Skip to main content

Behavioral and Stimulus Correlates of Vomeronasal Functioning in Reptiles: Feeding, Grouping, Sex, and Tongue Use

  • Chapter

Abstract

Whatever the reason for the general neglect, until recently, of the vomeronasal organ (VNO), its associated structures, and the behavioral significance of the system, we are now beginning to understand its widespread function in reptiles. Studies of the system are hindered, however, by a lack of anatomical, neurological, and neurophysiological information. But a start has been made and the primary purpose of this paper will be to review recent advances in our knowledge of the function of the reptilian vomeronasal system and to present some new data and speculation. Rather complete reviews are available (Burghardt, 1970a; Madison, 1977) that cover early experimental studies on the role of the chemical senses in reptile behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aleksiuk, M., and Gregory, P.T. 1974. Regulation of seasonal mating behavior in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Copeia 1974: 681–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altner, H. and Müller, W. 1968. Elektrophysiologische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Riechschleimhaut des Jacobsonschen Organs von Eidechsen (Lacerta). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 60: 151–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S.J. 1977. Polymorphism and’ geographic variation in the feeding behavior of the garter snake Thamnophis elegans. Science 197; 676–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S.J. 1978, Some effects of early experience on feeding responses in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, Anim, Behav, 26; 455–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S.J. (in press). The microevolution of feeding behavior. In Foraging Behavior (A. Kamil, Ed, ). Garland STPM Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, E.S. and Burghardt, G.M. 1976. Learning and color discrimination in the American black bear. In Bears — Their Biology and Management (M. R. Pelton, J.W. Lentfer, and G.E. Folk, Eds.), pp. 27–36, IUCN, new series, No. 40, Morges, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beets, M.G.J. 1971. Olfactory response and molecular structure. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 4, Chemical Senses Part 1, Olfaction (L. M. Beidler, Ed.), pp. 257–321, Springer- Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissinger, B. E. and Simon. C A, 1979, Comparison of tongue extrusions in representatives of six families of lizards, J. Herpet. 13:133–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broman, I. 1920. Das organon vomero-nasale Jacobsoni-ein Wassergeruchsorgan, Anat, Hefte, Abt, 1, 58; 137–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G. M. 1966. Prey attack in naive snakes: A comparative and analytic study on the role of chemical perception. Unpublished Ph.D, dissertation. University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G. M, 1969, Comparative prey-attack studies in newborn snakes of the genus Thamnophis, Behaviour 33: 77–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G M, 1970a, Chemical perception in reptiles. In Communication by Chemical Signals (J. W. Johnston Jr., D. G. Moulton and A. Turk, Eds.), pp, 241–308, Appleton-Century- Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. 1970b. Intraspecific geographical variation in chemical food cue preferences of newborn garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), Behaviour 36: 246–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. 1975a. Behavioral research on common animals in small zoos. In Research in Zoos and Aquariums, pp. 103–133, National Academy of Sciences, Wash. D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. 1975b. Chemical prey preference polymorphism in newborn garter snakes Thamnophis sirtalis. Behaviour 52: 202–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. 1977a. Of iguanas and dinosaurs: Social behavior and communication in neonate reptiles. Am. Zool. 17: 177–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. 1977b. The ontogeny, evolution, and stimulus control of feeding in humans and reptiles. In The Chemical Senses and Nutrition, (M. R Kare and O. Mailer, Eds, ), pp, 253–275, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. and Abeshaheen J P, 1971, Responses to chemical stimuli of prey in newly hatched snakes of the genus Elaphe. Anim. Behav. 19: 486–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M. and Pruitt, C.H. 1975. Role of the tongue and senses in feeding of naive and experienced garter snakes. Physiol. Behav, 14; 185–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G.M., Wilcoxon, H.C, and Czaplicki J A, 1973, Conditioning in garter snakes; Aversion to palatable prey induced by delayed illness, Anim, Learn, Behav, 1: 317–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, C M, and Gregory, P.T. 1976. Can tongue flicks be used to measure niche sizes? Can. J. Zool. 54: 1389–1394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiszar, D., Carter, T., Knight, L., Simonson, L. and Taylor, S. 1976. Investigatory behavior in the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix) and several additional species. Anim. Learn. Behav. 4: 273–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claesson, A. and Silverstein, R.M. 1977. Chemical methodology in the study of mammalian communication. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (D. Müller-Schwarze and M.M. Mbzell, Eds.), pp. 71–93, Plenum, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A.C. 1960. Estimating the parameter in a conditional Poisson distribution. Biometrics 16: 203–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowles, R.B. and Phelan, R.L. 1958. Olfaction in rattlesnakes. Copeia 1958: 77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crews, D. 1976. Hormonal control of male courtship behavior and female attractivity in the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis). Horm. Behav. 7: 451–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curio, E. and Möbius, H. 1978. Versuche zum Nachweis eines Riechvermogens von Anolis 1. lineotopus (Rept., Iguanidae). Z. Tierpsychol. 47: 281–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFazio, A., Simon, C.A., Middendorf, G.A. and Romano, D. 1977. Iguanid substrate licking: A response to novel situations in Sceloporus jarrovi. Copeia 706–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine, M. 1977. Chemistry and source of sex-attractant pheromones and their role in mate discrimination by garter snakes. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Distel, H. 1978. Behavioral responses to the electrical stimulation of the brain in the green iguana. In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards. (N. Greenberg and P.D. MacLean, Eds.), pp. 135–147, NIMH, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, H.M. 1979. Stimulus control of amphibious prédation in the northern water snake (Nerodia s. sipedon). Z. Tierpsychol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvall, D. In press. Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) chemical signals. I. Conspecific discriminations and release of a species-typical visual display. J. Exp. Zool.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvall, D., Herskowitz, R. and Trupiano, J. Responses of five- lined skinks (Enmeces fasciatus) and ground skinks (Scincella lateralis) to conspecific and interspecific chemical cues. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T., Cowner, W.E., Hicks, K., Dodge, K.R., Rosenberg, H.I., Jones, T.H., Cohen, M., and Meinwald, J. 1977. Stink of stinkpot turtle identified: w-Phenylalkanoic acids. Science 196: 1347–1349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estes, R.D. 1972. The role of the vomeronasal organ in mammalian reproduction. Mammalia 36: 315–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, G.W. 1966. Releasers of courtship and territorial behavior in the side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana. Anim. Behav. 14: 89–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A., Vaccarino, F., Tambosso, L. and Chee, P. 1979. Vomeronasal and olfactory system modulation of maternal behavior in the rat. Science 203: 372–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, J.L. and Burghardt, G.M. 1971. Effects of early experience on the responses of garter snakes to food chemicals. Learn. Motiv. 2: 271–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gove, D. 1978. The form, variation and evolution of tongue-flicking in reptiles. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gove, D, and Burghardt, G. M. 1975. Responses of ecologically dissimilar populations of the water snake, Natrix js. sipedon, to chemical cues from prey. J. Chem. Ecol. 1: 25–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graziadei, P.P.C. 1977. Functional anatomy of the mammalian chemoreceptor system. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (D. Muller-Schwarze and M.M. Mozell, Eds.), pp. 435–454, Plenum, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graziadei, P.P.C. and Tucker, D. 1970. Vomeronasal receptors in turtles. Z. Zellforsch. 105: 498–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, N. 1978. Ethological considerations in the experimental study of lizard behavior. In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards (N. Greenberg and P.D. MacLean, Eds.), pp. 203–226, NIMH, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hainer, R.M. 1964. Some suggested critical experiments in olfactory theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 116: 477–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, M. 1976. The efferent connections of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb in the snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamnophis radix, J. Morphol. 150: 553–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, M. and Frumin, N. 1979. Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory system in prey attack and feeding in adult garter snakes. Physiol. Behav. 22:1183–1189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahmann, H. 1932. Sinnesphysiologische Studien an Reptilien I. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das Jakobson ‘sehe Organ der Eidechsen und Schlangen. Zoologisches Jahrbuch 51: 173–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolnberger, I, and Altner, H, 1971, Ciliary-structure precursor bodies as stable constituents in the sensory cells of the vomero-nasal organ of reptiles and mammals, Z, Zellforsch. 118: 254–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kowell A P. 1974. The olfactory and accessory olfactory bulbs in constricting snakes: Neuroanatomic and behavioral considerations. Unpublished Ph.D, dissertation. University of Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubie J L. 1977. The role of the vomeronasal organ in garter snake prey trailing and courtship. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. School of Graduate Studies, Dovnstate Medical Center, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, J.L., Cohen, J. and Halpern M. 1978. Shedding enhances the sexual attractiveness of Oestradiol treated garter snakes and their untreated penmates. Anim. Behav. 26: 562–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, J.L. and Halpern M. 1978. Garter snake trailing behavior: effects of varying prey-extract concentration and mode of prey-extract presentation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 92: 362–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, J.L. and Halpern M. 1979. Chemical senses involved in garter snake prey trailing. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, J.L., Vagvolgyi, A. and Halpern, M. 1979. Roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in courtship behavior of miale garter snakes. J. Comp. Physiol. Phychol. 93: 648–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, P. 1971. Structure and function of higher olfaction centers. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 4, Chemical Senses. Part 1 Olfaction (L. M. Beidler, Ed.). pp. 182–204, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madison, D.M. 1977. Chemical communication in amphibians and reptiles. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (D. miler- Schwarze and M.M. Mozell, Eds.), pp. 135–168, Plenum, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, S.B. 1972. The evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins. Evol. Biol. 6: 191–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, M. and Burghardt, G.M. 1978. Electrophysiological studies of the tongue and accessory olfactory bulb in garter snakes. Physiol. Behav. 21: 1001–1008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulton, D.G. and Beidler, L.M. 1967. Structure and function in the peripheral olfactory system. Physiol. Rev. 47: 1–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. 1971. Vergleichende elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen an den Sinnesepithelien des Jacobsonschen Organs und der Nase von Amphibien (Rana), Reptilien (Lacerta) und Säugetieren (Mus). Z. Vergl. Physiol. 72: 370–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mushinsky, H.R. and Lötz, K.H. (Submitted), Responses of two sympatric water snakes to the extracts of commonly ingested prey species: Ontogenetic and ecological considerations, J. Chem. Ecol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mykytowycz, R. 1977. Olfaction in relation to reproduction in domestic animals. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. (D. Mliller-Schwarze and M.M. Mbzell, Eds.), pp. 207–224, Plenum, N.Y

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble G K, 1937, The sense organs involved in the courtship of Storeria, Thamnophis» and other snakes. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 73: 673–725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, G.K. and Clausen, H.J. 1936. The aggregation behavior of Storeria dekayi and other snakes with especial reference to the sense organs involved. Ecol. Monogr, 6: 269–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northcutt, R.G. 1978. Forebrain and midbrain organization in lizards and its phylogenetic significance. In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards (Greenberg, N. and MacLean, P.D., Eds.), pp. 11–64, NIMH, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T.S. 1970. The nose and Jacobson‘s organ. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 2 Morphology B. (C. Gans and T.S. Parsons, Eds.), pp. 99–191, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, T.S. 1971. Anatomy of nasal structures from a comparative viewpoint. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. 4 Chemical Senses, Part 1 Olfaction (L.M. Beidler, Ed.). pp. 1–26, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, A. 1945. The sense of smell in snakes. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 45: 507–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R.H. and Czaplicki, J.A. 1974. Responses of water snakes (Natrix £. rhombifera) and garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) to chemical cues. Anim. Learn. Behav. 2: 129–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, J.B. and Winans, S.S. 1975. Vomeronasal organ: Critical role in mediating sexual behavior of the male hamster. Science 187: 961–963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W.B. 1977. Structure and function of skin glands. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates (D. Müller-Schwarze and M.M. Mozell, Eds.), pp. 1–16, Plenum Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross Jr. P.and Crews D. 1978. Stimuli influencing mating behavior in the garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4: 133–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, Jr., P. and Crews, D. 1977. Influence of the seminal plug on mating behaviour in the garter snake. Nature 267: 344–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield, L.P., Law, J.H. and Burghardt, G.M. 1968. On the nature of chemical food sign stimuli for newborn snakes. Comm. Behav. Biol. Part A, 2: 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw -Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D. 1963. Olfactory, vomeronasal and trigeminal receptor responses to odorants. In Olfaction and Taste (Y. Zotterman, Ed.). pp. 45–69, Pergamon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, D. 1971. Nonolfactory responses from the nasal cavity: Jacobson‘s Organ and the trigeminal system. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. 4 Chemical Senses. Part 1 Olfaction (L.M. Beidler, Ed.). pp. 151–181, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verberne, G. 1970. Beobachtungen und Versuche über das Flehmen katzenartiger Raubtiere. Z. Tierpsychol. 27: 807–827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verberne, G. 1976. Chemocommunication among domestic cats, mediated by the olfactory and vomeronasal senses. II The relation between the function of Jacobson‘s organ (vomeronasal organ) and Flehmen behaviour. Z, Tierpsychol, 42: 113–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R.T. and Halpern, M. In press. Light and electron microscopic observations on the normal structure of the vomeronasal organ of garter snakes, J, Morphol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weldon, P.J. and Burghardt, G.M. 1979. The ophlophage defensive response In crotallne snakes: Extension to new taxa. J. Chem. Ecol. 5: 141–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, W.S. 1938. The role of Jacobson’s organ In the feeding reaction of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linn.). J. Exp. Zool. 77: 445–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winans, S.S. and Powers, J.B. 1977. Olfactory, and vomeronasal deafferentation of male hamsters: Histological and behavioral analysis. Brain Res. 126: 325–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Burghardt, G.M. (1980). Behavioral and Stimulus Correlates of Vomeronasal Functioning in Reptiles: Feeding, Grouping, Sex, and Tongue Use. In: Müller-Schwarze, D., Silverstein, R.M. (eds) Chemical Signals. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1027-3_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1027-3_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1029-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1027-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics