Abstract
Different evidence is presented showing that the detailed pattern of locomotion is generated centrally by spinal α-γ-linked circuits. Data concerning rhythmic interneuronal activity related to the spinal generator for locomotion will be discussed.
Names published in alphabetical order (Presenter: S. Grillner)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andén, N.-E., Jukes, M.G.M., Lundberg, A. and Vyklicky, L., (1966a) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 1. Influence on transmission from primary afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67, 373–386.
Andén, N.-E., Jukes, M.G.M. and Lundberg, A., (1966b) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 2. A pharmacological analysis. Acta Physiol. Scand. 67, 387–397.
Bergmans, J. and Grillner, S., (1968) Changes in dynamic sensitivity of muscle spindle primary endings induced by DOPA. Acta Physiol. Scand. 74, 629–636.
Bergmans, J. and Grillner, S., (1969) Reciprocal control of spontaneous activity and reflex effects in static and dynamic ymotoneurones revealed by an injection of DOPA. Acta Physiol. Scand. 77, 106–124.
Boisson, M. and Chalazonitis, N., (1973) Réactivites bioélectriques propres d’un neurone géant sécrétoire (Aplysia depilans). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 276, 1025–1028.
Brown, T.G., (1911) The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proc. R. Soc. B. 84, 308–319.
Brown, T.G., (1913) The phenomenon of “narcosis progression” in mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B. 86, 140–164.
Brown, T.G., (1914) On the nature of the fundamental activity of
the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system. J. Physiol. 48, 18–46.
Budakova, N.N., (1973) Stepping movements in the spinal cat due to DOPA administration. Fiziol. Zh. ( USSR ). 59, 1190–1198.
Chalazonitis, N. and Ducreux, C., (1971) Stabilization par la dopamine de l’oscillabilité normale d’une neuromembrane type (Soma neuronigue à ondessalves: Aplysia et Helix). C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 165, 1350–1353.
Chalazonitis, N. and Morales, T., (1971) Dépolarisation par l’oubaine des motoneurones normalement au artificiellement oscillant (Aplysia). C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris. 165, 1923–1928.
Engberg, I. and Lundberg, A., (1969) An electromyographic analysis of muscular activity in the hindlimb of the cat during un- restrained locomotion. Acta Physiol. Scand. 75. 614–630.
Feldman, A.G. and Orlovsky, G.N., (1975) Activity of interneurons mediating reciprocal Ia inhibition during locomotion. Brain Res. 84, 181–194.
Forssberg, H. and Grillner, S., (1973) The locomotion of the acute spinal cat injected with Clonidine i.v. Brain Res. 50, 184186.
Forssberg, H., Grillner, S. and Rossignol, S., (1975) Phase dependent reflex reversal during walking in chronic spinal cats. Brain Res. 85, 103–107.
Forssberg, H., Grillner, S. and Sjöström, A., (1975) The locomotor capacity of chronic spinal cat (In preparation).
Fu, T.-C., Jankowska, E. and Lundberg, A., (1975) Reciprocal Ia inhibition during the late reflexes evoked from the flexor reflex afferents after DOPA. Brain Res. 85, 99–102.
Gray, J. and Sand, A., (1936) The locomotory rhythm of the dogfish (Scyllium canicula). J. Exp. Biol. 13, 200–209.
Grillner, S., (1969a) Supraspinal and segmental control of static and dynamic y-motoneurones in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 327, 1–34.
Grillner, S., (1969b) The influence of DOPA on the static and the dynamic fusimotor activity to the triceps surae of the spinal cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 77, 490–509.
Grillner, S. and Hongo, T., (1972) “Vestibulospinal effects on motoneurones and interneurones in the lumbosacral cord,” In Basic Aspects of Central Vestibular Mechanisms. (Brodal, A. and Pompeiano, O., eds.), Elsevier Publ. Co. Progr. in Brain Res. 37, 243–262.
Grillner, S., (1973) “Locomotion in the spinal cat,” In Control of Posture and Locomotion. (Stein, R.B., Pearson, K.G., Smith, R.S. and Redford, J.B., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, (515535).
Grillner, S., (1974) On the generation of locomotion in the spinal dogfish. Exp. Brain Res. 20, 459–470.
