Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hormonal Influences on Continence

  • Chapter
Book cover Continence

  • 857 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cardozo LD. 1990; Role of oestrogens in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc 38: 326–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Iosif S, Batra S, Ek A, Astedt B. 1981; Oestrogens receptors in the human female lower urinary tract. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 141: 817–820.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Batra SC, Fossil CS. 1983; Female urethra, a target for oestrogen action. J Urol 129: 418–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Batra SC, Iosif LS. 1987; Progesterone receptors in the female urinary tract. J Urol 138: 130–134.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Iosif C, Bekassy Z. 1984; Prevalence of genitourinary symptoms in the late menopause. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scan 63: 257–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Beato M, Herrich P, Schutz G. 1995; Steroid hormone receptors: Many actors in search of a plot. Cell 83: 851–857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, et al. 1986; Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: Sequence, expression and homology to v-erbA. Nature 320: 134–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuiper G, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, et al. 1996; Cloning of a novel oestrogen receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5925–5930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Warner M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. 1999; The oestrogen receptor family. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 11: 249–254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. 1996; Mapping oestrogen and progesterone receptors throughout the female lower urinary tract. Neurourol Urodyn 15: 324–325.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ingelman-Sundberg A, Rosen J, Gustafsson SA. 1981; Cytosol oestrogen receptors in urogenital tissues in stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 60: 585–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Smith P. Oestrogens and the urogenital tract. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1993; 72(Suppl): 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bernstein IT. 1997; The pelvic floor muscles: Muscle thickness in healthy and urinary-incontinent women measured by perineal ultasonography with reference to the effect of pelvic floor training. Oestrogen receptor studies. Neurourol Urodyn 16: (4)237–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen GD, Oliver RH, Leung BS, et al. 1999; Oestrogen receptor α and β expression in the vaginal walls and uterosacral ligaments of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril71: (6)1099–1102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Screiter F, Fuchs P, Stockamp K. 1976; Oestrogenic sensitivity of α receptors in the urethral musculature. Urol Int31: 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. 1997; Androgen receptors in the female lower urinary tract. Int Urogynaecol J 8: S54.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pang X, Cotreau-Bibbo MM, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. 1995; Bladder mast cell expression of high affinity oestrogen receptors in receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 75: 154–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Letourneau R, Pang X, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. 1996; Intragranular activation of bladder mast cells and their association with nerve processes in interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 77: 41–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bodker A, Balsev E, Juul BR, et al. 1995; Oestrogen receptors in the human male bladder, prostatic urethra and prostate. Scan J Urol Nephrol 29: 161–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. 2000; Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in the female lower urinary tract, with reference to oestrogen status. BJU Int 86: 32–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, et al. 1990; The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract dysfunction. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rud T, Anderson KE, Asmussen M, et al. 1980; Factors maintaining the urethral pressure in women. Invest Urol 17: 343–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Malone-Lee J. Urodynamic measurement and urinary incontinence in the elderly. In: Brocklehurst JC, ed. Managing and measuring incontinence. Proceedings of the Geriatric Workshop on Incontinence, July 1988 (Geriatric Medicine).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Versi E, Cardozo LD. 1988:Oestrogens and lower urinary tract function. In: Studd JWW, Whitehead MI, eds. The menopause. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford: 76–84.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kinn AC, Lindskog M. 1988Oestrogens and phenylpropanolamine in combination for stress incontinence. Urology; 32: 273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Smith PJB. 1976:The effect of oestrogens on bladder function in the female. In: Campbell S, ed. The management of the menopause and postmenopausal years. MTP Carnforth: 291–298.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom, D, Svandborg A. 1985; Occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70 year old female population. Maturitas 7: 335–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. 2001; Cellular proliferation in the female lower urinary tract with reference to oestrogen status. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 8: 813–816

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hextall A, Bidmead J, Cardozo L, Hooper R. 1999; Hormonal influences on the human female lower urinary tract: A prospective evaluation of the effects of the menstrual cycle on symptomatology and the results of urodynamic investigation. Neurourol Urodyn 18: (4)282–283.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Van Geelen JM, Doesburg WH, Thomas CMG. 1981; Urodynamic studies in the normal menstrual cycle: The relationship between hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and the urethral pressure profile. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 141: 384–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Burton G, Cardozo LD, Abdalla H, et al. 1992; The hormonal effects on the lower urinary tract in 282 women with premature ovarian failure. Neurourol Urodyn 10: 318–319.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cutner A, Burton G, Cardozo LD, et al. 1993; Does progesterone cause an irritable bladder? Int Urogynaecol J 4: 259–261.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Benness C, Gangar K, Cardozo LD, Cutner A. 1991; Do progestogens exacerbate urinary incontinence in women on HRT? Neurourol Urodyn 10: 316–318.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Elliot RA, Castleden CM. 1994; Effect of progestogens and oestrogens on the contractile response of rat detrusor muscle to electrical field stimulation. Clin Sci 87: 342.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Cutner A. The urinary tract in pregnancy. MD Thesis, 1993, University of London.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Donnelly V, O’Connell PR, O’Herlihy C. 1997; The influence of hormonal replacement on faecal incontinence in post menopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104: 311–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sandford JP. 1975; Urinary tract symptoms and infection. Annu Rev Med 26: 485–505.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Boscia JA, Kaye D. 1987; Asymptomatic bacteria in the elderly. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1: 893–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Maggi A, Perez J. 1985; Role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS. Life Sci 37: 893–906.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith SS, Berg G, Hammar M, eds. 1993The modern management of the menopause. Hormones, mood and neurobiology – a summary. Parthenon Publishing;: Carnforth, UK: 204.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Blok EFM, Holstege G. 1998; Androgen receptor immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamic preoptic area project to the pontine micturition centre in the male cat. Neurourol Urodyn 17: (4)404–405.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Shapiro E. 1986; Effect of oestrogens on the weight and muscarinic receptor density of the rabbit bladder and urethra. J Urol 135: 1084–1087.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Batra S, Anderson KE. 1989; Oestrogen induced changes in muscarinic receptor density and contractile responses in the female rat urinary bladder. Acta Physiol Scand 137: 135–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Elliott RA, Castleden CM, Miodrag A, Kirwan P. 1992; The direct effects of diethylstilboestrol and nifedipine on the contractile responses of isolated human and rat detrusor muscles. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43: 149–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Shenfield OZ, Blackmore PF, Morgan CW, et al. 1998; Rapid effects of oestriol and progesterone on tone and spontaneous rhythmic contractions of the rabbit bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 17: (4)408–409.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fantl JA, Wyman JF, Anderson RL, et al. 1988; Post menopausal urinary incontinence: Comparison between non-oestrogen and oestrogen supplemented women. Obstet Gynaecol 71: 823–828.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bergman A, Karram MM, Bhatia NN. 1990; Changes in urethral cytology following oestrogen administration. Gynaecol Obstet Invest 29: 211–213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Rud T. 1980; The effects of oestrogens and gestogens on the urethral pressure profile in urinary continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 59: 365–270.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hilton P, Stanton SL. 1983; The use of intravaginal oestrogen cream in genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90: 940–944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bhatia NN, Bergman A, Karram MM, et al. 1989; Effects of oestrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 160: 176–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Karram MM, Yeko TR, Sauer MV, et al. 1989; Urodynamic changes following hormone replacement therapy in women with premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynaecol 74: 208–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ganger KF, Vyas S, Whitehead RW, et al. 1991; Pulsitility index in the internal carotid artery in relation to transdermal oestradiol and time since the menopause. Lancet 338: 839–842.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Jackson S, Vyas S. 1998; A double blind, placebo controlled study of postmenopausal oestrogen replacement therapy and carotid artery pulsatility index. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105: (4)408–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Penotti M, Farina M, Sironi L, et al. 1997; Long term effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on pulsatility index of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Menopause J North Am Menopause Soc 4: (2)101–104.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Versi E, Cardozo LD. 1986; Urethral instability: Diagnosis based on variations in the maximum urethral pressure in normal climateric women. Neurourol Urodyn 5: 535–541.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Girao MJ, Jarmy-Di Bella ZI, Sartori MG, et al. 2001; Doppler velocimetry parameters of periurethral vessels in postmenopausal incontinent women receiving oestrogen replacement. Int Urogynaecol 12: 241–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Falconer C, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Ulmsten U, et al. 1996; Changes in paraurethral connective tissue at menopause are counteracted by oestrogen. Mauturitas 24: 197–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kushner L, Chen Y, Desautel M, et al. . 1999; Collagenase activity is elevated in conditioned media from fibroblasts of women with pelvic floor weakening. Int Urogynaecol 10: (S1)34.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Jackson S, Avery N, Shepherd A, et al. 1996; The effect of oestradiol on vaginal collagen in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 15: 327–328.

