promethazine hydrochloride. Iranian J Pharm Res 13:769–784
Delair T (2011) Colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and dextran sulfate towards versatile nanocarriers of bioactive molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 78:10–18
Demolliens A, Boucher C, Durocher Y, Jolicoeur M, Buschmann MD, De Crescenzo G (2008) Tyrosinase-catalyzed synthesis of a universal coil-chitosan bioconjugate for protein immobilization. Bioconjug Chem 19:1849–1854
Denuziere A, Ferrier D, Damour O, Domard A (1998) Chitosan-chondroitin sulfate and chitosan-hyaluronate polyelectrolyte complexes: biological properties. Biomaterials 19:1275–1285
Dhavale D, Henry JE (2012) Evaluation of sialic acid-analogs for the attenuation of amyloid-beta toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1820:1475–1480
Dincer A, Becerik S, Aydemir T (2012) Immobilization of tyrosinase on chitosan-clay composite beads. Int J Biol Macromol 50:815–820
Dinescu S, Dinescu S, Ionita M, Pandele AM, Galateanu B, Iovu H, Ardelean A, Costache M, Hermenean A (2014) In vitro cytocompatibility evaluation of chitosan/graphene oxide 3D scaffold composites designed for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater Eng 24:2249–2256
Djelad A, Morsli A, Robitzer M, Bengueddach A, di Renzo F, Quignard F (2016) Sorption of cu(II) ions on chitosan-zeolite X composites: impact of gelling and drying conditions. Molecules 21:E109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010109
Domard A, Gey C, Rinaudo M, Terrassin C (1987) C-13 and H-1-NMR spectroscopy of chitosan and N-trimethyl chloride derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 9:233–237
Domard A, Rinaudo M, Terrassin C (1986) New method for the quaternization of chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 8:105–107
Don TM, King CF, Chiu WY (2002a) Preparation of chitosan-graft-poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers and their adsorption of copper ion. Polym J 34:418–425
Don TM, King CF, Chiu WY (2002b) Synthesis and properties of chitosan-modified poly(vinyl acetate). J Appl Polym Sci 86:3057–3063
Dong H, Li F, Li J, Li Y (2012) Characterizations of blend gels of carboxymethylated polysaccharides and their use for the controlled release of herbicide. J Macromol Sci A 49:235–241
Dong Y-m, Mao W, H-w W, Y-q Z, Bi D-x, L-l Y, Ge Q, Z-q O (2006a) Electron microscopic studies on planar texture and disclination of cholesteric mesophases in acyloyl chitosan/acrylic acid composite films. Carbohydr Polym 65:42–48
Dong Y-m, Mao W, H-w W, Y-q Z, Li X-j, Bi D-x, L-l Y, Ge Q, Fang X (2006b) Measurement of critical concentration for mesophase formation of chitosan derivatives in both aqueous and organic solutions. Polym Int 55:1444–1449
Drozd NN, Sher AI, Makarov VA, Galbraikh LS, Vikhoreva GA, Gorbachiova IN (2001) Comparison of antithrombin activity of the polysulphate chitosan derivatives in in vivo and in vitro system. Thromb Res 102:445–455
Duan K, Zhang X, Tang X, Yu J, Liu S, Wang D, Li Y, Huang J (2010) Fabrication of cationic nanomicelle from chitosan-graft-polycaprolactone as the carrier of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin. Colloid Surf B 76:475–482
Duchêne D, Bochot A (2016) Thirty years with cyclodextrins. Int J Pharm 514:58–72
Duffy C, O’Riordan D, O’Sullivan M, Jacquier JC (2018) In vitro evaluation of chitosan copper chelate gels as a multimicronutrient feed additive for cattle. J Sci Food Agric 98:4177–4183
Duri S, Tran CD (2013) Supramolecular composite materials from cellulose, chitosan and cyclodextrin: facile preparation and their selective inclusion complex formation with endocrine disruptors. Langmuir 29:5037–5049
Eivazy P, Atyabi F, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Aghebati Maleki L, Miahipour A, Abdolalizadeh J, Yousefi M (2017) The impact of the codelivery of drug-siRNA by trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles on the efficacy of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 45:889–896
El-Kamel A, Sokar M, Naggar V, Al Gamal S (2002) Chitosan and sodium alginate-based bioadhesive vaginal tablets. AAPS PharmSci 4:E44. https://doi.org/10.1208/ps040444
El-Tahlawy K, Hudson SM (2001) Graft copolymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 82:683–702
El-Tahlawy KF, El-Rafie SM, Aly AS (2006) Preparation and application of chitosan/poly(methacrylic acid) graft copolymer. Carbohydr Polym 66:176–183
El Badawy M, Taktak NEM, Awad OM, Elfiki SA, Abou El-Ela NE (2016) Evaluation of released malathion and spinosad from chitosan/alginate/gelatin capsules against Culex pipiens larvae. Res Rep Trop Med 7:23–38
Elsabee MZ, Morsi RE, Al-Sabagh AM (2009) Surface active properties of chitosan and its derivatives. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 74:1–16
Erdem A, Muti M, Karadeniz H, Congur G, Canavar E (2012) Electrochemical monitoring of indicator-free DNA hybridization by carbon nanotubes-chitosan modified disposable graphite sensors. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 95:222–228
Fan H, Wang L, Zhao K, Li N, Shi Z, Ge Z, Jin Z (2010) Fabrication, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites. Biomacromolecules 11:2345–2351
Fartas FM, Abdullah J, Yusof NA, Sulaiman Y, Saiman MI (2017) Biosensor based on tyrosinase immobilized on graphene-decorated gold nanoparticle/chitosan for phenolic detection in aqueous. Sensors 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051132
Feng B-H, Peng L-F (2012) Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl chitosan carrying ricinoleic functions as an emulsifier for azadirachtin. Carbohydr Polym 88:576–582
Feng H, Dong CM (2007) Synthesis and characterization of phthaloyl-chitosan-g-poly(L-lactide) using an organic catalyst. Carbohydr Polym 70:258–264
Ferrero F, Periolatto M, Vineis C, Varesano A (2014) Chitosan coated cotton gauze for antibacterial water filtration. Carbohydr Polym 103:207–212
Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M (2017) An overview of carboxymethyl derivatives of chitosan: their use as biomaterials and drug delivery systems. Mater Sci Eng C 77:1349–1362
Freddi G, Anghileri A, Sampaio S, Buchert J, Monti P, Taddei P (2006) Tyrosinase-catalyzed modification of Bombyx mori silk fibroin: grafting of chitosan under heterogeneous reaction conditions. J Biotechnol 125:281–294
Gamzazade A, Sklyar A, Nasibov S, Sushkov I, Shashkov A, Knirel Y (1997) Structural features of sulfated chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 34:113–116
Gao X, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Chen H, Chen Z, Lin X (2011) One step electrochemically deposited nanocomposite film of chitosan-carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles for carcinoembryonic antigen immunosensor application. Talanta 85:1980–1985
Ge HC, Luo DK (2005) Preparation of carboxymethyl chitosan in aqueous solution under microwave irradiation. Carbohydr Res 340:1351–1356
Gomes S, Rodrigues G, Martins G, Henriques C, Silva JC (2017) Evaluation of nanofibrous scaffolds obtained from blends of chitosan, gelatin and polycaprolactone for skin tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 102:1174–1185
Gong M, Wang YB, Li M, Hu BH, Gong YK (2011) Fabrication and hemocompatibility of cell outer membrane mimetic surfaces on chitosan by layer by layer assembly with polyanion bearing phosphorylcholine groups. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 85:48–55
Gopal Reddi MR, Gomathi T, Saranya M, Sudha PN (2017) Adsorption and kinetic studies on the removal of chromium and copper onto chitosan-g-maliec anhydride-g-ethylene dimethacrylate. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1578–1585
Grabnar PA, Kristl J (2010) Physicochemical characterization of protein-loaded pectin-chitosan nanoparticles prepared by polyelectrolyte complexation. Pharmazie 65:851–852
Grant J, Blicker M, Piquette-Miller M, Allen C (2005) Hybrid films from blends of chitosan and egg phosphatidylcholine for localized delivery of paclitaxel. J Pharm Sci 94:1512–1527
Grant J, Cho J, Allen C (2006) Self-assembly and physicochemical and rheological properties of a polysaccharide-surfactant system formed from the cationic biopolymer chitosan and nonionic sorbitan esters. Langmuir 22:4327–4335
Gu C, Le V, Lang M, Liu J (2014) Preparation of polysaccharide derivates chitosan-graft-poly(varepsilon-caprolactone) amphiphilic copolymer micelles for 5-fluorouracil drug delivery. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 116:745–750
Guerra ICD, de Oliveira PDL, de Souza Pontes AL, ASSC L, Tavares JF, Barbosa-Filho JM, Madruga MS, de Souza EL (2015) Coatings comprising chitosan and Mentha piperita L. or Mentha x villosa Huds essential oils to prevent common postharvest mold infections and maintain the quality of cherry tomato fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 214:168–178
Gullon B, Montenegro MI, Ruiz-Matute AI, Cardelle-Cobas A, Corzo N, Pintado ME (2016) Synthesis, optimization and structural characterization of a chitosan-glucose derivative obtained by the Maillard reaction. Carbohydr Polym 137:382–389
Gupta A, Chauhan VS, Sankararamakrishnan N (2009) Preparation and evaluation of iron-chitosan composites for removal of as(III) and as(V) from arsenic contaminated real life groundwater. Water Res 43:3862–3870
Gupta PK, Asthana S, Jaiswal AK, Kumar V, Verma AK, Shukla P, Dwivedi P, Dube A, Mishra PR (2014) Exploitation of lectinized lipo-polymerosome encapsulated amphotericin B to target macrophages for effective chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis. Bioconjug Chem 25:1091–1102
Guzman-Villanueva D, El-Sherbiny IM, Vlassov AV, Herrera-Ruiz D, Smyth HD (2014) Enhanced cellular uptake and gene silencing activity of siRNA molecules mediated by chitosan-derivative nanocomplexes. Int J Pharm 473:579–590
Hagiwara K, Kuribayashi Y, Iwai H, Azuma I, Tokura S, Ikuta K, Ishihara C (1999) A sulfated chitin inhibits hemagglutination by Theileria sergenti merozoites. Carbohydr Polym 39:245–248
Hamman JH, Kotze AF (2001) Effect of the type of base and number of reaction steps on the degree of quaternization and molecular weight of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 27:373–380
Han E, Yang Y, He Z, Cai J, Zhang X, Dong X (2015) Development of tyrosinase biosensor based on quantum dots/chitosan nanocomposite for detection of phenolic compounds. Anal Biochem 486:102–106
Hasiploglu HN, Yilmaz E, Yilmaz O, Caner H (2005) Preparation and characterization of maleic acid grafted chitosan. Int J Polym Anal Charact 10:313–327
Hayashi Y, Yamada S, Yanagi Guchi K, Koyama Z, Ikeda T (2012) Chitosan and fish collagen as biomaterials for regenerative medicine. Adv Food Nutr Res 65:107–120
He G, Zhu C, Ye S, Cai W, Yin Y, Zheng H, Yi Y (2016) Preparation and properties of novel hydrogel based on chitosan modified by poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Int J Biol Macromol 91:828–837
Heras A, Rodriguez NM, Ramos VM, Agullo E (2001) N-methylene phosphonic chitosan: a novel soluble derivative. Carbohydr Polym 44:1–8
Hermenean A, Codreanu A, Herman H, Balta C, Rosu M, Mihali CV, Ivan A, Dinescu S, Ionita M, Costache M (2017) Chitosan-graphene oxide 3D scaffolds as promising tools for bone regeneration in critical-size mouse calvarial defects. Sci Rep 7:16641
Hernandez-Ibanez N, Garcia-Cruz L, Montiel V, Foster CW, Banks CE, Iniesta J (2016) Electrochemical lactate biosensor based upon chitosan/carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed graphite electrodes for the determination of lactate in embryonic cell cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 77:1168–1174
Hirano S, Kinugawa J (1986) Effect of sulfated derivatives of chitosan on lipoprotein-lipase activity of rabbit plasma after their intravenous-injection. Carbohydr Res 150:295–299
Hirano S, Tanaka Y, Hasegawa M, Tobetto K, Nishioka A (1985) Effect of sulfated derivatives of chitosan on some blood coagulant factors. Carbohydr Res 137:205–215