Grillner, S. and Zangger, P., (1974) Locomotor movements generated by the deafferented spinal cord. Acta Physiol. Scand. 91, 38–39A.
Grillner, S., (1975) Locomotion in vertebrates - central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol. Rev. 55, 247–304.
Grillner, S., Perret, C. and Zangger, P., (1975) Central generation of locomotion of the spinal dogfish. Brain Research. (In press).
Grillner, S. and Zangger, P., (1975) How detailed is the central pattern generation for locomotion? Brain Res. 88, 367–371.
Gurfinkel, V.S. and Shik, M.L., (1973) “The control of posture and locomotion,” In Motor Control. (Gydikov, A.A., Tankov, N.T., Kosarov, D.S., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, (217–234).
Harcombe-Smith, E. and Wyman, R.J., (1970) Diagonal locomotion in de-afferented toads. J. Exp. Biol. 53, 255–263.
Hart, B.L., (1971) Facilitation by Strychnine of reflex walking in spinal dogs. Physiology and Behaviour. 6, 627–628.
Holst, E. von, (1935) Erregungsbildung und Erregungsleitung im Fischrückenmark. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 235, 345–359.
Hongo, T., Jankowska, E. and Lundberg, A., (1969) The rubrospinal tract, II. Facilitation of interneuronal transmission in reflex paths to motoneurones. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 365.
Hultborn, H., (1972) Convergence on interneurones in the reciprocal la inhibitory pathway to motoneurones. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 375, 1–42.
Hultborn, H., Illert, M. and Santini, M., (1974) Disynaptic la inhibition of the interneurones mediating the reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones. Acta Physiol. Scand. 91, 14–16A.
Jankowska, E., Jukes, M.G.M., Lund, S. and Lundberg, A., (1967a) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 5. Reciprocal organization of pathways transmitting excitatory action to alpha moto-neurones of flexors and extensors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 70, 369–388.
Jankowska, E., Jukes, M.G.M., Lund, S. and Lundberg, A., (1967b) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. 6. Halfcentre organization of interneurones transmitting effects from the flexor reflex afferents. Acta Physiol. Scand. 70, 389–402.
Lawrence, D.G. and Kuypers, H.G.J.M., (1968a) The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain. 91, 1–14.
Lawrence, D.G. and Kuypers, H.G.J.M., (1968b) The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. IT. The effects of lesions of the descending brainstem pathways. Brain. 91, 15–36.
Lundberg, A., (1969) Reflex control of stepping. The Nansen Memorial Lecture V. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.,(1–42).
Lundberg, A., (1970) “The excitatory control of the Ia inhibitory pathway,” In Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms. (Andersen, P. and Jansen, J.K.S., eds.), Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, (333–340).
Matthews, P.B.C., (1962) The differentiation of two types of fusi-motor fibre by their effects on the dynamic response of muscle spindle primary endings. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 47, 324–333.
Maynard, D.M., (1972) Simpler networks. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 193, 59–72.
Mendelson, M., (1971) Oscillator neurons in crustacean ganglia. Science. 171, 1170–1173.
Miller, S. and Van der Burg, J., (1973) “The function of long propriospinal pathways in the co-ordination of quadrupedal stepping in the cat,” In Control of Posture and Locomotion. (Stein, R.B. et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, (561–577).
Mulloney, B. and Selverston, A.I., (1974a) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. I. Neurons driving the lateral teeth. J. Comp. Physiol. 91, 1–32.
Mulloney, B. and Selverston, A.I., (1974b) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. III. Coordination of the two subsets of the gastric system. J. Comp. Physiol. 91, 53–78.
Orlovsky, G.N., (1972a) The effect of different descending systems on flexor and extensor activity during locomotion. Brain Res. 40, 359–371.
Orlovsky, G.N., (1972b) Activity of rubrospinal neurons during locomotion. Brain Res. 46, 99–112.
Orlovsky, G.N., (1972c) Activity of vestibulospinal neurons during locomotion. Brain Res. 46, 85–98.