    Google Scholar 

  60. James M, Avery N, Jackson S, et al. . 1999; The pathophysiological changes of vaginal skin tissue in women with stress urinary incontinence: A controlled trial. Int Urogynaecol 10: (S1)35.

    Google Scholar 

  61. James M, Avery N, Jackson S, et al. 1999; The biochemical profile of vaginal tissue in women with genitourinary prolapse: A controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 18: (4)284–285.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Brincat M, Moniz CF, Studd JWW. 1985; Long term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92: 256–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Landon CR, Smith ARB, Crofts CE, Trowbridge EA. 1989Biochemical properties of connective tissue in women with stress incontinence of urine. Neurourol Urodyn; 8: 369–370.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ulmsten U, Ekman G, Giertz G. 1987; Different biochemical composition of connective tissue in continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 66: 455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Diokno AC, Brook BM, Brown MB. 1986; Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological symptoms in the non-institutionalised elderly. J Urol 136: 1022.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Yarnell J, Voyle G, Richards C, Stephenson T. 1981; The prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in women. J Epidemiol Commun Health 35: 71–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ouslander JG. 1990; Urinary incontinence in nursing homes. JAGS 38: 289–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson AW, Wilson D. 2000; The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity, and mode of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107: 1460–1470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kok AL, Voorhorst FJ, Burger CW, et al. 1992; Urinary and faecal incontinence in community residing elderly women. Age Ageing 21: 211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cardozo LD, Tapp A, Versi E, eds. 1987: The lower urinary tract in peri- and postmenopausal women. In: The urogenital deficiency syndrome. Novo Industri AS, Bagsverd, Denmark: 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kondo A, Kato K, Saito M, et al. 1990; Prevalence of hand washing incontinence in females in comparison with stress and urge incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 9: 330–331.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Thomas TM, Plymat KR, Blannin J, et al. 1980; Prevalence of urinary incontinence. Br Med J 281: 1243–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Jolleys JV. 1988; Reported prevalence of urinary incontinence in a general practice. Br Med J 296: 1300–1302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Burgio KL, Matthews KA, Engel B. 1991; Prevalence, incidence and correlates of urinary incontinence in healthy, middle aged women. J Urol 146: 1255–1259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Iosif CS. 1992; Effects of protracted administration of oestriol on the lower genitourinary tract in postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 251: 115–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. American National Institute of Health Population Figures. US Treasury Department. NIH, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  77. 77. Research on the menopause in the 1990’s. Report or a WHO Scientific Group. In: WHO Technical Report Series 866 Geneva, Switzerland, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Barlow D, Samsioe G, van Geelan H. 1997; Prevalence of urinary problems in European countries. Maturitas 27: 239–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Greendale GA, Judd JL. 1993; The menopause: Health implications and clinical management. J Am Geriatr Soc 41: 426–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom D, Svanborg A. 1985; The occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70 year old population. Mauturitas 7: 335–343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Van Geelen JM, Van de Weijer PH, Arnolds HT. 2000; Urogenital symptoms and resulting discomfort in non-institutionalised Dutch women aged 50–75 years. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 11: (1)9–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Versi E, Harvey MA, Cardozo L, et al. 2001; Urogenital prolapse and atrophy at menopause: A prevalence study. Int Urogynaecol J Pelvic Dysfunct 12: (2)107–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Davila GW, Karapanagiotou I, Woodhouse S, et al. 2001; Are women with urogenital atrophy symptomatic? Obstet Gynaecol 97: (4 Suppl 1)S48.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Bachman GA. 1995; Urogenital aging: An old problem newly recognised. Maturitas 22: S1–S5.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Salmon UL, Walter RI, Gast SH. 1941; The use of oestrogen in the treatment of dysuria and incontinence in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 14: 23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Youngblood VH, Tomlin EM, Davis JB. 1957; Senile urethritis in women. J Urol 78: 150–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fantl JA, Cardozo LD, McClish DK, 1994; the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Oestrogen therapy in the management of incontinence in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynaecol 83: 12–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Robinson P, Macivar J. 1989; Nonoperative methods in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence of urine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 9: 222–225.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Zullo MA, Oliva C, Falconi G, et al. 1998; Efficacy of oestrogen therapy in urinary incontinence. A meta-analytic study. Minerva Gynecol 50: (5)199–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Moehrer B, Hextall A, Jackson S. Oestrogens for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2): CD001405.