Abstract
In order to talk about what develops in emotional development, it is necessary first to decompose the term emotion into its components, including (1) elicitors, (2) receptors, (3) states, (4) expressions, and (5) experiences. In this chapter, I address each of these components and pay most attention to states, experiences, and expressions. Having done so, I turn to the interconnections between components, and most specifically to how the development of consciousness gives rise to emotional states and expressions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akert, K. (1961). Diencephalon. In D. E. Sheer (Ed.), Electrical stimulation of the brain. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Als, H. (1975). The human newborn and his mother: An ethological study of their interaction. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Amsterdam, B K. (1972). Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychology, 5, 297–305.
Argyle, M. (1975). Bodily communication. New York: International Universities Press.
Ax, A. F. (1953). The physiological differentiation of fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433–442.
Bard, P. (1928). A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology, 84, 490–515.
Beilin, H. (1971). Developmental stages and developmental processes. In D. R. Green, M. P. Ford, and G. B. Flamer (Eds.), Measurement and Piaget (pp. 24–56 ). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bertenthal, B. I., and Fischer, K. W. (1978). Development of self-recognition in the infant. Development Psychology, 14, 44–50.
Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., and Main, N. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early motherinfant interaction. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76 ). New York: Wiley.
Bridges, K. M. B. (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Child Development, 3, 324–334.
Buck, R. W., Miller, R. E., and Caul, W. F. (1974). Sex, personality, and physiological variables in the communication of affect via facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 587–596.
Campos, J. J., Emde, R., Gaensbauer, R., and Henderson, C. (1975). Cardiac and behavioral interrelationships in the reactions of infants to strangers. Developmental Psychology, 11, 589–601.
Campos, J., and Stenberg, C. (1981). Perception, appraisal, and emotion: The onset of social referencing. In M. E. Lamb and L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 273–314 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Caron, R. F., Caron, A. J., and Myers, R. S. (1982). Abstraction of invariant face expressions in infancy. Child Development, 53, 1008–1015.
Charlesworth, W. R., and Kreutzer, M. A. (1973). Facial expressions of infants and children. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review (pp. 91–168 ). New York: Academic Press.
Darwin, C. R. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
Davidson, R. J. (1992). Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain and Cognition, 20, 125–151.
Davidson, R. J. (1993). Cerebral asymmetry and emotion: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Cognition and Emotion, 7 (1), 115–138.
Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. (1978). The Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T., and Harmon, R. (1976). Emotional expression in infancy: A bio-behavioral study. Psychological Issues. 10 (1, Whole No. 37).
Freud, S. (1960). The psychopathology of everyday life (A Tyson, trans.). New York: Norton.
Graham, F. K., and Clifton, R. K. (1966). Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 305–320.
Gross, C. J., Rocha-Miranda, C. E., and Bender, D. B. (1972). Visual properties of neurons in inferotemporal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology, 35, 96–111.
Hess, W. R. (1954). Diencephalon: Autonomic and extrapyramidal functions. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Hess, W. R. (1957). The functional organization of the diencephalon. New York: Grune and Stratton.
Hess, E. H. (1970). Ethology and developmental psychology. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (pp. 1–38 ). New York: Wiley.
Hubel, D. H., and Weisel, T N. (1962). Receptive fields, binocular interaction, and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. Journal of Physiology, 160, 106–154.
Hubel, D. H., and Weisel, T. N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of money striate cortex. Journal of Physiology, 195, 215–243.
Hume, D. (1888). A treatise of human nature (L. A. Selby-Bigge, Ed.). Oxford: Clarendon. (Originally published 1739 )
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. (1978). Emotions and emotion-cognition relationships. In M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect (pp. 389–413 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E. (1979). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX). Newark, DE: Instructional Resources Center, University of Delaware.
Izard, C. E., and Buechler, S. (1979). Emotion expressions and personality integration in infancy. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Emotions in personality and psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.
Izard, C. E., and Dougherty, L. M. (1982). Two complementary systems for measuring facial expressions in infants and children. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children (pp. 97–126 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
Kagan, J. (1981). The second year: The emergence of self-awareness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kant, I. (1781/1958). Critique of pure reason (Kemp Smith, trans.). New York: Macmillan.
LaBarbera, J. D., Izard, C. E., Vietze, P., and Parisi, S. A. (1976). Four-and six-month-old infants’ visual responses to joy, anger, and neutral expressions. Child Development, 47, 535–538.
Lacey, J. I., and Lacey, B. C. (1958). Verification and extension of the principle of autonomic response stereotype. American Journal of Psychology, 71, 50–73.
Lacey, J. I., Kagan, J., Lacey, B. C., and Moss, H. A. (1963). The visceral level: Situational determinants and behavioural correlates of autonomic response patterns. In P. H. Knapp (Ed.), Expressions of the emotions in man (pp. 72–94 ). New York: International Universities Press.
Lewis, M. (1980). Developmental theories: Issues in the development of fear. In I. L. Kutash and L. B. Schlesinger et al. (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety (pp. 48–62 ). San Francisco: JosseyBass.
Lewis, M. (1990). Thinking and feeling-the elephant’s tail. In C. A. Maher, M. Schwebel, and N. S. Fagley (Eds.), Thinking and problem solving in the developmental process: International perspectives (the WORK) (pp. 89–110 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lewis, M. (1992). Shame, the exposed self. New York: Free Press.
Lewis, M. (1993). The emergence of human emotions. In M. Lewis and J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 223–235 ). New York: Guilford.
