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Analytical Microbiology Methods pp 259–274Cite as

Use of Lipid Biomarkers in Environmental Samples

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Abstract

Even in a water column the classical methods of microbiology, which involve the isolation and subsequent culturing of organisms on petri plates, can lead to gross underestimations of the numbers of organisms detectable in direct counts of the same waters.1 With sediments, soils, and biofilms, the problems with classical methods are more severe. In addition to the problems in providing a universal growth medium in the petri plate, the organisms must be quantitatively removed from the surfaces and from each other. Microscopic methods that require quantitative release of the microorganisms from the biofilm can have the problem of inconsistent removal from the surfaces.2 Direct microscopy can sometimes be performed on thin biofilms by making estimations for organisms rendered invisible by particles or overlapping organisms in the biofilm.3 This methodology works best when the density of organisms is low and overlapping is minimal. However, direct microscopic examinations offer a limited insight into the metabolic function or activity of the cells. Methane bacteria, for example, come in all sizes and shapes.4 The problem is further complicated by the fact that in many environments only a tiny fraction of the organisms is active at any one level and aside from the observation of bacterial doubling time,5 the morphology gives little evidence of the activity of the cells. The most direct method of determining the proportion of active cells in a given biofilm involves a combination of autoradiography and electron or epifluorescence microscopy. These methods require metabolic activity in the presence of the substrates and are subject to the limitations of density of organisms and thickness of the biofilm in the field of view. With the necessity for inducing metabolic activity there is a danger of inducing artificially high levels of activity with the addition of the substrates.6

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  1. Anders Tunlid

    Present address: Department of Ecology, Helgonavagen 5, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden

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  1. Institute for Applied Microbiology, 10515 Research Drive, Suite 300, Knoxville, TN, 37932-2567, USA

    Anders Tunlid & David C. White

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  1. Anders Tunlid
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  2. David C. White
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  1. University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

    Alvin Fox  & Stephen L. Morgan  & 

  2. University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

    Lennart Larsson  & Göran Odham  & 

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© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Tunlid, A., White, D.C. (1990). Use of Lipid Biomarkers in Environmental Samples. In: Fox, A., Morgan, S.L., Larsson, L., Odham, G. (eds) Analytical Microbiology Methods. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3564-9_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3564-9_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-3566-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3564-9

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