Holappa J, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Másson M, Rúnarsson Ö, Asplund T, Soininene P, Nevalainen T, Järvinen T (2006a) Antimicrobial activity of chitosan N-betainates. Carbohydr Polym 65:114–118
Holappa J, Nevalainen T, Safin R, Soininen P, Asplund T, Luttikhedde T, Másson M, Järvinen T (2006b) Novel water-soluble quaternary piperazine derivatives of chitosan: synthesis and characterization. Macromol Biosci 6:139–144
Holappa J et al (2004) Synthesis and characterization of chitosan N-betainates having various degrees of substitution. Macromolecules 37:2784–2789
Holappa J, Nevalainen T, Soininen P, Masson M, Jarvinen T (2006c) Synthesis of novel quaternary chitosan derivatives via N-chloroacyl-6-O-triphenylmethylchitosans. Biomacromolecules 7:407–410
Holme KR, Perlin AS (1997) Chitosan N-sulfate. A water-soluble polyelectrolyte. Carbohydr Res 302:7–12
Hong YJ, Kim JC (2011) Egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes incorporating hydrophobically modified chitosan: pH-sensitive release. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:204–209
Horton D, Just EK (1973) Preparation from chitin of (1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranuronan and its 2-sulfoamino analog having blood anticoagulant properties. Carbohydr Res 29:173–179
Hosseinzadeh H, Ramin S (2018) Effective removal of copper from aqueous solutions by modified magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 113:859–868
Hsu SC, Don TM, Chiu WY (2002) Synthesis of chitosan-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) by emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 86:3047–3056
Hu FQ, Ren GF, Yuan H, Du YZ, Zeng S (2006a) Shell cross-linked stearic acid grafted chitosan oligosaccharide self-aggregated micelles for controlled release of paclitaxel. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 50:97–103
Hu FQ, Zhao MD, Yuan H, You J, Du YZ, Zeng S (2006b) A novel chitosan oligosaccharide-stearic acid micelles for gene delivery: properties and in vitro transfection studies. Int J Pharm 315:158–166
Huacai G, Wan P, Dengke L (2006) Graft copolymerization of chitosan with acrylic acid under microwave irradiation and its water absorbency. Carbohydr Polym 66:372–378
Huang M, Shen X, Sheng Y, Fang Y (2005) Study of graft copolymerization of N-maleamic acid-chitosan and butyl acrylate by gamma-ray irradiation. Int J Biol Macromol 36:98–102
Huang S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Qi C (2016) Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan-based silver nanoparticles hybrid: microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity. Nano 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6060118
Ignatova M, Manolova N, Rashkov I (2013) Electrospun antibacterial chitosan-based fibers. Macromol Biosci 13:860–872
Ishihara C, Shimakawa S, Tsuji M, Arikawa J, Tokura S (1995) A sulfated chitin, Scm-chitin-iii, inhibits the clearance of human erythrocytes from the blood-circulation in erythrocyte-transfused scid mice. Immunopharmacology 29:65–71
Ishihara M, Nguyen VQ, Mori Y, Nakamura S, Hattori H (2015) Adsorption of silver nanoparticles onto different surface structures of chitin/chitosan and correlations with antimicrobial activities. Int J Mol Sci 16:13973–13988
Ishihara M et al (2006) Chitosan hydrogel as a drug delivery carrier to control angiogenesis. J Artif Organs 9:8–16
Jana S, Sen KK (2017) Chitosan - locust bean gum interpenetrating polymeric network nanocomposites for delivery of aceclofenac. Int J Biol Macromol 102:878–884
Jayakumar R, Nwe N, Tokura S, Tamura H (2007a) Sulfated chitin and chitosan as novel biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 40:175–181
Jayakumar R, Prabaharan M, Reis RL, Mano JF (2005) Graft copolymerized chitosan—present status and applications. Carbohydr Polym 62:142–158
Jayakumar R, Reis RL, Mano JF (2006) Phosphorous containing chitosan beads for controlled oral drug delivery. J Bioact Compat Polym 21:327–340
Jayakumar R, Reis RL, Mano JF (2007b) Synthesis and characterization of N-methylenephenyl phosphonic chitosan. J Macromol Sci A 44:271–275
Jayakumar R, Selvamurugan N, Nair SV, Tokura S, Tamura H (2008) Preparative methods of phosphorylated chitin and chitosan - An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 43:221–225
Jayakumar R, Tamura H (2006) New synthesis procedure of phosphoryl chitin. Paper presented at the 55th SPSJ Annual Meeting, Nagoya, Japan
Jeong SI, Park SC, Park SJ, Kim EJ, Heo H, Park JS, Gwon HJ, Lim YM, Jang MK (2018) One-step synthesis of gene carrier via gamma irradiation and its application in tumor gene therapy. Intl J Nanomed 13:525–536
Jeong Y-I, Jin SG, Kim IY, Pei J, Wen M, Jung TY, Moon KS, Jung S (2010) Doxorubicin-incorporated nanoparticles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted carboxymethyl chitosan and antitumor activity against glioma cells in vitro. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 79:149–155
Ji J, Hao S, Dong J, Wu D, Yang B, Xu Y (2012) Preparation, evaluation, and in vitro release study of O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles loaded with gentamicin and salicylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 123:1684–1689
Jiang D, Zhang X, Yu D, Xiao Y, Wang T, Su Z, Liu Y, Zhang N (2017) Tumor-microenvironment relaxivity-changeable gd-loaded poly(l-lysine)/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as cancer-recognizable magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Biomed Nanotechnol 13:243–254
Jiang HL et al (2008) Galactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine as a gene carrier for hepatocyte-targeting. J Control Release 131:150–157
Jin Y-H, Hu HY, Qiao MX, Zhu J, Qi JW, Hu CJ, Zhang Q, Chen DW (2012) pH-sensitive chitosan-derived nanoparticles as doxorubicin carriers for effective anti-tumor activity: preparation and in vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 94:184–191
Jirimali HD, Nagarale RK, Saravanakumar D, Lee JM, Shin W (2013) Hydroquinone modified chitosan/carbon film electrode for the selective detection of ascorbic acid. Carbohydr Polym 92:641–644
Joshi JM, Sinha VK (2007) Ceric ammonium nitrate induced grafting of polyacrylamide onto carboxymethyl chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 67:427–435
Jung B-O, Kim C-H, Choi K-S, Lee YM, Kim J-J (1999) Preparation of amphiphilic chitosan and their antimicrobial activities. J Appl Polym Sci 72:1713–1719
Justin R, Chen B (2014) Characterisation and drug release performance of biodegradable chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 103:70–80
Kaderli S, Boulocher C, Pillet E, Watrelot-Virieux D, Rougemont AL, Roger T, Viguier E, Gurny R, Scapozza L, Jordan O (2015) A novel biocompatible hyaluronic acid-chitosan hybrid hydrogel for osteoarthrosis therapy. Int J Pharm 483:158–168
Kafedjiiski K, Foger F, Werle M, Bernkop-Schnurch B (2005a) Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel chitosan-glutathione conjugate. Pharm Res 22:1480–1488
Kafedjiiski K, Krauland AH, Hoffer MH, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2005b) Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel thiolated chitosan. Biomaterials 26:819–826
Kang HM, Cai YL, Liu PS (2006) Synthesis, characterization and thermal sensitivity of chitosan-based graft copolymers. Carbohydr Res 341:2851–2857
Kar S, Kaur T, Thirugnanam A (2016) Microwave-assisted synthesis of porous chitosan-modified montmorillonite-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 82:628–636
Karabiyik Acar O, Kayitmazer AB, Torun Kose G (2018) Hyaluronic acid/chitosan coacervate-based scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 19:1198–1211
Kast CE, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2001) Thiolated polymers - thiomers: development and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates. Biomaterials 22:2345–2352
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2000a) Biological fate of highly-succinylated N-succinyl-chitosan and antitumor characteristics of its water-soluble conjugate with mitomycin C at i.V. And i.P. Administration into tumor-bearing mice. Biol Pharm Bull 23:1497–1503
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2000b) Evaluation of N-succinyl-chitosan as a systemic long-circulating polymer. Biomaterials 21:1579–1585
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2001a) Biological characteristics of lactosaminated N-succinyl-chitosan as a liver-specific drug carrier in mice. J Control Release 70:295–307
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2001b) Lactosaminated and intact N-succinyl-chitosans as drug carriers in liver metastasis. Int J Pharm 226:93–106
Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y (2002) Efficacy of lactosaminated and intact N-succinylchitosan-mitomycin C conjugates against M5076 liver metastatic cancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 54:529–537
Katti KS, Katti DR, Dash R (2008) Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan/montmorillonite/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 3:034122
Khalil KD, Al-Matar HM (2013) Chitosan based heterogeneous catalyses: chitosan-grafted-poly(4-vinylpyridne) as an efficient catalyst for Michael additions and alkylpyridazinyl carbonitrile oxidation. Molecules 18:5288–5305
Kim CH, Choi KS (2002) Synthesis and antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan derivatives having different methylene spacers. J Ind Eng Chem 8:71–76
Kim JH, Kim SB, Lee SH, Choi JW (2018) Laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments for application of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded chitosan composites to phosphate removal from natural water. Environ Technol 39:770–779
Kim SY, Cho SM, Lee YM, Kim SJ (2000) Thermo- and pH-responsive behaviors of graft copolymer and blend based on chitosan and N-isopropylacrylamide. J Appl Polym Sci 78:1381–1391
Klaykruayat B, Siralertmukul K, Srikulkit K (2010) Chemical modification of chitosan with cationic hyperbranched dendritic polyamidoamine and its antimicrobial activity on cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym 80:197–207
Kojima K, Yoshikuni M, Suzuki T (1979) Tributylborane-initiated grafting of methyl-methacrylate onto chitin. J Appl Polym Sci 24:1587–1593
Kong X, Wang J, Cao L, Yu Y, Liu C (2014) Enhanced osteogenesis of bone morphology protein-2 in 2-N,6-O-sulfated chitosan immobilized PLGA scaffolds. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 122:359–367
Kratz G, Arnander C, Swedenborg J, Back M, Falk C, Gouda I, Larm O (1997) Heparin-chitosan complexes stimulate wound healing in human skin. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 31:119–123
Kudyshkin VO, Futoryanskaya AM, Milusheva RY, Kareva ND, Rashidova SS (2014) Graft copolymerization of N-vinyl caprolactame onto chitosan. Intl J Mater Chem 3:65–68
Kumar D, Pandey J, Kumar P (2018) Synthesis and characterization of modified chitosan via microwave route for novel antibacterial application. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1388–1394
Kumar G, Smith PJ, Payne GF (1999) Enzymatic grafting of a natural product onto chitosan to confer water solubility under basic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 63:154–165
Kumar IA, Viswanathan N (2017) Development of multivalent metal ions imprinted chitosan biocomposites for phosphate sorption. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1539–1547
Kuralay F, Vural T, Bayram C, Denkbas EB, Abaci S (2011) Carbon nanotube-chitosan modified disposable pencil graphite electrode for vitamin B12 analysis. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 87:18–22
Kurita K (2006) Chitin and chitosan: functional biopolymers from marine crustaceans. Mar Biotechnol 8:203–226
Kurita K, Akao H, Yang J, Shimojoh M (2003) Nonnatural branched polysaccharides: synthesis and properties of chitin and chitosan having disaccharide maltose branches. Biomacromolecules 4:1264–1268
Kurita K, Hirakawa M, Kikuchi S, Yamanaka H, Yang J (2004) Trimethylsilylation of chitosan and some properties of the product. Carbohydr Polym 56:333–337
Kurita Y, Isogai A (2012) N-Alkylations of chitosan promoted with sodium hydrogen carbonate under aqueous conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 50:741–746
Lacerda L, Parize AL, Fávere V, Laranjeira MCM, Stulzer HK (2014) Development and evaluation of pH-sensitive sodium alginate/chitosan microparticles containing the antituberculosis drug rifampicin. Mater Sci Eng C 39:161–167
Lagos A, Reyes J (1988) Grafting onto chitosan.1. Graft-copolymerization of methyl-methacrylate onto chitosan with Fenton reagent (Fe2+-H2O2) as a redox initiator. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 26:985–991
Lau C, Cooney MJ, Atanassov P (2008) Conductive macroporous composite chitosan-carbon nanotube scaffolds. Langmuir 24:7004–7010
Le Tien C, Lacroix M, Ispas-Szabo P, Mateescu MA (2003) N-acylated chitosan: hydrophobic matrices for controlled drug release. J Control Release 93:1–13
Lee C-M, Jeong HJ, Kim SL, Kim EM, Kim DW, Lim ST, Jang KY, Jeong YY, Nah JW, Sohn MH (2009) SPION-loaded chitosan–linoleic acid nanoparticles to target hepatocytes. Int J Pharm 371:163–169
Lefay C et al (2013) Heterogeneous modification of chitosan via nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Polym Chem 4:322–328
Leng ZH, Zhuang QF, Li YC, He Z, Chen Z, Huang SP, Jia HY, Zhou JW, Liu Y, Du LB (2013) Polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugated chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of methotrexate. Carbohydr Polym 98:1173–1178
Li G, Huang J, Chen T, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen Q (2017a) Insight into the interaction between chitosan and bovine serum albumin. Carbohydr Polym 176:75–82
Li G, Xiao Q, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yang Y (2017b) Nerve growth factor loaded heparin/chitosan scaffolds for accelerating peripheral nerve regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 171:39–49
Li GF, Wang JC, Feng XM, Liu ZD, Jiang CY, Yang JD (2015a) Preparation and testing of quaternized chitosan nanoparticles as gene delivery vehicles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 175:3244–3257
Li J, Jiang B, Liu Y, Qiu C, Hu J, Qian G, Guo W, Ngo HH (2017c) Preparation and adsorption properties of magnetic chitosan composite adsorbent for Cu2+ removal. J Clean Prod 158:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.156
Li J, Wang Q, Gu Y, Zhu Y, Chen L, Chen Y (2017d) Production of composite scaffold containing silk fibroin, chitosan, and gelatin for 3d cell culture and bone tissue regeneration. Med Sci Monit 23:5311–5320
Li J, Yao J, Li Y, Shao Y (2012a) Controlled release and retarded leaching of pesticides by encapsulating in carboxymethyl chitosan/bentonite composite gel. J Environ Sci Health B 47:795–803
Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Qin Y, Meng X, Li P (2012b) Microwave-assisted degradation of chitosan for a possible use in inhibiting crop pathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 51:767–773
Li L, Zhao F, Zhao B, Zhang J, Li C, Qiao R (2015b) Chitosan grafted with phosphorylcholine and macrocyclic polyamine as an effective gene delivery vector: preparation, characterization and in vitro transfection. Macromol Biosci 15:912–926
Li N, Bai R, Liu C (2005) Enhanced and selective adsorption of mercury ions on chitosan beads grafted with polyacrylamide via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Langmuir 21:11780–11787
Li Y, Ai L, Yokoyama W, Shoemaker CF, Wei D, Ma J, Zhong F (2013) Properties of chitosan-microencapsulated orange oil prepared by spray-drying and its stability to detergents. J Agric Food Chem 61:3311–3319
Li YY, Chen XG, Liu CS, Cha DS, Park HJ, Lee CM (2007) Effect of the molecular mass and degree of substitution of oleoylchitosan on the structure, rheological properties, and formation of nanoparticles. J Agric Food Chem 55:4842–4847
Liang J, Ni P, Zhang M, Yu Z (2004) Graft copolymerization of (dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate onto chitosan initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate. J Macromol Sci A 41:685–696
Lim G-P, Ahmad MS (2017) Development of ca-alginate-chitosan microcapsules for encapsulation and controlled release of imidacloprid to control dengue outbreaks. J Ind Eng Chem 56:382–393
Lin C, Liu D, Luo W, Liu Y, Zhu M, Li X, Liu M (2015) Functionalization of chitosan via single electron transfer living radical polymerization in an ionic liquid and its antimicrobial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 132:42754
Lin YH, Liang HF, Chung CK, Chen MC, Sung HW (2005) Physically crosslinked alginate/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels with calcium for oral delivery of protein drugs. Biomaterials 26:2105–2113
Lin YH, Lu KY, Tseng CL, Wu JY, Chen CH, Mi FL (2017) Development of genipin-crosslinked fucoidan/chitosan-N-arginine nanogels for preventing Helicobacter infection. Nanomedicine. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0055
Lin YH, Tsai SC, Lai CH, Lee CH, He ZS, Tseng GC (2013) Genipin-cross-linked fucose-chitosan/heparin nanoparticles for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Biomaterials 34:4466–4479
Liu C-G, Chen X-G, Park H-J (2005a) Self-assembled nanoparticles based on linoleic-acid modified chitosan: stability and adsorption of trypsin. Carbohydr Polym 62:293–298
Liu C, Honda H, Ohshima A, Shinkai M, Kobayashi T (2000) Development of chitosan-magnetite aggregates containing Nitrosomonas europaea cells for nitrification enhancement. J Biosci Bioeng 89:420–425
Liu CG, Desai KG, Chen XG, Park HJ (2005b) Linolenic acid-modified chitosan for formation of self-assembled nanoparticles. J Agric Food Chem 53:437–441
Liu J, Liu C, Liu Y, Chen M, Hu Y, Yang Z (2013) Study on the grafting of chitosan-gelatin microcapsules onto cotton fabrics and its antibacterial effect. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 109:103–108
Liu K-H, Chen S-Y, Liu D-M, Liu T-Y (2008a) Self-assembled hollow nanocapsule from amphiphatic carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan as drug carrier. Macromolecules 41:6511–6516
Liu L, Chen XW, Wang P, Wang C (2011) Studies on methyl methacrylate grafted onto chitosan by ceric ion initiation. Adv Mater Res 284-286:1713–1716
Liu L, Wang Y, Shen X, Fang Y (2005c) Preparation of chitosan-g-polycaprolactone copolymers through ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone onto phthaloyl-protected chitosan. Biopolymers 78:163–170
Liu Q, Yang B, Zhang L, Huang R (2015) Adsorption of an anionic azo dye by cross-linked chitosan/bentonite composite. Int J Biol Macromol 72:1129–1135
Liu Y, Li Y, Lv J, Wu G, Li J (2005d) Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto chitosan initiated by potassium Ditelluratocuprate(III). J Macromol Sci A 42:1169–1180
Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Deng K (2002) Graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto chitosan initiated by potassium diperiodatonickelate (IV). J Macromol Sci A 39:129–143
Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Deng K (2003) Graft copolymerizaztion of methyl acrylate onto chitosan initiated by potassium diperiodatocuprate (III). J Appl Polym Sci 89:2283–2289
Liu Y, Yu Z-L, Zhang Y-M, Guo D-S, Liu Y-P (2008b) Supramolecular architectures of β-cyclodextrin-modified chitosan and pyrene derivatives mediated by carbon nanotubes and their DNA condensation. J Am Chem Soc 130:10431–10439
Long T, Liu YT, Tang S, Sun JL, Guo YP, Zhu ZA (2014) Hydrothermal fabrication of hydroxyapatite/chitosan/carbon porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B 102:1740–1748
Lou R, Xie H, Zheng H, Ren Y, Gao M, Guo X, Song Y, Yu W, Liu X, Ma X (2016) Alginate-based microcapsules with galactosylated chitosan internal for primary hepatocyte applications. Int J Biol Macromol 93:1133–1140
Loubaki E, Ourevitch M, Sicsic S (1991) Chemical modification of chitosan by glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride. Characterization of modified chitosan by 13C- and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Eur Polym J 27:311–317
Lu J, Xu K, Yang J, Hao Y, Cheng F (2017) Nano iron oxide impregnated in chitosan bead as a highly efficient sorbent for Cr(VI) removal from water. Carbohydr Polym 173:28–36
Lu L, Zhang L, Zhang X, Huan S, Shen G, Yu R (2010) A novel tyrosinase biosensor based on hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposite for the detection of phenolic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 665:146–151
Ma J, Fu K, Shi J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ding L (2016) Ultraviolet-assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide-grafted chitosan nanoparticles and flocculation performance. Carbohydr Polym 151:565–575
Ma L, Li G, Li L, Liu P (2010) Synthesis and characterization of diethoxy phosphoryl chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 47:578–581
Macleod GS, Collett JH, Fell JT (1999) The potential use of mixed films of pectin, chitosan and HPMC for bimodal drug release. J Control Release 58:303–310
Mahdavinia GR, Mosallanezhad A, Soleymani M, Sabzi M (2017) Magnetic- and pH-responsive kappa-carrageenan/chitosan complexes for controlled release of methotrexate anticancer drug. Int J Biol Macromol 97:209–217
Mahdavinia GR, Pourjavadi A, Hosseinzadeh H, Zohuriaan MJ (2004) Modified chitosan 4. Superabsorbent hydrogels from poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) grafted chitosan with salt- and pH-responsiveness properties. Eur Polym J 40:1399–1407
Maheshwari RGS, Thakur S, Singhal S, Patel RP, Tekade M, Tekade RK (2015) Chitosan encrusted nonionic surfactant based vesicular formulation for topical administration of Ofloxacin. Sci Adv Mater 7:1163–1176
Mahjub R, Dorkoosh FA, Amini M, Khoshayand MR, Rafiee-Tehrani M (2011) Preparation, statistical optimization, and in vitro characterization of insulin nanoparticles composed of quaternized aromatic derivatives of chitosan. AAPS PharmSciTech 12:1407–1419
Mahjub R, Radmehr M, Dorkoosh FA, Ostad SN, Rafiee-Tehrani M (2014) Lyophilized insulin nanoparticles prepared from quaternized N-aryl derivatives of chitosan as a new strategy for oral delivery of insulin: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo characterizations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 40:1645–1659
Mahmood A, Lanthaler M, Laffleur F, Huck CW, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2017) Thiolated chitosan micelles: highly mucoadhesive drug carriers. Carbohydr Polym 167:250–258
Mahmoud ME, Abou Ali SAA, Elweshahy SMT (2018) Microwave functionalization of titanium oxide nanoparticles with chitosan nanolayer for instantaneous microwave sorption of cu(II) and cd(II) from water. Int J Biol Macromol 111:393–399
Makimura Y, Watanabe S, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Ishida H, Kiso M, Katayama T, Kumagai H, Yamamoto K (2006) Chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of a sialoglycopolymer with a chitosan backbone as a potent inhibitor of human influenza virus hemagglutination. Carbohydr Res 341:1803–1808
Mansouri S, Lavigne P, Corsi K, Benderdour M, Beaumont E, Fernandes JC (2004) Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles as non-viral vectors in gene therapy: strategies to improve transfection efficacy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:1–8
Mansuri S, Kesharwani P, Tekade RK, Jain NK (2016) Lyophilized mucoadhesive-dendrimer enclosed matrix tablet for extended oral delivery of albendazole. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 102:202–213