Orlovsky, G.N. and Feldman, A.G., (1972) Classification of lumbosacral neurons according to their discharge patterns during evoked locomotion. Nejrcfisiologia. 4, 410–417 ( In Russian ). ( English version of same journal, 311–317 ).
Pearson, K.G., Fourtner, C.R., and Wong, R.K., (1973) “Nervous control of walking in the cockroach,” In Control of Posture and Locomotion. (Stein, R.B. et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, (495–514).
Pearson, K.G. and Fourtner, C.R., (1975) Nonspiking interneurones in walking system of cockroach. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 33–52.
Perkel, D.H. and Mulloney, B., (1974) Motor pattern production in reciprocally inhibitory neurons exhibiting post-inhibitory rebound. Science. 185, 181–183.
Perret, C. and Buser, P., (1972) Static and dynamic fusimotor activity during locomotor movements in the cat. Brain Res. 40, 165–169.
Perret, C., (1973) Analyse des méchanismes d’une activité de type locomoteur chez le chat. Thèse de doct., Université de Paris VI, Paris.
Perret, C. and Berthoz, A., (1974) Evidence of static and dynamic fusimotor action on the spindle response to sinusoidal stretch during locomotor activity in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 178–188.
Rossignol, S., Grillner, S. and Forssberg, H., (1975) Factors of importance for the initiation of flexion during walking. Neuroscience Abstracts. 1, 181.
Selverston, A.I., (1974) Structural and functional basis of motor pattern generation in the somatogastric ganglion of the lobster. Am. Zool. 14, 957–972.
Selverston, A.I. and Mulloney, B., (1974) Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. II. Neurons driving the medial tooth. J. Comp. Physiol. 91, 33–51.
Severin, F.V., Orlovsky, G.N. and Shik, M.L., (1967) Work of the muscle receptors during controlled locomotion. Biofizika. 12, 575–586. (Eng. transi.).
Severin, F.V., (1970) The role of the gamma motor system in the activation of the extensor alpha motor neurones during controlled locomotion. Biofizika. 15, 1138–1145. (Eng. transl.).
Shik, M.L., Severin, F.V. and Orlovsky, G.N., (1966) Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain. Biofizika. 11, 659–666. (English version of same journal), (756–765).
Shik, M.L., Severin, F.V. and Orlovsky, G.N., (1967) Structures of the brain stem responsible for evoked locomotion. Fiziol. Zh. USSR. 12, 660–668.
Shurrager, P.S. and Dykman, R.A., (1951) Walking spinal carnivores. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 44, 252–262.
Sjóström, A. and Zangger, P., (1975) a-y-linkage in the spinal generator for locomotion in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 94, 130–132.
Stein, P.S.G., (1974) Neural control of interappendage phase during locomotion. Am. Zool. 14, 1003–1016.
Székely, G., (1968) “Development of limb movements: Embryological, physiological and model studies,” In Ciba Foundation Symposium on Growth of the Nervous System. (Wolstenholme, G.E.W. and O’Connor, M., eds.), J. & A. Churchill Ltd. London, (77–93).
Székely, G., Czéh, G. and Voros, G., (1969) The activity pattern of limb muscles in freely moving normal and deafferented newts. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 53–62.
Viala, G. and Buser, P., (1969) Activités locomotrices rythmique stéréotypées chez le lapin sous anesthésie légère. Exp. Brain Res. 8, 346–363.
Viala, D. and Buser, P., (1971) Modalités d’obtention de locomoteurs chez le lapin spinal par traitements pharmacologiques (DOPA, 5-HTP, d’amphétamine). Brain Res. 35, 151–165.
Wilson, D.M., (1964) “The origin of the flight-motor command in grasshoppers,” In Neuronal Theory and Modeling. (Reiss, R.F., ed.), Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, (331–345).
Wilson, D.M. and Waldron, I., (1968) Models for the generation of the motor output pattern in flying locust. Proc. IEEE. 56, 1058–1064.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Edgerton, V.R., Grillner, S., Sjöström, A., Zangger, P. (1976). Central Generation of Locomotion in Vertebrates. In: Herman, R.M., Grillner, S., Stein, P.S.G., Stuart, D.G. (eds) Neural Control of Locomotion. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 18. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0964-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0964-3_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0966-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0964-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)