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Grady D, Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, et al. 2001; Postmenopausal hormones and incontinence: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. Obstet Gynaecol 97: 116–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Grodstein F, Lifford K, Resnick NM, Curhan GC. 2004; Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of developing urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynaecol 103: 254–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ouslander JG, Greendale GA, Uman G, et al. 2001; Effects of oral oestrogen and progestin on the lower urinary tract among female nursing home residents. Am Geriatr Soc 49: (6)803–807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hendrix SL, Cochrane BR, Nygaard IE, et al. 2005; Effects of estrogen with and without progestin on urinary incontinence. JAMA 293: (8)935–948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Caine M, Raz S. The role of female hormones in stress incontinence. In: Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the International Society of Urology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Rud T. 1980; The effects of oestrogens and gestogens on the urethral pressure profile in urinary continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 59: 265–270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wilson PD, Faragher B, Butler B, et al. 1987; Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 568–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Walter S, Wolf H, Barlebo H, Jansen H. 1978; Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with oestrogens: A double-blind clinical trial. J Urol 33: 135–143.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Fantl JA, Bump RC, Robinson D, et al. 1996; Efficacy of oestrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynaecol 88: 745–749.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jackson S, Shepherd A, Brookes S, Abrams P. 1999; The effect of oestrogen supplementation on post-menopausal urinary stress incontinence: A double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 106: 711–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sultana CJ, Walters MD. 1995; Oestrogen and urinary incontinence in women. Maturitas 20: 129–138.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Beisland HO, Fossberg E, Moer A, et al. 1984; Urethral insufficiency in post-menopausal females: Treatment with phenylpropanolamine and oestriol separately and in combination. Urol Int 39: 211–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hilton P, Tweddel AL, Mayne C. 1990; Oral and intravaginal oestrogens alone and in combination with alpha adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 12: 80–86.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Horwitz RI, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Viscoli CM. Phenylpropanolamine and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: Final report of the Hemorrhagic Stroke Project, May 10, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ahmed Al-Badr, Ross S, Soroka D, Drutz HP. 2003; What is the available evidence for hormone replacement therapy in women with stress urinary incontinence? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 25: (7)567–574.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Samsicoe G, Jansson I, Mellstrom D, Svanberg A. 1985; Urinary incontinence in 75 year old women. Effects of oestriol. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 93: 57.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Cardozo LD, Rekers H, Tapp A, et al. 1993; Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: A multicentre study. Maturitas 18: 47–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Nilsson K, Heimer G. 1992; Low dose oestradiol in the treatment of urogenital oestrogen defiiciency – A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Maturitas 15: 121–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Benness C, Wise BG, Cutner A, Cardozo LD. 1992; Does low dose vaginal oestradiol improve frequency and urgency in postmenopausal women. Int Urogynaecol J 3: (2)281.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Eriksen PS, Rasmussen H. 1992; Low dose 17. β-oestradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: A double-blind placebo controlled study Eur J Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Biol44: 137–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lose G, Englev E. 2000; Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107: 1029–1034.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Cardozo L, Lose G, McClish D, Versi E. 2001; Estrogen treatment for symptoms of an overactive bladder, results of a meta-analysis. Int J Urogynaecol 12: (3)V.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Brandberg A, Mellstrom D, Samsioe G. 1987; Low dose oral oestriol treatment in elderly women with urogenital infections. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 140: 33–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Parsons CL, Schmidt JD. 1982; Control of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. J Urol 128: 1224–1226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Privette M, Cade R, Peterson J, et al. 1988; Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Nephron 50: 24–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kjaergaard B, Walter S, Knudsen A, et al. 1990; Treatment with low dose vaginal oestradiol in postmenopausal women. A double blind controlled trial. Ugeskr Laeger 152: 658–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Raz R, Stamm WE. 1993; A controlled trial of intravaginal oestriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. New Engl J Med 329: 753–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kirkengen AL, Anderson P, Gjersoe E, et al. 1992; Oestriol in the prophylactic treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Scand J Prim Health Care 10: 142.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Cardozo LD, Benness C, Abbott D. 1998; Low dose oestrogen prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in elderly women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105: 403–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Raz R, Stamm WE. 1993; A controlled trial of intravaginal oestriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. New Engl. J Med 329: 753–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Eriksen B. 1999; A randomised, open, parallel-group study on the preventitive effect of an oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) on recurrent urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 180: 1072–1079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Samicoe G. 1998; Urogenital ageing – A hidden problem. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 178: (5)S245–S249.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Mettler L, Olsen PG. 1991; Long term treatment of atrophic vaginitis with low dose oestradiol vaginal tablets. Maturitas 14: 23–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Smith P, Heimer G, Lindskog, Ulmsten U. 1993; Oestradiol releasing vaginal ring for treatment of postmenopausal urogenital atrophy. Maturitas 16: 145–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Smith RJN, Studd JWW. 1993; Recent advances in hormone replacement therapy. Br J Hosp Med 49: 799–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Palacios S, Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo MJ, Vazquez F. 2005; Low dose vaginally administered oestrogens may enhance local benefits of systemic therapy in the treatment of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 50: 98–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Simunic V, Banovic I, Ciglar S, et al. 2003; Local oestrogen treatment in patients with urogenital symptoms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 82: 187–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Akrivis Ch, Varras M, Thodos A, et al. 2003; Action of 25 mcg 17. β oestradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of vaginal atrophy in Greek postmenopausal women; clinical study Clin Exp Obstet Gynaecol30: 229–234.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Santen RJ, Pinkerton JV, Conaway M, et al. 2002; Treatment of urogenital atrophy with low dose oestradiol: Preliminary results. Menopause 9: 179–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Notelovitz M, Funk S, Nanavati N, Mazzeo M. 2002; Oestradiol absorption from vaginal tablets in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynaecol 99: 556–562.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Rioux JE, Devlin C, Gelfend MM, et al. 2000; 17. β Oestradiol vaginal tablet versus conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream to relieve menopausal atrophic vaginitis Menopause7: 156–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Manonai J, Theppisai U, Suthutvoravut S, et al. 2001; The effect of oestradiol vaginal tablet and conjugated oestrogen cream on urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: A comparative study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 27: 255–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Henriksson L, Stjernquist M, Boquist L, et al. 1996; A one-year multicentre study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low dose, oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 174: 85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Bachmann G. 1998; Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring delivery system for urogenital atrophy. Experience over the last decade. J Reprod Med 43: 991–998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ayton RA, Darling GM, Murkies AL, et al. 1996; A comparative study of safety and efficacy of low dose oestradiol released from a vaginal ring compared with conjugated equine oestrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 103: 351–358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Cardozo LD, Bachmann G, McClish D, et al. 1998; Meta-analysis of oestrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: Second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynaecol 92: 722–727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (4): CD001500.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Judge TG. 1969; The use of quinestradol in elderly incontinent women: A preliminary report. Gerontol Clin 11: 159–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Walter S, Kjaergaard B, Lose G, et al. 1990; Stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with oral oestrogen (oestriol) and an . α-adrenoceptor stimulating agent (phenylpropanolamine): A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study Int. Urogynaecol. J. 1: 74–79.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urogynaecology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK

    Dudley Robinson & Linda Cardozo

Authors
  1. Dudley Robinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Linda Cardozo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Linda Cardozo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA

    Gopal H. Badlani MD

  2. Department of Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA

    G. Willy Davila MD

  3. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Martin C. Michel MD, MAE

  4. Department of Urology Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Jean J. M. C. H. de la Rosette MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robinson, D., Cardozo, L. (2009). Hormonal Influences on Continence. In: Badlani, G.H., Davila, G.W., Michel, M.C., de la Rosette, J.J.M.C.H. (eds) Continence. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-510-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-510-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-510-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-734-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation