Skip to main content

Objective Personality Assessment

  • Chapter
The Clinical Psychology of Aging

Abstract

This chapter aims to provide a broad, empirically-based sketch of normal personality and its changes throughout adulthood. While it is not intended as a cookbook treatment of the application of objective tests to geriatric populations, it does attempt to make specific links between normal personality and clinical gerontology. One example of this is provided by a consideration of the male midlife crisis, that putatively universal, normative, developmental phase which at the same time can be considered a pre-geriatric clinical condition. Similarly, our theoretical discussion of openness to experience—a personality dimension relevant to the call for more humanistic approaches to aging—is supplemented by presentation of an instrument which may prove a useable operationalization of it. Objective personality assessment has a long and controversial past, but evidence and arguments presented here suggest that its careful use can make a substantial contribution to the field.

Research supported in part by the Council for Tobacco Research—U.S.A., Inc., Grant #1085R1 (University of Massachusetts at Boston) and the Medical Research Service of the Veterans Administration (Normative Aging Study).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aaronson, B. S. Age and sex influences on MMPI profile peak distributions on an abnormal population. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 203–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, D. J., and Sanford, R. N. The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B., Rose, C. L., and Damon, A. The Normative Aging Study: An interdisciplinary and longitudinal study of health and aging. Aging and Human Development, 1972, 3, 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brim, O. G., Jr. Theories of the male mid-life crisis. The Counseling Psychologist, 1976, 6, 2–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brozek, J. Personality changes with age: An item analysis of the MMPI. Journal of Gerontology, 1955, 10, 194–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, R. The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging: A reader in social psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calden, G., and Hokanson, J. E. The influence of age on MMPI responses. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1959, 15, 194–195.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B. The descriptions and measurement of personality. Yonkers, N.Y.: World Book, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., and Tatsuoka, M. M. Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Champaign, Ill.: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chown, S. M. Age and the rigidities. Journal of Gerontology, 1961, 16, 353–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chown, S. M. Personality and aging. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Theory and methods of research on aging. Morgantown, W.V.: West Virginia University Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coan, R. W. Measurable components of openness to experience. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coan, R. W. The optimal personality: An empirical and theoretical analysis. New York: Columbia University, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. W. An empirical investigation of the male midlife period: A descriptive, cohort study. Unpublished undergraduate honors thesis, University of Massachusetts at Boston, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach. Journal of Gerontology, 1976, 31, 564–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R. Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change. Aging and Human Development, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., Jr., Fozard, J. L., McCrae, R. R., and Bosse, R. Relations of age and personality dimensions to cognitive ability factors. Journal of Gerontology, 1976, 31, 663–669.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., Jr., Fozard, J. L., and McCrae, R. R. Personologi-cal interpretation of factors from the Strong Vocational Interest Blank scales. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1977, 10, 231–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowne, D., and Marlowe, D. The approval motive. New York: Wiley, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, K., and Arenberg, D. Age changes, cohort differences, and cultural change on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. Unpublished paper, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Eysenck, S. B. G. Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, D. W. Measuring the concepts of personality. Chicago: Aldine, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, E. T. Measurement of openness to experience: A study of regression in the service of the ego. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 4, 655–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. L. The phases of adult life: A study in developmental psychology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 29, 521–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. L. Adult life stages: Growth towards self-tolerance. Psychology Today, 1975, 8, 74–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J. S., Zimmerman, W. S., and Guilford, J. P. The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey handbook. San Diego: EdITS Publishers, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann, D. L. An exploration of ego configuration in middle and later life. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Personality in middle and later life. New York: Atherton Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gynther, M. D., and Shimkunas, A. M. Age, intelligence and MMPI F scores. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1965, 29, 383–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardyck, C. D. Sex differences in personality changes with age. Journal of Gerontology, 1964, 19, 78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, R., DeSoto, C. B., and Solano, C. Traits, tests, and personality research. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 255–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hundleby, J. D. The measurement of personality by objective tests. In P. Kline (Ed.), New approaches in psychological measurement. London: John Wiley, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C. G. Psychological types. New York: Harcourt, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M., and Redick, R. W. Epidemiological indices in the middle years. Unpublished paper, cited in O. G. Brim, Jr., Theories of the male mid-life crisis. The Counseling Psychologist, 1976, 6, 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, M. P., Whelihan, W. M., and Belsky, J. K. Personality tests and their uses with older adults. In J. Birren (Ed.), Handbook of mental health and aging. New York: Prentice Hall, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, D. J., Darrow, C. M., Klein, E. B., Levinson, M. H., and McKee, B. The psychosocial development of men in early adulthood and the mid-life transition. In D. F. Ricks, A. Thomas, and M. Roff (Eds.), Life history research in psychopathology, Vol. 3. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, D. J., and Huffman, P. Traditional family ideology and its relation to personality. Journal of Personality, 1955, 23, 251–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, M., and Chiriboga, D. Transition to the empty nest. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 8–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, M. F., Thurner, M., and Chiriboga, D. Four stages of life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten, B. L. Personality change in late life: A developmental perspective. In C. Eisdorfer and M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington, D. C: American Psychological Association, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neugarten, B. L. Personality and aging. In J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W. A general model for the study of developmental problems. Psychological Bulletin, 1965, 64, 92–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W., and Marquette, B. Personality in maturity and old age. In R. M. Dreger (Ed.), Multivariate personality research: Contributions to the understanding of personality in honor of Raymond B. Cattell. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor?s Publishing, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, V. E. Personality dimensions and needs. In M. W. Riley and A. Foner (Eds.), Aging and society. Vol. 1. New York: Russell Sage, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheey, G. Passages: Predictable crises of adult life. New York: Dutton, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenson, W. M. Structured personality testing in the aged: A MMPI study of the gerontic population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1961, 16, 49–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troll, L. E. Early and middle adulthood. Monterey, CA: Brooks/ Cole, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Costa, P.T., McCrae, R.R. (1978). Objective Personality Assessment. In: Storandt, M., Siegler, I.C., Elias, M.F. (eds) The Clinical Psychology of Aging. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3344-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3342-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics