Abstract
Up to this point in our discussions, we have looked at drug delivery systems at the mercy of their respective environments. In Chap. 2, we focused on the advantages of bulk and surface erosion. In Chap. 3, we addressed the control over fabricated shape in the form of a thin film with the effects and applications in delivery of drug dosage forms. These approaches largely focus on the viewpoint that the drug is housed in a system that is steadily or immediately affected by its external environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Scannell, J. W., Blanckley, A., Boldon, H., & Warrington, B. (2012). Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 11(3), 191–200.
(a) Lin, J. H., & Lu, A. Y. H. (1997). Role of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in drug discovery and development. Pharmacological Reviews, 49(4), 403–449. (b) Estes, L. (1998). Review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 73(11), 1114–1122.
Philp, D., & Stoddart, J. F. (1996). Self-assembly in natural and unnatural systems. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English, 35(11), 1154–1196.
Israelachvili, J. N. (2011). Intermolecular and surface forces: Revised third edition (Google eBook) (p. 704). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
(a) Israelachvili, J. N., Mitchell, D. J., & Ninham, B. W. (1976). Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 2(72), 1525. (b) Blanazs, A., Armes, S. P., & Ryan, A. J. (2009). Self-assembled block copolymer aggregates: From micelles to vesicles and their biological applications. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30(4–5), 267–77. (c) Israelachvili, J. (1987). Physical principles of surfactant self-association into micelles, bilayers, vesicles and microemulsion droplets. In K. L. Mittal & P. Bothorel (Eds.), Surfactants in solution (pp. 3–33). Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1831-6.
Tanford, C. (1980). The hydrophobic effect: Formation of micelles and biological membranes (p. 233). New York: Wiley.
Gruen, D. W. (1985). A model for the chains in amphiphilic aggregates. 2. Thermodynamic and experimental comparisons for aggregates of different shape and size. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 89(1), 153–163.
(a) Israelachvili, J. N., Marčelja, S., & Horn, R. G. (1980). Physical principles of membrane organization. Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 13(02), 121–200. (b) Israelachvili, J., & Ninham, B. (1977). Intermolecular forces—The long and short of it. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 58(1), 14–25.
Nagarajan, R., & Ruckenstein, E. (1977). Critical micelle concentration: A transition point for micellar size distribution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 60(2), 221–231.
Israelachvili, J. N., Mitchell, D. J., & Ninham, B. W. (1977). Theory of self-assembly of lipid bilayers and vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 470(2), 185–201.
(a) Lipowsky, R., & Sackmann, E. (Eds.). (1995). Structure and dynamics of membranes: I. From cells to vesicles/II. Generic and specific interactions (Google eBook). (p. 1052). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. (b) Pautot, S., Frisken, B. J., & Weitz, D. A. (2003). Engineering asymmetric vesicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(19), 10718–10721.
(a) Fromherz, P. (1983). Lipid-vesicle structure: Size control by edge-active agents. Chemical Physics Letters, 94(3), 259–266. (b) Marsh, D. (2013). Handbook of lipid bilayers (2nd ed., p. 1174). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Leermakers, F. A. M., & Scheutjens, J. M. H. M. (1988). Statistical thermodynamics of association colloids. I. Lipid bilayer membranes. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 89(5), 3264.
Bates, F. S., & Fredrickson, G. H. (1990). Block copolymer thermodynamics: Theory and experiment. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 41, 525–557.
(a) Choi, H. S., Liu, W., Misra, P., Tanaka, E., Zimmer, J. P., Itty Ipe, B., et al. (2007). Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nature Biotechnology, 25(10), 1165–70. (b) Svenson, S., & Prud’homme, R. K. (Eds.). (2012). Multifunctional nanoparticles for drug delivery applications: Imaging, targeting, and delivery (p. 373). New York: Springer.
(a) Patel, K. (2008). Design of diffusion controlled drug delivery systems (p. 141). ProQuest. (b) Bakowsky, H., Richter, T., Kneuer, C., Hoekstra, D., Rothe, U., Bendas, G., et al. (2008). Adhesion characteristics and stability assessment of lectin-modified liposomes for site-specific drug delivery. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 1778(1), 242–249.
Geng, Y., Dalhaimer, P., Cai, S., Tsai, R., Tewari, M., Minko, T., et al. (2007). Shape effects of filaments versus spherical particles in flow and drug delivery. Nature Nanotechnology, 2(4), 249–255.
(a) Nagayasu, A., Uchiyama, K., & Kiwada, H. (1999). The size of liposomes: A factor which affects their targeting efficiency to tumors and therapeutic activity of liposomal antitumor drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 40(1), 75–87. (b) Chorny, M., Fishbein, I., Danenberg, H. D., & Golomb, G. (2002). Lipophilic drug loaded nanospheres prepared by nanoprecipitation: Effect of formulation variables on size, drug recovery and release kinetics. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 83(3), 389–400.
(a) Sun, B., & Chiu, D. T. (2005). Determination of the encapsulation efficiency of individual vesicles using single-vesicle photolysis and confocal single-molecule detection. Analytical Chemistry, 77(9), 2770–2776. (b) Lohse, B., Bolinger, P.-Y., & Stamou, D. (2008). Encapsulation efficiency measured on single small unilamellar vesicles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(44), 14372–14373.
(a) Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., & Feeney, P. J. (2001). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings1PII of original article: S0169–409X(96), 00423–1. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 46(1), 3–26 (The article was originally published in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 23 (1997) 3). (b) Lipinski, C. A. (2004). Lead- and drug-like compounds: The rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 1(4), 337–341.
(a) Lappin, G., Rowland, M., & Garner, R. C. (2006). The use of isotopes in the determination of absolute bioavailability of drugs in humans. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 2(3), 419–427. (b) Lappin, G., & Stevens, L. (2008). Biomedical accelerator mass spectrometry: Recent applications in metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 4(8), 1021–1033.
Food and Drug Administration (2003, March). Guidance for industry: Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for orally administered drug products—General considerations (pp. 1–23). Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
Hinderling, P. H. (2003). Evaluation of a novel method to estimate absolute bioavailability of drugs from oral data. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition, 24(1), 1–16.
Yuen, G. J., Morris, D. M., Mydlow, P. K., Haidar, S., Hall, S. T., & Hussey, E. K. (1995). Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and absorption characteristics of lamivudine. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 35(12), 1174–1180.
(a) El-Kattan, A., & Varma, M. (2012). Oral absorption, intestinal metabolism and human oral bioavailability. In J. Paxton (Ed.), Topics on drug metabolism. InTech. ISBN 978-953-51-0099-7. (b) Antonietti, M., & Förster, S. (2003). Vesicles and liposomes: A self-assembly principle beyond lipids. Advanced Materials, 15(16), 1323–1333. (c) Maggio, B. (1985). Geometric and thermodynamic restrictions for the self-assembly of glycosphingolipid-phospholipid systems. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 815(2), 245–258.
(a) Bergstrand, N. (2003). Liposomes for drug delivery: From physico-chemical studies to applications (Doctoral Dissertation), Uppsala University. (b) Allen, T. M. (1998). Liposomal drug formulations. Rationale for development and what we can expect for the future. Drugs, 56(5), 747–756.
Sekimura, T., & Hotani, H. (1990). Morphogenesis of liposomes and bending energy of lipid bilayer. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 14, 690–693.
(a) Woodle, M. C. (1998). Controlling liposome blood clearance by surface-grafted polymers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 32(1), 139–152. (b) Jølck, R. I., Feldborg, L. N., Andersen, S., Moghimi, S. M., & Andresen, T. L. (2011). Engineering liposomes and nanoparticles for biological targeting. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 125, 251–280. (c) Lestini, B. J., Sagnella, S. M., Xu, Z., Shive, M. S., Richter, N. J., Jayaseharan, J., et al. (2002). Surface modification of liposomes for selective cell targeting in cardiovascular drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 78(1), 235–247.
Brinker, C. J., Lu, Y., Sellinger, A., & Fan, H. (1999). Evaporation-induced self-assembly: Nanostructures made easy. Advanced Materials, 11(7), 579–585.
(a) Won, Y. (1999). Giant wormlike rubber micelles. Science, 283(5404), 960–963. (b) Spenley, N., Cates, M., & McLeish, T. (1993). Nonlinear rheology of wormlike micelles. Physical Review Letters, 71(6), 939–942. (c) Lin, Z., Cai, J. J., Scriven, L. E., & Davis, H. T. (1994). Spherical-to-wormlike micelle transition in CTAB solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98(23), 5984–5993.
Brady, J. E., Evans, D. F., Kachar, B., & Ninham, B. W. (1984). Spontaneous vesicles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 106(15), 4279–4280.
(a) Furukawa, K., Ebata, K., & Fujiki, M. (2000). One-dimensional silicon chain architecture: Molecular dot, rope, octopus, and toroid. Advanced Materials, 12(14), 1033–1036. (b) Lee, E., Jeong, Y.-H., Kim, J.-K., & Lee, M. (2007). Controlled self-assembly of asymmetric dumbbell-shaped Rod amphiphiles: transition from toroids to planar nets. Macromolecules, 40(23), 8355–8360. (c) Pochan, D. J., Chen, Z., Cui, H., Hales, K., Qi, K., & Wooley, K. L. (2004). Toroidal triblock copolymer assemblies. Science (New York, NY), 306(5693), 94–97.
Risselada, H. J., & Marrink, S. J. (2009). Curvature effects on lipid packing and dynamics in liposomes revealed by coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP), 11(12), 2056–2067.
(a) Carnie, S., Israelachvili, J. N., & Pailthorpe, B. A. (1979). Lipid packing and transbilayer asymmetries of mixed lipid vesicles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 554(2), 340–357. (b) Kaler, E. W., Herrington, K. L., Murthy, A. K., & Zasadzinski, J. A. N. (1992). Phase behavior and structures of mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 96(16), 6698–6707.
(a) Rawicz, W., Olbrich, K. C., McIntosh, T., Needham, D., & Evans, E. (2000). Effect of chain length and unsaturation on elasticity of lipid bilayers. Biophysical Journal, 79(1), 328–39. (b) Balgavý, P., Dubničková, M., Kučerka, N., Kiselev, M. A., Yaradaikin, S. P., & Uhrıková, D. (2001). Bilayer thickness and lipid interface area in unilamellar extruded 1,2-diacylphosphatidylcholine liposomes: A small-angle neutron scattering study. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 1512(1), 40–52.
Drummond, C. J., & Fong, C. (1999). Surfactant self-assembly objects as novel drug delivery vehicles. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 4(6), 449–456.
Polozova, A., Li, X., Shangguan, T., Meers, P., Schuette, D. R., Ando, N., et al. (2005). Formation of homogeneous unilamellar liposomes from an interdigitated matrix. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 1668(1), 117–125.
Moscho, A., Orwar, O., Chiu, D. T., Modi, B. P., & Zare, R. N. (1996). Rapid preparation of giant unilamellar vesicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(21), 11443–11447.
(a) Scherer, J. R. (1989). Reply to “Hydrocarbon chain conformation in the HII phase.”. Biophysical Journal, 56(5), 1047–1049. (b) Makino, K., Yamada, T., Kimura, M., Oka, T., Ohshima, H., & Kondo, T. (1991). Temperature- and ionic strength-induced conformational changes in the lipid head group region of liposomes as suggested by zeta potential data. Biophysical Chemistry, 41(2), 175–183.
Prokop, A. (Ed.). (2011). Intracellular delivery: Fundamentals and applications (p. 886). New York: Springer.
Kozlov, M. M., & Andelman, D. (1996). Theory and phenomenology of mixed amphiphilic aggregates. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 1(3), 362–366.
Woodle, M. C., & Lasic, D. D. (1992). Sterically stabilized liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Reviews on Biomembranes, 1113(2), 171–199.
Newton, A. C. (1993). Interaction of proteins with lipid headgroups: Lessons from protein kinase C. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 22, 1–25.
Fattal, D. R., & Ben-Shaul, A. (1994). Mean-field calculations of chain packing and conformational statistics in lipid bilayers: Comparison with experiments and molecular dynamics studies. Biophysical Journal, 67(3), 985–995.
Malliaris, A., Le Moigne, J., Sturm, J., & Zana, R. (1985). Temperature dependence of the micelle aggregation number and rate of intramicellar excimer formation in aqueous surfactant solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 89(12), 2709–2713.
(a) Discher, B. M., Won, Y. Y., Ege, D. S., Lee, J. C., Bates, F. S., Discher, D. E., et al. (1999). Polymersomes: Tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers. Science (New York, N.Y.), 284(5417), 1143–6. (b) Leroux, J.-C., Burt, H., Amsden, B., Uludag, H., & Letchford, K. (2007). A review of the formation and classification of amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticulate structures: Micelles, nanospheres, nanocapsules and polymersomes. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 65(3), 259–269.
(a) Lin, J. J., Silas, J. A., Bermudez, H., Milam, V. T., Bates, F. S., & Hammer, D. A. (2004). The effect of polymer chain length and surface density on the adhesiveness of functionalized polymersomes. Langmuir, 20(13), 5493–5500. (b) Discher, D. E., & Ahmed, F. (2006). Polymersomes. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 8, 323–341.
(a) Thiele, J., Abate, A. R., Shum, H. C., Bachtler, S., Förster, S., & Weitz, D. A. (2010). Fabrication of polymersomes using double-emulsion templates in glass-coated stamped microfluidic devices. Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 6(16), 1723–1727. (b) Cha, J. N., Birkedal, H., Euliss, L. E., Bartl, M. H., Wong, M. S., Deming, T. J., et al. (2003). Spontaneous formation of nanoparticle vesicles from homopolymer polyelectrolytes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(27), 8285–8289.
(a) Levine, D. H., Ghoroghchian, P. P., Freudenberg, J., Zhang, G., Therien, M. J., Greene, M. I., et al. (2008). Polymersomes: A new multi-functional tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Methods (San Diego, Calif.), 46(1), 25–32. (b) Ahmed, F., & Discher, D. E. (2004). Self-porating polymersomes of PEG-PLA and PEG-PCL: Hydrolysis-triggered controlled release vesicles. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 96(1), 37–53. (c) Kukula, H., Schlaad, H., Antonietti, M., & Förster, S. (2002). The formation of polymer vesicles or “peptosomes” by polybutadiene-block-poly (L-glutamate)s in dilute aqueous solution. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(8), 1658–1663.
Bermúdez, H., Aranda-Espinoza, H., Hammer, D. A., & Discher, D. E. (2003). Pore stability and dynamics in polymer membranes. Europhysics Letters, 64(4), 550–556.
(a) Bermúdez, H., Hammer, D. A., & Discher, D. E. (2004). Effect of bilayer thickness on membrane bending rigidity. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 20(3), 540–543. (b) Bermudez, H., Brannan, A. K., Hammer, D. A., Bates, F. S., & Discher, D. E. (2002). Molecular weight dependence of polymersome membrane structure, elasticity, and stability. Macromolecules, 35(21), 8203–8208.
Discher, B. M., Bermudez, H., Hammer, D. A., Discher, D. E., Won, Y. Y., & Bates, F. S. (2002). Cross-linked polymersome membranes: Vesicles with broadly adjustable properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 106, 2848–2854.
Srinivas, G., Discher, D. E., & Klein, M. L. (2004). Self-assembly and properties of diblock copolymers by coarse-grain molecular dynamics. Nature Materials, 3(9), 638–644.
(a) De Gennes, P. G. (1987). Reptation of a polymer chain in the presence of fixed obstacles. The Journal of Chemical Physics (American Institute of Physics), 55(2), 572–571. (b) Rubinstein, M. (1987). Discretized model of entangled-polymer dynamics. Physical Review Letters, 59(17), 1946–1949.
(a) De Gennes, P. G. (1983). Entangled polymers. Physics Today (American Institute of Physics), 36(6), 33–31. (b) Duhamel, J., Yekta, A., Winnik, M. A., Jao, T. C., Mishra, M. K., & Rubin, I. D. (1993). A blob model to study polymer chain dynamics in solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97(51), 13708–13712.
Coldren, B., van Zanten, R., Mackel, M. J., Zasadzinski, J. A., & Jung, H.-T. (2003). From vesicle size distributions to bilayer elasticity via cryo-transmission and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Langmuir, 19(14), 5632–5639.
(a) Yamada, K., Yamaoka, K., Minoda, M., & Miyamoto, T. (1997). Controlled synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant glucose residues by living cationic polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 35(2), 255–261. (b) Stemmelen, M., Travelet, C., Lapinte, V., Borsali, R., & Robin, J.-J. (2013). Synthesis and self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers based on polyoxazoline and vegetable oil derivatives. Polymer Chemistry, 4(5), 1445.
(a) Kuhl, T. L., Leckband, D. E., Lasic, D. D., & Israelachvili, J. N. (1994). Modulation of interaction forces between bilayers exposing short-chained ethylene oxide headgroups. Biophysical Journal, 66(5), 1479–88. (b) Werner, M., Sommer, J.-U., & Baulin, V. A. (2012). Homo-polymers with balanced hydrophobicity translocate through lipid bilayers and enhance local solvent permeability. Soft Matter, 8(46), 11714.
Nardin, C., Hirt, T., Leukel, J., & Meier, W. (2000). Polymerized ABA triblock copolymer vesicles. Langmuir, 16(3), 1035–1041.
Gupta, S., Tyagi, R., Parmar, V. S., Sharma, S. K., & Haag, R. (2012). Polyether based amphiphiles for delivery of active components. Polymer, 53(15), 3053–3078.
(a) Jankova, K., Chen, X., Kops, J., & Batsberg, W. (1998). Synthesis of amphiphilic PS- b -PEG- b -PS by atom transfer radical polymerization. Macromolecules, 31(2), 538–541. (b) Kanaoka, S., Omura, T., Sawamoto, M., & Higashimura, T. (1992). Star-shaped polymers by living cationic polymerization. 3. Synthesis of heteroarm amphiphilic star-shaped polymers of vinyl ethers with hydroxyl or carboxyl pendant groups. Macromolecules, 25(24), 6407–6413. (c) Delaittre, G., Dire, C., Rieger, J., Putaux, J.-L., & Charleux, B. (2009). Formation of polymer vesicles by simultaneous chain growth and self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England), 20, 2887–2889.
Jiang, Y., Chen, T., Ye, F., Liang, H., & Shi, A.-C. (2005). Effect of polydispersity on the formation of vesicles from amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Macromolecules, 38(15), 6710–6717.
Cowie, J. M. G. (1991). Polymers: Chemistry and physics of modern materials (2nd ed., p. 450). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
Carothers, W. H. (1936). Polymers and polyfunctionality. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 32, 39.
Jiang, G., & Ren, J. (2010). Synthesis of an amphiphilic multiarm star polymer as encapsulation and release carrier for guest molecules. Designed Monomers and Polymers, 13(3), 277–286.
(a) Baysal, B., & Tobolsky, A. V. (1952). Rates of initiation in vinyl polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science, 8(5), 529–541. (b) Mayo, F. R., Gregg, R. A., & Matheson, M. S. (1951). Chain transfer in the polymerization of styrene. VI. Chain transfer with styrene and benzoyl peroxide; the efficiency of initiation and the mechanism of chain termination 1. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 73(4), 1691–1700.
Otsu, T., Yoshida, M., & Tazaki, T. (1982). A model for living radical polymerization. Die Makromolekulare Chemie. Rapid Communications, 3(2), 133–140.
Wang, J.-S., & Matyjaszewski, K. (1995). Controlled/“living” radical polymerization. atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of transition-metal complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(20), 5614–5615.
Barner-Kowollik, C., Quinn, J. F., Morsley, D. R., & Davis, T. P. (2001). Modeling the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer process in cumyl dithiobenzoate-mediated styrene homopolymerizations: Assessing rate coefficients for the addition-fragmentation equilibrium. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 39(9), 1353–1365.
(a) Georges, M. K., Veregin, R. P. N., Kazmaier, P. M., & Hamer, G. K. (1993). Narrow molecular weight resins by a free-radical polymerization process. Macromolecules, 26(11), 2987–2988. (b) Hawker, C. J. (1997). “Living” free radical polymerization: A unique technique for the preparation of controlled macromolecular architectures. Accounts of Chemical Research, 30(9), 373–382.
Tomasi, J., Mennucci, B., & Cammi, R. (2005). Quantum mechanical continuum solvation models. Chemical Reviews, 105(8), 2999–3093.
Bermudez, H., Brannan, A. K., Hammer, D. A., Bates, F. S., & Discher, D. E. (2002). Molecular weight dependence of polymersome membrane structure, elasticity, and stability. Macromolecules, 35(21), 8203–8208.
Xiang, T. X. (1993). A computer simulation of free-volume distributions and related structural properties in a model lipid bilayer. Biophysical Journal, 65(3), 1108–1120.
(a) Xu, J.-P., Ji, J., Chen, W.-D., & Shen, J.-C. (2005). Novel biomimetic polymersomes as polymer therapeutics for drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 107(3), 502–512. (b) Soussan, E., Cassel, S., Blanzat, M., & Rico-Lattes, I. (2009). Drug delivery by soft matter: Matrix and vesicular carriers. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English, 48(2), 274–288.
Immordino, M. L., Dosio, F., & Cattel, L. (2006). Stealth liposomes: Review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1(3), 297–315.
Cates, M. E., & Candau, S. J. (1990). Statics and dynamics of worm-like surfactant micelles. Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter, 2(33), 6869–6892.
(a) Garti, N., & Aserin, A. (1996). Double emulsions stabilized by macromolecular surfactants. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 65, 37–69. (b) Sapei, L., Naqvi, M. A., & Rousseau, D. (2012). Stability and release properties of double emulsions for food applications. Food Hydrocolloids, 27(2), 316–323. (c) Pradhan, M., & Rousseau, D. (2012). A one-step process for oil-in-water-in-oil double emulsion formation using a single surfactant. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 386(1), 398–404.
Garti, N. (1997). Double emulsions—Scope, limitations and new achievements. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 123, 233–246.
Pays, K., Giermanska-Kahn, J., Pouligny, B., Bibette, J., & Leal-Calderon, F. (2002). Double emulsions: How does release occur? Journal of Controlled Release, 79(1), 193–205.
Garti, N. (1997). Progress in stabilization and transport phenomena of double emulsions in food applications. LWT—Food Science and Technology, 30(3), 222–235.
Hanson, J. A., Chang, C. B., Graves, S. M., Li, Z., Mason, T. G., & Deming, T. J. (2008). Nanoscale double emulsions stabilized by single-component block copolypeptides. Nature, 455(7209), 85–88.
Su, J. Y., Hodges, R. S., & Kay, C. M. (1994). Effect of chain length on the formation and stability of synthetic alpha-helical coiled coils. Biochemistry, 33(51), 15501–15510.
Holowka, E. P., Pochan, D. J., & Deming, T. J. (2005). Charged polypeptide vesicles with controllable diameter. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(35), 12423–12428.
Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2011). Biochemistry (p. 1520). New York: Wiley.
Soga, O., van Nostrum, C. F., Fens, M., Rijcken, C. J., Schiffelers, R. M., Storm, G., et al. (2005). Thermosensitive and biodegradable polymeric micelles for paclitaxel delivery. Journal of Controlled Release, 103, 341.
Blanco, E., Kessinger, C. W., Sumer, B. D., & Gao, J. (2009). Multifunctional micellar nanomedicine for cancer therapy. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 234, 123.
Liu, J., Zeng, F., & Allen, C. (2007). In vivo fate of unimers and micelles of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) copolymer in mice following intravenous administration. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 65, 309.
Danson, S., Ferry, D., Alakhov, V., et al. (2004). Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of pluronic polymer-bound doxorubicin (SP1049C) in patients with advanced cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 90, 2085.
Matsumura, Y., Hamaguchi, T., Ura, T., et al. (2004). Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetic evaluation of NK911, a micelle-encapsulated doxorubicin. British Journal of Cancer, 91, 1775.
Sutton, D., Nasongkla, N., Blanco, E., & Gao, J. (2007). Functionalized micellar systems for cancer targeted drug delivery. Pharmaceutical Research, 24, 1029.
Kim, T. Y., Kim, D. W., Chung, J. Y., Shin, S. G., Kim, S. C., Heo, D. S., et al. (2004). Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of Genexol-PM, a cremophor-free, polymeric micelle-formulated paclitaxel, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 3708.
Uchino, H., Matsumura, Y., Negishi, T., Koizumi, F., Hayashi, T., Honda, T., et al. (2005). Cisplatin-incorporating polymeric micelles (NC-6004) can reduce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of cisplatin in rats. British Journal of Cancer, 93, 678.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Holowka, E.P., Bhatia, S.K. (2014). Self-Microemulsifying Materials. In: Drug Delivery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1998-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1998-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1997-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1998-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)