Martins AM, Eng G, Caridade SG, Mano JF, Reis RL, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2014) Electrically conductive chitosan/carbon scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 15:635–643
Martins P, Daga M, Zandonai CF, Grandi BS, Cruz AB, Lucinda Silva RM, Rodrigues CA (2011) Release of tetracycline from O-carboxymethylchitosan films. Pharm Dev Technol 16:179–186
Másson M, Holappa J, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Rúnarsson ÖV, Nevalainen T, Järvinen T (2008) Antimicrobial activity of piperazine derivatives of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 74:566–571
Mathew ME, Mohan JC, Manzoor K, Nair SV, Tamura H, Jayakumar R (2010) Folate conjugated carboxymethyl chitosan–manganese doped zinc sulphide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 80:442–448
Matrosovich M, Herrler G, Klenk HD (2015) Sialic acid receptors of viruses. Top Curr Chem 367:1–28
Maya S, Indulekha S, Sukhithasri V, Smitha KT, Nair SV, Jayakumar R, Biswas R (2012) Efficacy of tetracycline encapsulated O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles against intracellular infections of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Biol Macromol 51:392–399
Mayadunne RTA, Rizzardo E, Chiefari J, Chong YK, Moad G, Thang SH (1999) Living radical polymerization with reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) using dithiocarbamates as chain transfer agents. Macromolecules 32:6977–6980
Melaj MA, Daraio ME (2013) Preparation and characterization of potassium nitrate controlled-release fertilizers based on chitosan and xanthan layered tablets. J Appl Polym Sci 130:2422–2428
Meng J, Agrahari V, Ezoulin MJ, Purohit SS, Zhang T, Molteni A, Dim D, Oyler NA, Youan BC (2017) Spray-dried thiolated chitosan-coated sodium alginate multilayer microparticles for vaginal HIV microbicide delivery. AAPS J 19:692–702
Mertins O, Sebben M, Pohlmann AR, da Silveira NP (2005) Production of soybean phosphatidylcholine-chitosan nanovesicles by reverse phase evaporation: a step by step study. Chem Phys Lipids 138:29–37
Michalska-Sionkowska M, Kaczmarek B, Walczak M, Sionkowska A (2018) Antimicrobial activity of new materials based on the blends of collagen/chitosan/hyaluronic acid with gentamicin sulfate addition. Mater Sci Eng C 86:103–108
Millotti G, Laffleur F, Perera G, Vigl C, Pickl K, Sinner F, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2014) In vivo evaluation of thiolated chitosan tablets for oral insulin delivery. J Pharm Sci 103:3165–3170
Millotti G, Samberger C, Frohlich E, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2009) Chitosan-graft-6-mercaptonicotinic acid: synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility. Biomacromolecules 10:3023–3027
Mingyu C, Kai G, Jiamou L, Yandao G, Nanming Z, Xiufang Z (2004) Surface modification and characterization of chitosan film blended with poly-L-lysine. J Biomater Appl 19:59–75
Miranda MES, Marcolla C, Rodrígues CA, Wilhelm HM, Sierakowski MR, Bresolin TMB, de Freitas RA (2006) Chitosan and N-carboxymethylchitosan: I. The role of N-carboxymethylation of chitosan in the thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of its films. Polym Int 55:961–969
Miwa A, Ishibe A, Nakano M, Yamahira T, Itai S, Jinno S, Kawahara H (1998) Development of novel chitosan derivatives as micellar carriers of Taxol. Pharm Res 15:1844–1850
Moedritzer K, Irani RR (1961) Synthesis and properties of mono-methylene-and poly-methylene-Diphosphonic acids and esters. J Inorg Nucl Chem 22:297–304
Morimoto M, Saimoto H, Usui H, Okamoto Y, Minami S, Shigemasa Y (2001) Biological activities of carbohydrate-branched chitosan derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2:1133–1136
Mourya VK, Inamdar NN (2009) Trimethyl chitosan and its applications in drug delivery. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:1057–1079
Moussout H, Ahlafi H, Aazza M, El Akili C (2018) Performances of local chitosan and its nanocomposite 5%bentonite/chitosan in the removal of chromium ions (Cr(VI)) from wastewater. Int J Biol Macromol 108:1063–1073
Mukhopadhyay P, Sarkar K, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya A, Mishra R, Kundu PP (2014) pH sensitive N-succinyl chitosan grafted polyacrylamide hydrogel for oral insulin delivery. Carbohydr Polym 112:627–637
Mun GA, Nurkeeva ZS, Dergunov SA, Nam IK, Maimakov TP, Shaikhutdinov EM, Lee SC, Park K (2008) Studies on graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate onto chitosan. React Funct Polym 68:389–395
Muzzarelli C, Muzzarelli RAA (2002) Reactivity of quinones towards chitosans. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 14:223–229
Muzzarelli RA, Greco F, Busilacchi A, Sollazzo V, Gigante A (2012) Chitosan, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate in tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration: a review. Carbohydr Polym 89:723–739
Muzzarelli RAA (1992) Modified chitosans carrying sulfonic-acid groups. Carbohydr Polym 19:231–236
Muzzarelli RAA, Littarrua G, Muzzarelli C, Tosi G (2003) Selective reactivity of biochemically relevant quinones towards chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 53:109–115
Muzzarelli RAA, Tanfani F (1985) The N-Permethylation of chitosan and the preparation of N-Trimethyl chitosan iodide. Carbohydr Polym 5:297–307
Naberezhnykh GA, Gorbach VI, Likhatskaya GN, Bratskaya SY, Solov’eva TF (2013) Interaction of N-acylated and N-alkylated chitosans included in liposomes with lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc) 78:301–308
Nagasawa K, Tohira Y, Inoue Y, Tanoura N (1971) Reaction between carbohydrates and sulfuric acid: Part I Depolymerization and sulfation of polysaccharides by sulfuric acid. Carbohydr Res 18:95–102
Najjar AMK, Yunus WMZW, Ahmad MB, Rahman MZA (2000) Preparation and characterization of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid) grafted chitosan using potassium persulfate as redox initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 77:2314–2318
Nakano T, Ikawa N, Ozimek L (2004) Use of epichlorohydrin-treated chitosan resin as an adsorbent to isolate kappa-casein glycomacropeptide from sweet whey. J Agric Food Chem 52:7555–7560
Nehra P, Chauhan RP, Garg N, Verma K (2018) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of chitosan coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Br J Biomed Sci 75:13–18
Neufeld L, Bianco-Peled H (2017) Pectin-chitosan physical hydrogels as potential drug delivery vehicles. Int J Biol Macromol 101:852–861
Ng LT, Guthrie JT, Yuan YJ, Zha HJ (2001) UV-cured natural polymer-based membrane for biosensor application. J Appl Polym Sci 79(3):466
Nguyen HM, Hwang IC, Park JW, Park HJ (2012) Photoprotection for deltamethrin using chitosan-coated beeswax solid lipid nanoparticles. Pest Manag Sci 68:1062–1068
Ni X, Wang J, Yue Y, Cheng W, Wang D, Han G (2018) Enhanced antibacterial performance and cytocompatibility of silver nanoparticles stabilized by cellulose nanocrystal grafted with chito-oligosaccharides. Materials 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081339
Nicolas J, Dire C, Mueller L, Belleney J, Charleux B (2006) Living character of polymer chains prepared via nitroxide-mediated controlled free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of a small amount of styrene at low temperature. Macromolecules 39:8274–8282
Nishi N, Ebina A, S-i N, Tsutsumi A, Hasegawa O, Tokura S (1986) Highly phosphorylated derivatives of chitin, partially deacetylated chitin and chitosan as new functional polymers: preparation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 8:311–317
Nishi N, Maekita Y, S-i N, Hasegawa O, Tokura S (1987) Highly phosphorylated derivatives of chitin, partially deacetylated chitin and chitosan as new functional polymers: metal binding property of the insolubilized materials. Int J Biol Macromol 9:109–114
Nishimura S, Kai H, Shinada K, Yoshida T, Tokura S, Kurita K, Nakashima H, Yamamoto N, Uryu T (1998) Regioselective syntheses of sulfated polysaccharides: specific anti-HIV-1 activity of novel chitin sulfates. Carbohydr Res 306:427–433
Nishimura S, Kohgo O, Ishii S, Hurita K, Mochida K, Kuzuhara H (1992) New trends in bioactive chitosan derivatives: use of ‘standardized intermediates’ with excellent solubility in common organic solvents. In: Brine CJ, Sandford PA, Zikakis JP (eds) Advances in chitin and chitosan. Elsevier, London, pp 533–542
Nishimura SI, Nishi N, Tokura S, Okiei W, Somorin O (1986) Inhibition of the hydrolytic activity of thrombin by chitin heparinoids. Carbohydr Res 156:286–292
Nudga LA, Plisko EA, Danilov SN (1974) Synthesis and properties of sulfoethylchitosan. J Appl Chem-USSR 47:872–875
Oktay B, Kayaman-Apohan N, Suleymanoglu M, Erdem-Kuruca S (2017) Zwitterionic phosphorylcholine grafted chitosan nanofiber: preparation, characterization and in-vitro cell adhesion behavior. Mater Sci Eng C 73:569–578
Oliveira JM, Kotobuki N, Tadokoro M, Hirose M, Mano JF, Reis RL, Ohgushi H (2010) Ex vivo culturing of stromal cells with dexamethasone-loaded carboxymethylchitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanoparticles promotes ectopic bone formation. Bone 46:1424–1435
Pal P, Pal A (2017) Surfactant-modified chitosan beads for cadmium ion adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1548–1555
Palanisamy S, Thangavelu K, Chen SM, Gnanaprakasam P, Velusamy V, Liu XH (2016) Preparation of chitosan grafted graphite composite for sensitive detection of dopamine in biological samples. Carbohydr Polym 151:401–407
Palma G, Casals P, Cardenas G (2005) Synthesis and characterization of new chitosan-O-ethyl phosphonate. J Chil Chem Soc 50:719–724
Pan Y, Chen J, Yu Y, Dai K, Wang J, Liu C (2018) Enhancement of BMP-2-mediated angiogenesis and osteogenesis by 2-N,6-O-sulfated chitosan in bone regeneration. Biomater Sci 6:431–439
Pandi K, Periyasamy S, Viswanathan N (2017) Remediation of fluoride from drinking water using magnetic iron oxide coated hydrotalcite/chitosan composite. Int J Biol Macromol 104:1569–1577
Pandi K, Viswanathan N (2015) Synthesis and applications of eco-magnetic nano-hydroxyapatite chitosan composite for enhanced fluoride sorption. Carbohydr Polym 134:732–739
Park I-K, Yang J, Jeong HJ, Bom HS, Harada I, Akaike T, Kim SI, Cho CS (2003) Galactosylated chitosan as a synthetic extracellular matrix for hepatocytes attachment. Biomaterials 24:2331–2337
Park IK, Jiang HL, Cook SE, Cho MH, Kim SI, Jeong HJ, Akaike T, Cho CS (2004a) Galactosylated chitosan (GC)-graft-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as hepatocyte-targeting DNA carrier: in vitro transfection. Arch Pharm Res 27:1284–1289
Park IK, Park YH, Shin BA, Choi ES, Kim YR, Akaike T, Cho CS (2000) Galactosylated chitosan-graft-dextran as hepatocyte-targeting DNA carrier. J Control Release 69:97–108
Park K (2017) Chitosan-gelatin-platelet gel composite scaffold for bone regeneration. J Control Release 254:137
Park PJ, Je JY, Jung WK, Ahn CB, Kim SK (2004b) Anticoagulant activity of heterochitosans and their oligosaccharide sulfates. Eur Food Res Technol 219:529–533
Pauliukaite R, Ghica ME, Fatibello-Filho O, Brett CM (2010) Graphite-epoxy electrodes modified with functionalised carbon nanotubes and chitosan for the rapid electrochemical determination of dipyrone. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 13:590–598
Pavinatto A, Souza AL, Delezuk JA, Pavinatto FJ, Campana-Filho SP, Oliveira ON Jr (2014) Interaction of O-acylated chitosans with biomembrane models: probing the effects from hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 114:53–59
Pavlov GM, Korneeva EV, Harding SE, Vichoreva GA (1998) Dilute solution properties of carboxymethylchitins in high ionic-strength solvent. Polymer 39:6951–6961
Peng X, Zhang L (2007) Formation and morphologies of novel self-assembled micelles from chitosan derivatives. Langmuir 23:10493–10498
Peng X, Zhang L (2009) Self-assembled micelles of N-phthaloyl-carboxymethychitosan for drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 337:21–25
Pengfei L, Maolin Z, Jilan W (2001) Study on radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto chitin and chitosan. Radiat Phys Chem 61:149–153
Pepic I, Hafner A, Lovric J, Pirkic B, Filipovic-Grcic J (2010) A nonionic surfactant/chitosan micelle system in an innovative eye drop formulation. J Pharm Sci 99:4317–4325
Pereira FA, Sousa KS, Cavalcanti GR, Fonseca MG, de Souza AG, Alves AP (2013) Chitosan-montmorillonite biocomposite as an adsorbent for copper (II) cations from aqueous solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 61:471–478
Perez-Recalde M, Ruiz Arias IE, Hermida EB (2018) Could essential oils enhance biopolymers performance for wound healing? A systematic review. Phytomedicine 38:57–65
Perez JJ, Francois NJ (2016) Chitosan-starch beads prepared by ionotropic gelation as potential matrices for controlled release of fertilizers. Carbohydr Polym 148:134–142
Perumal V, Arfuso F, Chen Y, Fox S, Dharmarajan AM (2017) Delivery of expression constructs of secreted frizzled-related protein 4 and its domains by chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles enhances their expression and anti-cancer effects. Mol Cell Biochem 443:205–213
Petit C, Reynaud S, Desbrieres J (2015) Amphiphilic derivatives of chitosan using microwave irradiation. Toward an eco-friendly process to chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 116:26–33
Petrova YS, Neudachina LK, Mekhaev AV, Pestov AV (2014) Simple synthesis and chelation capacity of N-(2-sulfoethyl)chitosan, a taurine derivative. Carbohydr Polym 112:462–468
Pezzoli D, Olimpieri F, Malloggi C, Bertini S, Volonterio A, Candiani G (2012) Chitosan-graft-branched polyethylenimine copolymers: influence of degree of grafting on transfection behavior. PLoS One 7:e34711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034711
Phongying S, Aiba S, Chirachanchai S (2006) A novel soft and cotton-like chitosan-sugar nanoscaffold. Biopolymers 83:280–288
Picola IP, Shi Q, Fernandes JC, Petronio MS, Lima AM, de Oliveira Tiera VA, Tiera MJ (2016) Chitosan derivatives for gene transfer: effect of phosphorylcholine and diethylaminoethyl grafts on the in vitro transfection efficiency. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 27:1611–1630
Pighinelli L, Kucharska M (2013) Chitosan-hydroxyapatite composites. Carbohydr Polym 93:256–262
Ping Y, Liu CD, Tang GP, Li JS, Li J, Yang WT, Xu FJ (2010) Functionalization of chitosan via atom transfer radical polymerization for gene delivery. Adv Funct Mater 20:3106–3116
Polnok A, Borchard G, Verhoef JC, Sarisuta N, Junginger HE (2004) Influence of methylation process on the degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:77–83
Pourjavadi A, Mahdavinia GR, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Omidian H (2003) Modified chitosan. I. Optimized cerium ammonium nitrate-induced synthesis of chitosan-graft-polyacrylonitrile. J Appl Polym Sci 88:2048–2054
Prabaharan M, Mano JF (2007) Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-graft-poly(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) initiated by ceric (IV) ion. J Macromol Sci A 44:489–494
Prabhakar N, Thakur H, Bharti A, Kaur N (2016) Chitosan-iron oxide nanocomposite based electrochemical aptasensor for determination of malathion. Anal Chim Acta 939:108–116
Prabhu SM, Meenakshi S (2015) A dendrimer-like hyper branched chitosan beads toward fluoride adsorption from water. Int J Biol Macromol 78:280–286
Prakash N, Latha S, Sudha PN, Renganathan NG (2013) Influence of clay on the adsorption of heavy metals like copper and cadmium on chitosan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20:925–938
Praphakar RA, Munusamy MA, Rajan M (2017) Development of extended-voyaging anti-oxidant linked amphiphilic polymeric nanomicelles for anti-tuberculosis drug delivery. Int J Pharm 524:168–177
Prashanth KVH, Tharanathan RN (2003) Studies on graft copolymerization of chitosan with synthetic monomers. Carbohydr Polym 54:343–351
Puspita A, Prawati G, Fatimah I (2017) Chitosan-modified smectite clay and study on adsorption-desorption of urea. Chem Eng Trans 56:1645–1650
Qi B, Kujawa P, Toita S, Beaune G, Winnik FM (2015a) Phosphorylcholine-modified chitosan films as effective promoters of cell aggregation: correlation between the films properties and cellular response. Macromol Biosci 15:490–500
Qi C, Zhao L, Lin Y, Wu D (2018) Graphene oxide/chitosan sponge as a novel filtering material for the removal of dye from water. J Colloid Interface Sci 517:18–27
Qi X, Rui Y, Fan Y, Chen H, Ma N, Wu Z (2015b) Galactosylated chitosan-grafted multiwall carbon nanotubes for pH-dependent sustained release and hepatic tumor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin in vivo. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 133:314–322
Qin Y, Guo XW, Li L, Wang HW, Kim W (2013) The antioxidant property of chitosan green tea polyphenols complex induces transglutaminase activation in wound healing. J Med Food 16:487–498. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2623
Qu X, Wirsen A, Albertsson AC (1999) Synthesis and characterization of pH-sensitive hydrogels based on chitosan and D,L-lactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 74:3193–3202
Radhakumary C, Divya G, Nair PD, Mathew S, Reghunadhan Nair CP (2003) Graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate onto chitosan with cerium (IV) ion. I. Synthesis and characterization. J Macromol Sci A 40:715–730
Radmansouri M, Bahmani E, Sarikhani E, Rahmani K, Sharifianjazi F, Irani M (2018) Doxorubicin hydrochloride - loaded electrospun chitosan/cobalt ferrite/titanium oxide nanofibers for hyperthermic tumor cell treatment and controlled drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 116:378–384
Radwan AA, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA (2010) Microwave irradiation-assisted synthesis of a novel crown ether crosslinked chitosan as a chelating agent for heavy metal ions (M(+n)). Molecules 15:6257–6268
Raghavendra GM, Jung J, Kim D, Seo J (2016) Microwave assisted antibacterial chitosan-silver nanocomposite films. Int J Biol Macromol 84:281–288
Raik SV, Poshina DN, Lyalina TA, Polyakov DS, Vasilyev VB, Kritchenkov AS, Skorik YA (2018) N-[4-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)benzyl]chitosan chloride: synthesis, interaction with DNA and evaluation of transfection efficiency. Carbohydr Polym 181:693–700
Ramos VM, Rodriguez NM, Diaz MF, Rodriguez MS, Heras A, Agullo E (2003a) N-methylene phosphonic chitosan. Effect of preparation methods on its properties. Carbohydr Polym 52:39–46
Ramos VM, Rodriguez NM, Rodriguez MS, Heras A, Agullo E (2003b) Modified chitosan carrying phosphonic and alkyl groups. Carbohydr Polym 51:425–429
Ramya R, Sudha PN (2013) Adsorption of cadmium (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution using chitosan composite. Polym Compos 34:233–240
Rattanamanee A, Niamsup H, L-o S, Punyodom W, Watanesk R, Watanesk S (2015) Role of chitosan on some physical properties and the urea controlled release of the silk fibroin/gelatin hydrogel. J Polym Environ 23:334–340
Rinaudo M, Auzely R, Vallin C, Mullagaliev I (2005) Specific interactions in modified chitosan systems. Biomacromolecules 6:2396–2407
Runarsson OV, Holappa J, Jonsdottir S, Steinsson H, Masson M (2008) N-selective ‘one pot’ synthesis of highly N-substituted trimethyl chitosan (TMC). Carbohydr Polym 74:740–744
Runarsson OV, Holappa J, Nevalainen T, Hjálmarsdóttir M, Järvinen T, Loftsson T, Einarsson JM, Jónsdóttir S, Valdimarsdóttir M, Másson M (2007) Antibacterial activity of methylated chitosan and chitooligomer derivatives: synthesis and structure activity relationships. Eur Polym J 43:2660–2671
Rúnarsson ÖV, Malainer C, Holappa J, Sigurdsson ST, Másson M (2008) Tert-Butyldimethylsilyl O-protected chitosan and chitooligosaccharides: useful precursors for N-modifications in common organic solvents. Carbohydr Res 343:2576–2582
Sabaa MW, Elzanaty AM, Abdel-Gawad OF, Arafa EG (2018) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Schiff bases modified chitosan-graft-poly(acrylonitrile). Int J Biol Macromol 109:1280–1291
Saboktakin MR, Tabatabaie RM, Maharramov A, Ramazanov MA (2011) Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of carboxymethyl starch-chitosan nanoparticles as drug delivery system to the colon. Int J Biol Macromol 48:381–385
Sadeghi AMM, Amini A, Avadi MR, Siedi F, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Junginger HE (2008) Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial effects of trimethylated and triethylated 6-NH2-6-deoxy chitosan. J Bioact Compat Polym 23:262–275
Saeednia L, Yao L, Berndt M, Cluff K, Asmatulu R (2017) Structural and biological properties of thermosensitive chitosan-graphene hybrid hydrogels for sustained drug delivery applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 105:2381–2390
Safarik I, Pospiskova K, Maderova Z, Baldikova E, Horska K, Safarikova M (2015) Microwave-synthesized magnetic chitosan microparticles for the immobilization of yeast cells. Yeast 32:239–243
Sahu A, Goswami P, Bora U (2009) Microwave mediated rapid synthesis of chitosan. J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:171–175
Sahu SK, Mallick SK, Santra S, Maiti TK, Ghosh SK, Pramanik P (2010) In vitro evaluation of folic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin for targeted delivery. J Mater Sci Mater Med 21:1587–1597
Saikia C, Hussain A, Ramteke A, Sharma HK, Maji TK (2015) Carboxymethyl starch-chitosan-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for controlled delivery of isoniazid. J Microencapsul 32:29–39
Sairam Sundaram C, Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S (2008) Uptake of fluoride by nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan, a bioinorganic composite. Bioresour Technol 99:8226–8230
Sajomsang W, Gonil P, Ruktanonchai UR, Petchsangsai M, Opanasopit P, Puttipipatkhachorn S (2014) Effect of N-pyridinium positions of quaternized chitosan on transfection efficiency in gene delivery system. Carbohydr Polym 104:17–22
Sajomsang W, Gonil P, Tantayanon S (2009a) Antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium chitosan containing mono or disaccharide moieties: preparation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 44:419–427
Sajomsang W, Ruktanonchai UR, Gonil P, Warin C (2010) Quaternization of N-(3-pyridylmethyl) chitosan derivatives: effects of the degree of quaternization, molecular weight and ratio of N-methylpyridinium and N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium moieties on bactericidal activity. Carbohydr Polym 82:1143–1152
Sajomsang W, Tantayanon S, Tangpasuthadol V, Daly WH (2008) Synthesis of methylated chitosan containing aromatic moieties: chemo selectivity and effect on molecular weight. Carbohydr Polym 72:740–750
Sajomsang W, Tantayanon S, Tangpasuthadol V, Daly WH (2009b) Quaternization of N-aryl chitosan derivatives: synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Res 344:2502–2511
Sakaguchi T, Horikoshi T, Nakajima A (1981) Adsorption of uranium by chitin phosphate and chitosan phosphate. Agric Biol Chem 45:2191–2195
Santhana Krishna Kumar A, Uday Kumar C, Rajesh V, Rajesh N (2014) Microwave assisted preparation of N-butylacrylate grafted chitosan and its application for Cr(VI) adsorption. Int J Biol Macromol 66:135–143
Saremi S, Dinarvand R, Kebriaeezadeh A, Ostad SN, Atyabi F (2013) Enhanced oral delivery of docetaxel using thiolated chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, in vitro and in vivo studies. Biomed Res Int 2013:150478. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/150478
Sargın İ, Arslan G, Kaya M (2016a) Efficiency of chitosan–algal biomass composite microbeads at heavy metal removal. React Funct Polym 98:38–47
Sargın İ, Arslan G, Kaya M (2016b) Microfungal spores (Ustilago maydis and U. digitariae) immobilised chitosan microcapsules for heavy metal removal. Carbohydr Polym 138:201–209