Lewis, M. (1995). Aspects of self: From systems to ideas. In P. Rochat (Ed.), The self in early infancy: Theory and research (pp. 95–115 ). Advances in Psychology Series. North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Lewis, M., Alessandri, S., and Sullivan, M. W. (1992). Differences in shame and pride as a function of children’s gender and task difficulty. Child Development, 63, 630–638.
Lewis, M., and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979a). Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum Press.
Lewis, M., and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979b). Toward a theory of social cognition: The development of self. In I. Uzgiris (Ed.), New directions in child development: Social interaction and communication during infancy (pp. 1–20 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lewis, M., Kagan, J., Kalafat, J., and Campbell, H. (1966). The cardiac response as a correlate of attention in infants. Child Development, 37, 63–71.
Lewis, M., and Michalson, L. (1983). Children’s emotions and moods: Developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum Press.
Lewis, M., and Michalson, L. (1984). The socialization of emotional pathology in infancy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5 (3), 121–134.
Lewis, M., and Ramsay, D. S. (1995). Developmental change in infants’ responses to stress. Child Development, 66, 657–670.
Lewis, M., Ramsay, D. S., and Kawakami, K. (1993). Differences between Japanese infants and Caucasian American infants in behavioral and cortisol response to inoculation. Child Development, 64, 1722–1731.
Lewis, M., and Saarni, C. (Eds.). (1985). The socialization of emotion. New York: Plenum Press.
Lewis, M., and Saarni, C. (Eds.). (1993). Lying and deception in everyday life. New York: Guilford.
Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Stanger, C., and Weiss, M. (1989). Self-development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development, 60, 146–156.
Lewis, M., Wilson, C. D., Ban, P., and Baumel, M. H. (1970). An exploratory study of resting cardiac rates and variability from the last trimester of prenatal life through the first year of postnatal life. Child Development, 41 (3), 800–811.
Lorenz, K. A. (1965). Evolution and modification of behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mandler, G. (1975). Mind and emotion. New York: Wiley.
Mandler, G. (1980). The generation of emotion: A psychological theory. In R. Plutchik and H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience, Vol. 1 (pp. 219–244 ). New York: Academic Press.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Olds, J. (1962). Hypothalamic substrates of reward. Physiological Review, 42, 554–604.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., and Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Oster, H. (1978). Facial expression and affect development. In M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The development of affect (pp. 43–76 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Oster, H. (1981). “Recognition” of emotional expression in infancy? In M. E. Lamb and L. R. Sher-rod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 85–126 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pannabecker, B. J., Emde, R. N., Johnson, W., Stenberg, C., and Davis, M. ( 1980, April). Maternal perceptions of infant emotions from birth to 18 months. A preliminary report. Paper presented at the International Conference of Infant Studies, New Haven, CT.
Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper and Row.
Ricciuti, H. N., and Poresky, R. H. (1972). Emotional behavior and development in the first year of life: An analysis of arousal, approach-withdrawal, and affective responses. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (Vol. 6 ) (pp. 116–139 ). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Saarei, C. (1979). Children’s understanding of display rules for expressive behavior. Developmental Psychology, 15, 424–429.
Sander, L. W. (1977). Infant and caretaking environment: Investigation and conceptualization of adaptive behavior in a system of increasing complexity. In E. J. Anthony (Ed.), The child psychiatrist as investigator. New York: Plenum Press.
Schachter, S., and Singer, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379–399.
Schaffer, H. R. (1974). Cognitive components of the infant’s response to stranger. In M. Lewis and L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The origins of fear (pp. 11–24). New York Wiley.
Schaffer, H. R., Greenwood, A., and Parry, M. H. (1972). The onset of wariness. Child Development, 43, 165–175.
Scherer, K. R. (1979). Nonlinguistic vocal indicators of emotion and psychopathology. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Emotions in personality and psychopathology (pp. 85–102 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Scherer, K. R. (1982). The assessment of vocal expression in infants and children. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Measuring emotions in infants and children. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Spitz, R. A. (1965). The first year of life. New York: International Universities Press.
Spitz, R. A., and Wolf, K. M. (1946). The smiling response: A contribution to the ontogenesis of social relations. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 34, 57–125.
Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), The handbook of infant development (pp. 462–516 ). New York: Wiley.
Stipek, D. J., Recchia, S., and McClinton, S. (1990). Achievement-related self-evaluation in young children. Unpublished manuscript.
Strongman, K. T. (1978). The psychology of emotion ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Wiley.
Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 2. The negative affects. New York: Springer.
Tomkins, S. S. (1980). Affect as amplification: Some modifications in theory. In R. Plutchik and H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience, Vol. 1 (pp. 141–164 ). New York: Academic Press.
Tomkins, S. S. (1981). The quest for primary motives: Biography and autobiography of an idea. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 306–329.
Waters, E., Matas, L., and Sroufe, L. A. (1975). Infants’ reactions to an approaching stranger: Description, validation and functional significance of wariness. Child Development, 46, 348–356.
Wheatley, M. E. (1944). The hypothalamus and effective behavior in cats: A study of the effects of experimental lesions, with anatomic correlations. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 52, 296–316.
Wolff, P. H. (1963). Observations on the early development of smiling. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 2 ) (pp. 214–239 ). New York: Wiley.
YoungBrowne, G., Rosenfeld, H. M., and Horowitz, F. (1977). Infant discrimination of facial expressions. Child Development, 48, 555–562.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lewis, M. (1998). The Development and Structure of Emotions. In: Mascolo, M.F., Griffin, S. (eds) What Develops in Emotional Development?. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1941-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1939-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive