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Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology pp 149–184Cite as

Viktor Frankl’s Meaning-Seeking Model and Positive Psychology

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Abstract

The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy to the twenty-first century, especially to positive psychologists interested in meaning research and applications. Frankl’s radically positive message of re-humanizing psychotherapy is much needed in the current technological culture. More specifically, I explain the basic assumptions of logotherapy and translate them into a testable meaning-seeking model to facilitate meaning research and intervention. This model consists of five hypotheses: (1) The Self-Transcendence Hypothesis: The will to meaning is a spiritual and primary motivation for self-transcendence; thus, it predicts that spiritual pathways (e.g., spiritual care, self-transcendence) will enhance meaning in life and well-being, even when other pathways to well-being are not available. (2) The Ultimate Meaning Hypothesis: It predicts that belief in the intrinsic meaning and value of life, regardless of circumstances, is more functional than alternative global beliefs. It also predicts that belief in ultimate meaning facilitates the discovery of meaning of the moment. (3) The Meaning Mindset Hypothesis: A meaning mindset, as compared to the success mindset, leads to greater meaningfulness, compassion, moral excellence, eudaemonic happiness, and resilience. (4) The Freedom of Will Hypothesis: People who believe in the inherent human capacity for freedom and responsibility, regardless of circumstances, will show higher autonomy and authenticity than those without such beliefs. (5) The Value Hypothesis of Discovering Meaning: Meaning is more likely to be discovered through creative, experiential, and attitudinal values that are motivated by self-transcendence rather than by self-interest. Together, they capture the complexity and centrality of meaning seeking in healing and well-being. In sum, Viktor Frankl emphasizes the need for a radical shift from self-focus to meaning-focus as the most promising way to lift up individuals from the dark pit of despair to a higher ground of flourishing. This chapter outlines the differences between logotherapy and positive psychology and suggests future research to bridge these two parallel fields of study for the benefit of psychology and society.

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Alexander Batthyany, Ph.D.; Marshall Lewis, Ph.D.; Edward Marshall, Ph.D., M.D.; Thaddeus Metz, Ph.D.; and Stefan E. Schulenberg, Ph.D. for helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

    Paul T. P. Wong

  2. 13 Ballyconnor Court, Toronto, ON, M2M 4C5, Canada

    Paul T. P. Wong

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Correspondence to Paul T. P. Wong .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Batthyany

  2. Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Pninit Russo-Netzer

Appendix

Appendix

The Life Orientation Scale (LOS)

© Paul T. P. Wong, PhD.

Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements by circling a number on the 5-point scale that best corresponds to your personal belief and attitude.

  1. 1.

    I can find something meaningful or significant in everyday events. 1 2 3 4 5

  2. 2.

    There is a reason for everything that happens to me. 1 2 3 4 5

  3. 3.

    There is no ultimate meaning and purpose in life. 1 2 3 4 5

  4. 4.

    There is no point in searching for meaning in life. 1 2 3 4 5

  5. 5.

    No matter how painful the situation, life is still worth living. 1 2 3 4 5

  6. 6.

    The meaning of life is to “eat, drink and be happy.” 1 2 3 4 5

  7. 7.

    What really matters to me is to pursue a higher purpose or calling regardless of personal cost. 1 2 3 4 5

  8. 8.

    I would rather be a happy pig than a sad saint. 1 2 3 4 5

  9. 9.

    I am willing to sacrifice personal interests for the greater good. 1 2 3 4 5

  10. 10.

    Personal happiness and success are more important to me than achieving inner goodness and moral excellence. 1 2 3 4 5

Items 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 are worded in the negative direction. The higher the total score is, the greater the meaning mindset.

  • Originally Published in:

Wong, P. T. P. (2012d). What is the Meaning Mindset? International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 1–3.

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Wong, P.T.P. (2014). Viktor Frankl’s Meaning-Seeking Model and Positive Psychology. In: Batthyany, A., Russo-Netzer, P. (eds) Meaning in Positive and Existential Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0308-5_10

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