Sashiwa H et al (2002) Chemical modification of chitosan. 13.(1) synthesis of organosoluble, palladium adsorbable, and biodegradable chitosan derivatives toward the chemical plating on plastics. Biomacromolecules 3:1120–1125
Sashiwa H, Makimura Y, Shigemasa Y, Roy R (2000a) Chemical modification of chitosan: preparation of chitosan-sialic acid branched polysaccharide hybrids. Chem Commun 11:909–910. https://doi.org/10.1039/B001861I
Sashiwa H, Shigemasa Y, Roy R (2000b) Chemical modification of chitosan. 3. Hyperbranched chitosan−sialic acid dendrimer hybrid with tetraethylene glycol spacer. Macromolecules 33:6913–6915
Sawdon AJ, Peng CA (2015) Ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone initiated by ganciclovir (GCV) for the preparation of GCV-tagged polymeric micelles. Molecules 20:2857–2867
Schmitz T, Hombach J, Bernkop-Schnurch A (2008) Chitosan-N-acetyl cysteine conjugates: In vitro evaluation of permeation enhancing and P-glycoprotein inhibiting properties. Drug Deliv 15:245–252
Sezer AD, Cevher E, Hatipoglu F, Ogurtan Z, Bas AL, Akbuga J (2008) Preparation of fucoidan-chitosan hydrogel and its application as burn healing accelerator on rabbits. Biol Pharm Bull 31:2326–2333
Shahdost-fard F, Salimi A, Sharifi E, Korani A (2013) Fabrication of a highly sensitive adenosine aptasensor based on covalent attachment of aptamer onto chitosan-carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid nanocomposite. Biosens Bioelectron 48:100–107
Shan L (2004) Glycol chitosan/heparin-immobilized gold-deposited iron oxide nanoparticles. In: Molecular imaging and contrast agent database (MICAD). National Center for Biotechnology Information (US), Bethesda
Sharma S, Rajesh N (2017) Expeditious preparation of β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan using microwave radiation for the enhanced palladium adsorption from aqueous waste and an industrial catalyst. J Environ Chem Eng 5:1927–1935
Shevtsov M, Nikolaev B, Marchenko Y, Yakovleva L, Skvortsov N, Mazur A, Tolstoy P, Ryzhov V, Multhoff G (2018) Targeting experimental orthotopic glioblastoma with chitosan-based superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CS-DX-SPIONs). Intl J Nanomed 13:1471–1482
Shi X, Du Y, Yang J, Zhang B, Sun L (2006) Effect of degree of substitution and molecular weight of carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles on doxorubicin delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 100:4689–4696
Shi Y, Xiong Z, Lu X, Yan X, Cai X, Xue W (2016) Novel carboxymethyl chitosan-graphene oxide hybrid particles for drug delivery. J Mater Sci Mater Med 27:169
Shigeno Y, Kondo K, Takemoto K (1982) Functional monomers and polymers 90. Radiation-induced graft-polymerization of styrene onto chitin and chitosan. J Macromol Sci Chem A17:571–583
Shirazi H, Ahmadi A, Darzianiazizi M, Kashanian S, Kashanian S, Omidfar K (2016) Signal amplification strategy using gold/N-trimethyl chitosan/iron oxide magnetic composite nanoparticles as a tracer tag for high-sensitive electrochemical detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 10:20–27
Siafu SI (2017) Silicone doped chitosan-acrylamide coencapsulated urea fertilizer: An approach to controlled release fertilizers. J Nanotechnol 2017:8490730. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8490730
Sieval AB, Thanou M, Kotze AF, Verhoef JE, Brussee J, Junginger HE (1998) Preparation and NMR characterization of highly substituted N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Carbohydr Polym 36:157–165
Silva JM, Georgi N, Costa R, Sher P, Reis RL, Van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M, Mano JF (2013) Nanostructured 3D constructs based on chitosan and chondroitin sulphate multilayers for cartilage tissue engineering. PLoS One 8:e55451. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055451
Silva Mdos S, Cocenza DS, Grillo R, de Melo NF, Tonello PS, de Oliveira LC, Cassimiro DL, Rosa AH, Fraceto LF (2011) Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies. J Hazard Mater 190:366–374
Silva PMO, Francisco JE, Caje JCM, Cassella RJ, Pacheco WF (2018) A batch and fixed bed column study for fluorescein removal using chitosan modified by epichlorohydrin. J Environ Sci Health A 53:55–64
Sin J-C, Lam S-M, Mohamed AR, Lee K-T (2012) Degrading endocrine disrupting chemicals from wastewater by TIO2 photocatalysis: a review international. J Photoenergy 2012:185159. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/185159
Singh A, Sinsinbar G, Choudhary M, Kumar V, Pasricha R, Verma HN, Singh SP, Arora K (2013) Graphene oxide-chitosan nanocomposite based electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of typhoid. Sensor Actuat B Chem 185:675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.05.014
Singh DK, Ray AR (1997) Radiation-induced grafting of N,N′-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate onto chitosan films. J Appl Polym Sci 66:869–877
Singh V, Tripathi DN, Tiwari A, Sanghi R (2005) Microwave promoted synthesis of chitosan-graft-poly(acrylonitrile). J Appl Polym Sci 95:820–825
Sivashankari PR, Moorthi A, Abudhahir KM, Prabaharan M (2018) Preparation and characterization of three-dimensional scaffolds based on hydroxypropyl chitosan-graft-graphene oxide. Int J Biol Macromol 110:522–530
Snima KS, Jayakumar R, Unnikrishnan AG, Nair SV, Lakshmanan V-K (2012) O-Carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for metformin delivery to pancreatic cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 89:1003–1007
Snyman D, Hamman JH, Kotze JS, Rollings JE, Kotze AF (2002) The relationship between the absolute molecular weight and the degree of quaternisation of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride. Carbohydr Polym 50:145–150
Song Y, Nagai N, Saijo S, Kaji H, Nishizawa M, Abe T (2018) In situ formation of injectable chitosan-gelatin hydrogels through double crosslinking for sustained intraocular drug delivery. Mater Sci Eng C 88:1–12
Sosnik A, Imperiale JC, Vázquez-González B, Raskin MM, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Burillo G, Cedillo G, Bucio E (2015) Mucoadhesive thermo-responsive chitosan-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymeric micelles via a one-pot gamma-radiation-assisted pathway. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 136:900–907
Spera MBM, Taketa TB, Beppu MM (2017) Roughness dynamic in surface growth: layer-by-layer thin films of carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan for biomedical applications. Biointerphases 12:04E401. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4986057
Steenkamp GC, Keizer K, Neomagus HWJP, Krieg HM (2002) Copper(II) removal from polluted water with alumina/chitosan composite membranes. J Membr Sci 197:147–156
Su F, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Wang G (2016) Three-dimensional honeycomb-like structured zero-valent iron/chitosan composite foams for effective removal of inorganic arsenic in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 478:421–429
Subramanian K, Vijayakumar V (2012) Synthesis and evaluation of chitosan-graft-poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) as a drug carrier for controlled release of tramadol hydrochloride. Saudi Pharm J 20:263–271
Sun J, Yendluri R, Liu K, Guo Y, Lvov Y, Yan X (2016) Enzyme-immobilized clay nanotube-chitosan membranes with sustainable biocatalytic activities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19:562–567
Sun M, Cheng G, Ge X, Chen M, Wang C, Lou L, Xu X (2018) Aqueous hg(II) immobilization by chitosan stabilized magnetic iron sulfide nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 621:1074–1083
Sun T, Xie WM, Xu PX (2004) Superoxide anion scavenging activity of graft chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 58:379–382
Sun T, Xu PX, Liu Q, Xue JA, Xie WM (2003) Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto carboxymethyl chitosan. Eur Polym J 39:189–192
Sun Y, Wang Y, Li J, Ding C, Lin Y, Sun W, Luo C (2017) An ultrasensitive chemiluminescence aptasensor for thrombin detection based on iron porphyrin catalyzing luminescence desorbed from chitosan modified magnetic oxide graphene composite. Talanta 174:809–818
Sunkireddy P, Kanwar RK, Ram J, Kanwar JR (2016) Ultra-small algal chitosan ocular nanoparticles with iron-binding milk protein prevents the toxic effects of carbendazim pesticide. Nanomedicine 11:495–511
Sutirman ZA, Sanagi MM, Abd Karim J, Abu Naim A, Wan Ibrahim WA (2018) New crosslinked-chitosan graft poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for the removal of cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 107:891–897
Swayampakula K, Boddu VM, Nadavala SK, Abburi K (2009) Competitive adsorption of cu (II), co (II) and Ni (II) from their binary and tertiary aqueous solutions using chitosan-coated perlite beads as biosorbent. J Hazard Mater 170:680–689
Tabasi A, Noorbakhsh A, Sharifi E (2017) Reduced graphene oxide-chitosan-aptamer interface as new platform for ultrasensitive detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Biosens Bioelectron 95:117–123
Takei T, Nakahara H, Tanaka S, Nishimata H, Yoshida M, Kawakami K (2013) Effect of chitosan-gluconic acid conjugate/poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels as wound dressing on partial-thickness wounds in diabetic rats. J Mater Sci Mater Med 24:2479–2487
Tan H, Ma R, Lin C, Liu Z, Tang T (2013) Quaternized chitosan as an antimicrobial agent: antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action and biomedical applications in orthopedics. Int J Mol Sci 14:1854–1869
Tan H, Xue Y, Luan Q, Yao X (2012) Evaluation of glycol chitosan-graft-carboxymethyl [small beta]-cyclodextrin as potential pH-sensitive anticancer drug carrier by surface plasmon resonance. Anal Methods 4:2784–2790
Tan Y, Liu C-G (2009) Self-aggregated nanoparticles from linoleic acid modified carboxymethyl chitosan: synthesis, characterization and application in vitro. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 69:178–182
Tang Y, Xie L, Sai M, Xu N, Ding D (2015) Preparation and antibacterial activity of quaternized chitosan with iodine. Mater Sci Eng C 48:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.019
Tao W, Fu T, He Z, Hu R, Jia L, Hong Y (2017a) Evaluation of immunostimulatory effects of n-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride for improving live attenuated hepatitis a virus vaccine efficacy. Viral Immunol 30:120–126
Tao W, Zheng HQ, Fu T, He ZJ, Hong Y (2017b) N-(2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride: An immune-enhancing adjuvant for hepatitis E virus recombinant polypeptide vaccine in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13:1818–1822
Tao X, Li K, Yan H, Yang H, Li A (2016) Simultaneous removal of acid green 25 and mercury ions from aqueous solutions using glutamine modified chitosan magnetic composite microspheres. Environ Pollut 209:21–29
Tardif K, Cloutier I, Miao Z, Lemieux C, St-Denis C, Winnik FM, Tanguay JF (2011) A phosphorylcholine-modified chitosan polymer as an endothelial progenitor cell supporting matrix. Biomaterials 32:5046–5055
Teimouri A, Nasab SG, Vahdatpoor N, Habibollahi S, Salavati H, Chermahini AN (2016) Chitosan /zeolite Y/Nano ZrO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the removal of nitrate from the aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 93:254–266
Teng Z, Luo Y, Wang Q (2013) Carboxymethyl chitosan-soy protein complex nanoparticles for the encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D(3). Food Chem 141:524–532
Terbojevich M, Carraro C, Cosani A, Focher B, Naggi AM, Torri G (1989) Solution studies of chitosan 6-O-sulfate. Makromol Chem 190:2847–2855
Thomas AM, Gomez AJ, Palma JL, Yap WT, Shea LD (2014) Heparin-chitosan nanoparticle functionalization of porous poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for localized lentivirus delivery of angiogenic factors. Biomaterials 35:8687–8693
Thotakura N, Dadarwal M, Kumar P, Sharma G, Guru SK, Bhushan S, Raza K, Katare OP (2017) Chitosan-stearic acid based polymeric micelles for the effective delivery of tamoxifen: cytotoxic and pharmacokinetic evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 18:759–768
Tian Q, Wang XH, Wang W, Zhang CN, Wang P, Yuan Z (2012) Self-assembly and liver targeting of sulfated chitosan nanoparticles functionalized with glycyrrhetinic acid. Nanomedicine 8:870–879
Tkac J, Whittaker JW, Ruzgas T (2007) The use of single walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in a chitosan matrix for preparation of a galactose biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 22:1820–1824
Tomalia DA, Baker H, Dewald J, Hall M, Kallos G, Martin S, Roeck J, Ryder J, Smith P (1985) A new class of polymers: starburst-dendritic macromolecules. Polym J 17:117. https://doi.org/10.1295/polymj.17.117
Torres MG, Muñoz SV, Rosales SG, Carreón-Castro Mdel P, Muñoz RA, González RO, González MR, Talavera RR (2015) Radiation-induced graft polymerization of chitosan onto poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Carbohydr Polym 133:482–492
Travlou NA, Kyzas GZ, Lazaridis NK, Deliyanni EA (2013) Graphite oxide/chitosan composite for reactive dye removal. Chem Eng J 217:256–265
Tsubokawa N, Takayama T (2000) Surface modification of chitosan powder by grafting of ‘dendrimer-like’ hyperbranched polymer onto the surface. React Funct Polym 43:341–350
Tundo P, Selva M (2002) The chemistry of dimethyl carbonate accounts. Chem Res 35:706–716
Umemura M, Itoh M, Makimura Y, Yamazaki K, Umekawa M, Masui A, Matahira Y, Shibata M, Ashida H, Yamamoto K (2008) Design of a sialylglycopolymer with a chitosan backbone having efficient inhibitory activity against influenza virus infection. J Med Chem 51:4496–4503
Uygun DA, Uygun M, Karagozler A, Ozturk N, Akgol S, Denizli A (2009) A novel support for antibody purification: fatty acid attached chitosan beads. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 70:266–270
Vachoud L, Chen T, Payne GF, Vazquez-Duhalt R (2001) Peroxidase catalyzed grafting of gallate esters onto the polysaccharide chitosan. Enzym Microb Technol 29:380–385
Venkatesan J, Ryu B, Sudha PN, Kim SK (2012) Preparation and characterization of chitosan-carbon nanotube scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 50:393–402
Verheul RJ, Amidi M, van der Wal S, van Riet E, Jiskoot W, Hennink WE (2008) Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological properties of O-methyl free N,N,N-trimethylated chitosan. Biomaterials 29:3642–3649
Vijayaraghavan C, Vasanthakumar S, Ramakrishnan A (2008) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of locust bean gum and chitosan combination as a carrier for buccal drug delivery. Pharmazie 63:342–347
Vikhoreva G, Bannikova G, Stolbushkina P, Panov A, Drozd N, Makarov V, Varlamov V, Gal’braikh L (2005) Preparation and anticoagulant activity of a low-molecular-weight sulfated chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 62:327–332
Vongchan P, Sajomsang W, Subyen D, Kongtawelert P (2002) Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated chitosan. Carbohydr Res 337:1239–1242
Wan Ngah WS, Teong LC, Hanafiah MAKM (2011) Adsorption of dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: a review. Carbohydr Polym 83:1446–1456
Wang C, Zhang Z, Chen B, Gu L, Li Y, Yu S (2018a) Design and evaluation of galactosylated chitosan/graphene oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. J Colloid Interface Sci 516:332–341
Wang H, Tang H, Liu Z, Zhang X, Hao Z, Liu Z (2014) Removal of cobalt(II) ion from aqueous solution by chitosan-montmorillonite. J Environ Sci (China) 26:1879–1884
Wang J-P, Chen Y-Z, Zhang S-J, Yu H-Q (2008) A chitosan-based flocculant prepared with gamma-irradiation-induced grafting. Bioresour Technol 99:3397–3402
Wang JW, Hon MH (2003) Sugar-mediated chitosan/poly(ethylene glycol)-beta-dicalcium pyrophosphate composite: mechanical and microstructural properties. J Biomed Mater Res A 64:262–272
Wang SF, Shen L, Zhang WD, Tong YJ (2005) Preparation and mechanical properties of chitosan/carbon nanotubes composites. Biomacromolecules 6:3067–3072
Wang X, Guan J (2018) Exploration of blood coagulation of N-alkyl chitosan nanofiber membrane in vitro. Biomacromolecules 19:731–739
Wang X et al (2016) Improvement in physical and biological properties of chitosan/soy protein films by surface grafted heparin. Int J Biol Macromol 83:19–29
Wang X, Ma J, Wang Y, He B (2002) Bone repair in radii and tibias of rabbits with phosphorylated chitosan reinforced calcium phosphate cements. Biomaterials 23:4167–4176
Wang X, Wang C (2016) Chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol)/attapulgite nanocomposites for copper(II) ions removal: pH dependence and adsorption mechanisms. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 500:186–194
Wang X, Zheng Y, Wang A (2009) Fast removal of copper ions from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite composites. J Hazard Mater 168:970–977
Wang XH, Tian Q, Wang W, Zhang CN, Wang P, Yuan Z (2012) In vitro evaluation of polymeric micelles based on hydrophobically-modified sulfated chitosan as a carrier of doxorubicin. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23:1663–1674
Wang Y, Yang X, Yang J, Wang Y, Chen R, Wu J, Liu Y, Zhang N (2011) Self-assembled nanoparticles of methotrexate conjugated O-carboxymethyl chitosan: preparation, characterization and drug release behavior in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 86:1665–1670
Wang Y, Zhang X, Qiu D, Li Y, Yao L, Duan J (2018b) Ultrasonic assisted microwave synthesis of poly (chitosan-co-gelatin)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone IPN hydrogel. Ultrason Sonochem 40:714–719
Wen Y, Tan Z, Sun F, Sheng L, Zhang X, Yao F (2012) Synthesis and characterization of quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer core–shell nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C 32:2026–2036
Wen Y, Yao F, Sun F, Tan Z, Tian L, Xie L, Song Q (2015) Antibacterial action mode of quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan/poly(amidoamine) dendrimer core-shell nanoparticles against Escherichia coli correlated with molecular chain conformation. Mater Sci Eng C 48:220–227
Westerink MA, Smithson SL, Srivastava N, Blonder J, Coeshott C, Rosenthal GJ (2001) ProJuvant (Pluronic F127/chitosan) enhances the immune response to intranasally administered tetanus toxoid. Vaccine 20:711–723
Westin CB, Trinca RB, Zuliani C, Coimbra IB, Moraes AM (2017) Differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into chondrocytes upon culture on porous chitosan-xanthan scaffolds in the presence of kartogenin. Mater Sci Eng C 80:594–602
Wolfrom ML, Han TMS (1959) The sulfonation of chitosan. J Am Chem Soc 81:1764–1766
Wong K, Sun G, Zhang X, Dai H, Liu Y, He C, Leong KW (2006) PEI-g-chitosan, a novel gene delivery system with transfection efficiency comparable to polyethylenimine in vitro and after liver administration in vivo. Bioconjug Chem 17:152–158
Wongpanit P, Sanchavanakit N, Pavasant P, Supaphol P, Tokura S, Rujiravanit R (2005) Preparation and characterization of microwave-treated carboxymethyl chitin and carboxymethyl chitosan films for potential use in wound care application. Macromol Biosci 5:1001–1012
Wu H, Wang J, Kang X, Wang C, Wang D, Liu J, Aksay IA, Lin Y (2009) Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in platinum nanoparticles/graphene/chitosan nanocomposite film. Talanta 80:403–406
Wu M, Guo K, Dong H, Zeng R, Tu M, Zhao J (2014a) In vitro drug release and biological evaluation of biomimetic polymeric micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic deoxycholic acid-phosphorylcholine-chitosan conjugate. Mater Sci Eng C 45:162–169
Wu M, Long Z, Xiao H, Dong C (2017) Preparation of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan via a novel approach using dimethyl carbonate. Carbohydr Polym 169:83–91
Wu T, Farnood R, O’Kelly K, Chen B (2014b) Mechanical behavior of transparent nanofibrillar cellulose-chitosan nanocomposite films in dry and wet conditions. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 32:279–286
Wu Y, Hisada K, Maeda S, Sasaki T, Sakurai K (2007) Fabrication and structural characterization of the Langmuir–Blodgett films from a new chitosan derivative containing cinnamate chromophores. Carbohydr Polym 68:766–772
Wu Z-C, Wang Z-Z, Liu J, Yin J-H, Kuang S-P (2016) Removal of cu(II) ions from aqueous water by l-arginine modifying magnetic chitosan. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 499:141–149
Xiang C, Zou Y, Sun LX, Xu F (2007) Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of cytochrome c immobilized on gold nanoparticles-chitosan-carbon nanotubes-modified electrode. Talanta 74:206–211
Xiang Y, Si J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Guo H (2008) Homogeneous graft copolymerization and characterization of novel artificial glycoprotein: chitosan-poly(L-tryptophan) copolymers with secondary structural side chains. J Polym Sci A 47:925–934
Xiao B, Wan Y, Wang X, Zha Q, Liu H, Qiu Z, Zhang S (2012) Synthesis and characterization of N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride for potential application in gene delivery. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 91:168–174
Xie WM, Xu PX, Wang W, Liu Q (2002) Preparation and antibacterial activity of a water-soluble chitosan derivative. Carbohydr Polym 50:35–40
Xing K, Shen X, Zhu X, Ju X, Miao X, Tian J, Feng Z, Peng X, Jiang J, Qin S (2016a) Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of oleoyl-chitosan nanoparticles against plant pathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Macromol 82:830–836
Xing R, Liu S, Guo Z, Yu H, Zhong Z, Ji X, Li P (2008) Relevance of molecular weight of chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and their antioxidant activities. Eur J Med Chem 43:336–340
Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Guo Z, Li Z, Li P (2005) Preparation of high-molecular weight and high-sulfate content chitosans and their potential antioxidant activity in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 61:148–154
Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Zhang Q, Li Z, Li P (2004) Preparation of low-molecular-weight and high-sulfate-content chitosans under microwave radiation and their potential antioxidant activity in vitro. Carbohydr Res 339:2515–2519
Xing Y, Xu Q, Che Z, Li X, Li W (2011) Effects of chitosan-oil coating on blue mold disease and quality attributes of jujube fruits. Food Funct 2:466–474
Xing Y, Xu Q, Li X, Chen C, Ma L, Li S, Che Z, Lin H (2016b) Chitosan-based coating with antimicrobial agents: preparation, property, mechanism, and application effectiveness on fruits and vegetables. Intl J Polym Sci 2016:24. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4851730
Xu C, Pan H, Jiang H, Tang G, Chen W (2008) Biocompatibility evaluation of N,O-hexanoyl chitosan as a biodegradable hydrophobic polycation for controlled drug release. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:2525–2532
Xu Z, Neoh KG, Lin CC, Kishen A (2011) Biomimetic deposition of calcium phosphate minerals on the surface of partially demineralized dentine modified with phosphorylated chitosan. J Biomed Mater Res B 98:150–159
Yadav M, Parle M, Sharma N, Dhingra S, Raina N, Jindal DK (2017) Brain targeted oral delivery of doxycycline hydrochloride encapsulated tween 80 coated chitosan nanoparticles against ketamine induced psychosis: behavioral, biochemical, neurochemical and histological alterations in mice. Drug Deliv 24:1429–1440
Yan C, Chen D, Gu J, Qin J (2006) Nanoparticles of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded N-succinyl-chitosan (Suc-Chi) for cancer chemotherapy: preparation, characterization--in-vitro drug release and anti-tumour activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 58:1177–1181
Yan C, Gu J, Jing H, Taishi J, Lee RJ (2017) Tat-tagged and folate-modified N-succinyl-chitosan (tat-Suc-FA) self-assembly nanoparticle for therapeutic delivery OGX-011 to A549 cells. Mol Pharm 14:1898–1905
Yan H, Li H, Yang H, Li A, Cheng R (2013) Removal of various cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using a kind of fully biodegradable magnetic composite microsphere. Chem Eng J 223:402–411
Yang F, Wen X, Ke QF, Xie XT, Guo YP (2018) pH-responsive mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolites/chitosan core-shell nanodisks loaded with doxorubicin against osteosarcoma. Mater Sci Eng C 85:142–153
Yang J, Luo K, Li D, Yu S, Cai J, Chen L, Du Y (2013a) Preparation, characterization and in vitro anticoagulant activity of highly sulfated chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 52:25–31
Yang J, Yu JH, Rudi Strickler J, Chang WJ, Gunasekaran S (2013b) Nickel nanoparticle-chitosan-reduced graphene oxide-modified screen-printed electrodes for enzyme-free glucose sensing in portable microfluidic devices. Biosens Bioelectron 47:530–538
Yang JH, Du YM, Wen Y, Li TY, Hu L (2003) Sulfation of Chinese lacquer polysaccharides in different solvents. Carbohydr Polym 52:397–403
Yang L, Xiong H, Zhang X, Wang S (2012) A novel tyrosinase biosensor based on chitosan-carbon-coated nickel nanocomposite film. Bioelectrochemistry 84:44–48
Yang Q, Wang L, Xiang W, Zhou J, Li J (2007) Grafting polymers onto carbon black surface by trapping polymer radicals. Polymer 48:2866–2873
Yang TC, Chou CC, Li CF (2005) Antibacterial activity of N-alkylated disaccharide chitosan derivatives. Int J Food Microbiol 97:237–245
Yazdani-Pedram M, Lagos A, Retuert PJ (2002) Study of the effect of reaction variables on grafting of polyacrylamide onto chitosan. Polym Bull 48:93–98
Yazdani-Pedram M, Retuert J, Quijada R (2000) Hydrogels based on modified chitosan, 1 - synthesis and swelling behavior of poly(acrylic acid) grafted chitosan. Macromol Chem Phys 201:923–930
YazdaniPedram M, Retuert J (1997) Homogeneous grafting reaction of vinyl pyrrolidone onto chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 63:1321–1326
Yen HJ, Young YA, Tsai TN, Cheng KM, Chen XA, Chen YC, Chen CC, Young JJ, Hong PD (2018) Positively charged gold nanoparticles capped with folate quaternary chitosan: synthesis, cytotoxicity, and uptake by cancer cells. Carbohydr Polym 183:140–150
Yilmaz E, Adali T, Yilmaz O, Bengisu M (2007) Grafting of poly(triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) onto chitosan by ceric ion initiation. React Funct Polym 67:10–18
Yin L, Ding J, Zhang J, He C, Tang C, Yin C (2010) Polymer integrity related absorption mechanism of superporous hydrogel containing interpenetrating polymer networks for oral delivery of insulin. Biomaterials 31:3347–3356
Yin L, Fei L, Cui F, Tang C, Yin C (2007) Superporous hydrogels containing poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/O-carboxymethyl chitosan interpenetrating polymer networks. Biomaterials 28:1258–1266
Yinsong W, Lingrong L, Jian W, Zhang Q (2007) Preparation and characterization of self-aggregated nanoparticles of cholesterol-modified O-carboxymethyl chitosan conjugates. Carbohydr Polym 69:597–606
Yokogawa Y, Paz Reyes J, Mucalo MR, Toriyama M, Kawamoto Y, Suzuki T, Nishizawa K, Nagata F, Kamayama T (1997) Growth of calcium phosphate on phosphorylated chitin fibres. J Mater Sci Mater M 8:407–412
Yoshikawa S, Takayama T, Tsubokawa N (1998) Grafting reaction of living polymer cations with amino groups on chitosan powder. J Appl Polym Sci 68:1883–1889
Yoshioka H, Nonaka K, Fukuda K, Kazama S (1995) Chitosan-derived polymer-surfactants and their micellar properties. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59:1901–1904
You J, Li X, de Cui F, Du YZ, Yuan H, Hu FQ (2008) Folate-conjugated polymer micelles for active targeting to cancer cells: preparation, in vitro evaluation of targeting ability and cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology 19:045102
Youn RG, Ryual RS, Doung JH, Uk JB (2004) Synthesis and characterization of beta-poly(glucose-amine)N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) derivatives as medical care and biological joint material. Family 2. Tri or tetra-sulfated beta-chitosan. Macromol Symp 216:47–54
Yu H, Chen X, Lu T, Sun J, Tian H, Hu J, Wang Y, Zhang P, Jing X (2007) Poly(L-lysine)-graft-chitosan copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and gene transfection effect. Biomacromolecules 8:1425–1435
Yu HC, Zhang H, Ren K, Z Y, Zhu F, Qian J, Ji J, Wu ZL, Zheng Q (2018a) Ultrathin kappa-carrageenan/chitosan hydrogel films with high toughness and antiadhesion property. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:9002–9009
Yu JG, Huang KL, Tang JC, Yang Q, Huang DS (2009) Rapid microwave synthesis of chitosan modified carbon nanotube composites. Int J Biol Macromol 44:316–319
Yu JM et al (2014) Preparation and characterization of galactosylated glycol chitosan micelles and its potential use for hepatoma-targeting delivery of doxorubicin. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:691–701
Yu L, Gong J, Zeng C, Zhang L (2013) Preparation of zeolite-a/chitosan hybrid composites and their bioactivities and antimicrobial activities. Mater Sci Eng C 33:3652–3660
Yu L, He Y, Bin L, Yue’e F (2003) Study of radiation-induced graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution. J Appl Polym Sci 90:2855–2860
Yu Y, Chen R, Sun Y, Pan Y, Tang W, Zhang S, Cao L, Yuan Y, Wang J, Liu C (2018b) Manipulation of VEGF-induced angiogenesis by 2-N, 6-O-sulfated chitosan. Acta Biomater 71:510–521
Yuan G, Chen X, Li D (2016) Chitosan films and coatings containing essential oils: the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and application in food systems. Food Res Int 89:117–128
Yucel Falco C, Falkman P, Risbo J, Cardenas M, Medronho B (2017) Chitosan-dextran sulfate hydrogels as a potential carrier for probiotics. Carbohydr Polym 172:175–183
Yudin VE, Dobrovolskaya IP, Neelov IM, Dresvyanina EN, Popryadukhin PV, Ivan’kova EM, Elokhovskii VY, Kasatkin IA, Okrugin BM, Morganti P (2014) Wet spinning of fibers made of chitosan and chitin nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 108:176–182
Zarghami Z, Akbari A, Latifi AM, Amani MA (2016) Design of a new integrated chitosan-PAMAM dendrimer biosorbent for heavy metals removing and study of its adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Bioresour Technol 205:230–238
Zeng S, Liu L, Shi Y, Qiu J, Fang W, Rong M, Guo Z, Gao W (2015) Characterization of silk fibroin/chitosan 3d porous scaffold and in vitro cytology. PLoS One 10:e0128658
Zhang B, Yang X, Li P, Guo C, Ren X, Li J (2018a) Preparation of chitosan sulfate and vesicle formation with a conventional cationic surfactant. Carbohydr Polym 183:240–245
Zhang C, Chen Z, Guo W, Zhu C, Zou Y (2018b) Simple fabrication of chitosan/graphene nanoplates composite spheres for efficient adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 112:1048–1054
Zhang C, Ping QN, Zhang HJ, Jian S (2003) Preparation of N-alkyl-O-sulfate chitosan derivatives and micellar solubilization of taxol. Carbohydr Polym 54:137–141
Zhang J, Chen XG, Li YY, Liu CS (2007) Self-assembled nanoparticles based on hydrophobically modified chitosan as carriers for doxorubicin. Nanomedicine 3:258–265
Zhang J, Chen XG, Peng WB, Liu CS (2008) Uptake of oleoyl-chitosan nanoparticles by A549 cells. Nanomedicine 4:208–214
Zhang J, Jin Y, Wang A (2011) Rapid removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate composite hydrogels. Environ Technol 32:523–531
Zhang L, Liu T, Xiao Y, Yu D, Zhang N (2015a) Hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles to deliver gd-dtpa for mr cancer imaging. Nano 5:1379–1396
Zhang MG, Smith A, Gorski W (2004) Carbon nanotube-chitosan system for electrochemical sensing based on dehydrogenase enzymes. Anal Chem 76:5045–5050
Zhang N, Wardwell PR, Bader RA (2014a) In vitro efficacy of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles containing disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Pharm Res 31:2326–2334
Zhang X, Li Y, Sun X, Kishen A, Deng X, Yang X, Wang H, Cong C, Wang Y, Wu M (2014b) Biomimetic remineralization of demineralized enamel with nano-complexes of phosphorylated chitosan and amorphous calcium phosphate. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:2619–2628
Zhang Y, Yan W, Sun Z, Pan C, Mi X, Zhao G, Gao J (2015b) Fabrication of porous zeolite/chitosan monoliths and their applications for drug release and metal ions adsorption. Carbohydr Polym 117:657–665
Zhang Z, Cai H, Liu Z, Yao P (2016) Effective enhancement of hypoglycemic effect of insulin by liver-targeted nanoparticles containing cholic acid-modified chitosan derivative. Mol Pharm 13:2433–2442
Zhang Z, Jin F, Wu Z, Jin J, Li F, Wang Y, Wang Z, Tang S, Wu C, Wang Y (2017) O-acylation of chitosan nanofibers by short-chain and long-chain fatty acids. Carbohydr Polym 177:203–209
Zheng XF, Lian Q, Yang H, Wang X (2016) Surface molecularly imprinted polymer of chitosan grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) for 5-fluorouracil and controlled release. Sci Rep 6:21409. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21409
Zheng Y, Yang W, Wang C, Hu J, Fu S, Dong L, Wu L, Shen X (2007) Nanoparticles based on the complex of chitosan and polyaspartic acid sodium salt: preparation, characterization and the use for 5-fluorouracil delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 67:621–631
Zheng Y, Yi Y, Qi Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Du M (2006) Preparation of chitosan-copper complexes and their antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16:4127–4129
Zhou G, Wang KP, Liu HW, Wang L, Xiao XF, Dou DD, Fan YB (2018) Three-dimensional polylactic acid@graphene oxide/chitosan sponge bionic filter: highly efficient adsorption of crystal violet dye. Int J Biol Macromol 113:792–803
Zhou L, Jin J, Liu Z, Liang X, Shang C (2011) Adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solutions by the ethylenediamine-modified magnetic chitosan nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 185:1045–1052
Zhou Y, Dong P, Wei Y, Qian J, Hua D (2015) Synthesis of poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-grafted chitosan under gamma-ray irradiation for alamethicin assembly. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 132:132–137
Zhou YY, Du YZ, Wang L, Yuan H, Zhou JP, Hu FQ (2010) Preparation and pharmacodynamics of stearic acid and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles for 10-hydroxycamptothecin. Int J Pharm 393:143–151
Zhu A, Wang S, Yuan Y, Shen J (2002) Cell adhesion behavior of chitosan surface modified by bonding 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 13:501–510
Zhu X, Su M, Tang S, Wang L, Liang X, Meng F, Hong Y, Xu Z (2012) Synthesis of thiolated chitosan and preparation nanoparticles with sodium alginate for ocular drug delivery. Mol Vis 18:1973–1982
Zupančič Š, Potrč T, Baumgartner S, Kocbek P, Kristl J (2016) Formulation and evaluation of chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers loaded with metronidazole for local infections. Eur J Pharm Sci 95:152–160
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan and Ephraim Cohen for critically reading the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Merzendorfer, H. (2019). Chitosan Derivatives and Grafted Adjuncts with Unique Properties. In: Cohen, E., Merzendorfer, H. (eds) Extracellular Sugar-Based Biopolymers Matrices. Biologically-Inspired Systems, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12919-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12918-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12919-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)