Abstract
The pathologic diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) is the keystone on which its further management is based. Sources of diagnostic material are prostate needle biopsies, transurethral resection of prostate tissue, prostatectomy specimens, as well as biopsies from extra-prostatic sites (more often lymph nodes and bone).
Once a diagnosis of PCA is made, the pathologist provides information that determines prognosis and therapy. In this chapter, the practical aspects of pathological assessing and reporting of prostate cancer in different surgical specimens are addressed, with a special emphasis on areas of current consensus on Gleason grading and staging.
Keywords
- Radical Prostatectomy
- Gleason Score
- Androgen Deprivation Therapy
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
- Seminal Vesicle Invasion
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Iczkowski KA, Casella G, Seppala RJ, et al. Needle core length in sextant biopsy influences prostate cancer detection rate. Urology. 2002;59(5):698–703.
Egevad L, Allsbrook Jr WC, Epstein JI. Current practice of diagnosis and reporting of prostate cancer on needle biopsy among genitourinary pathologists. Hum Pathol. 2006;37(3):292–7.
Epstein JI. Diagnosis and reporting of limited adenocarcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy. Mod Pathol. 2004;17(3):307–15.
Srigley JR. Key issues in handling and reporting radical prostatectomy specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(3):303–17.
Srigley JR, Humphrey PA, Amin MB, et al.; for Members of the Cancer Committee CoAP. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the prostate gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009;133(10):1568–76.
Epstein JI. An update of the Gleason grading system. J Urol. 2010;183(2):433–40.
Epstein JI, Allsbrook Jr WC, Amin MB, et al. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(9): 1228–42.
Grignon DJ. Unusual subtypes of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol. 2004;17(3):316–27.
Helpap B, Egevad L. The significance of modified Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma in biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens. Virchows Arch. 2006;449(6):622–7.
Cupp MR, Bostwick DG, Myers RP, et al. The volume of prostate cancer in the biopsy specimen cannot reliably predict the quantity of cancer in the radical prostatectomy specimen on an individual basis. J Urol. 1995;153(5):1543–8.
Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, et al. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. JAMA. 1994;271(5): 368–74.
Lee MC, Dong F, Stephenson AJ, et al. The Epstein criteria predict for organ-confined but not insignificant disease and a high likelihood of cure at radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2010;58(1):90–5.
Harnden P, Shelley MD, Clements H, et al. The prognostic significance of perineural invasion in prostatic cancer biopsies: a systematic review. Cancer. 2007;109(1):13–24.
Tarjan M. Prognostic significance of focal neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: cases with autopsy-verified cause of death. Indian J Urol. 2010;26(1):41–5.
Epstein JI, Herawi M. Prostate needle biopsies containing prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or atypical foci suspicious for carcinoma: implications for patient care. J Urol. 2006;175(3 Pt 1):820–34.
Zhou M, Magi-Galluzzi C. Clinicopathological features of prostate cancers detected after an initial diagnosis of ‘atypical glands suspicious for cancer’. Pathology. 2010;42(4):334–8.
Bostwick DG, Brawer MK. Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer. 1987;59(4):788–94.
Epstein JI, Amin M, Boccon-Gibod L, et al. Prognostic factors and reporting of prostate carcinoma in radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 2005;216:34–63.
Egevad L, Srigley JR, Delahunt B, et al. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens: rationale and organization. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1):48–57.
Samaratunga H, Montironi R, True L, et al. International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 1: specimen handling. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1):6–15.
van der Kwast T, Amin MB, Billis A, et al. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 2: T2 substaging and prostate cancer volume. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1): 16–25.
Magi-Galluzzi C, Evans A, Delahunt B, et al. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 3: extraprostatic extension, lymphovascular invasion and locally advanced disease. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1):26–38.
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Comptom CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. Prostate. In: AJCC cancer staging. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 525–38.
Berney D, Wheeler T, Grignon D, et al. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 4: seminal vesicles and lymph nodes. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1): 39–47.
Tan PH, Cheng L, Srigley JR, et al. International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP): consensus conference on handling and staging of radical prostatectomy specimens. Working group 5: surgical margins. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(1):48–57.
Vance W, Tucker SL, de Crevoisier R, et al. The predictive value of 2-year posttreatment biopsy after prostate cancer radiotherapy for eventual biochemical outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(3): 828–33.
Magi-Galluzzi C, Sanderson H, Epstein JI. Atypia in nonneoplastic prostate glands after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: duration of atypia and relation to type of radiotherapy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27(2): 206–12.
Cheng L, Cheville JC, Pisansky TM, et al. Prevalence and distribution of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in salvage radical prostatectomy specimens after radiation therapy. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(7): 803–8.
Crook JM, Malone S, Perry G, et al. Twenty-four-month postradiation prostate biopsies are strongly predictive of 7-year disease-free survival: results from a Canadian randomized trial. Cancer. 2009;115(3): 673–9.
Tetu B, Srigley JR, Boivin JC, et al. Effect of combination endocrine therapy (LHRH agonist and flutamide) on normal prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma. A histopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(2):111–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Falzarano, S.M., Levin, H.S., Magi-Galluzzi, C. (2012). Current Issues in Pathologic Evaluation. In: Klein, E., Jones, J. (eds) Management of Prostate Cancer. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-259-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-259-9_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-258-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-259-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)