Skip to main content

Physiological Role of Somatostatin in Regulation of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion

  • Chapter
Somatostatin

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 188))

Abstract

Regulation of the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, in general, and growth hormone (GH), in particular, is achieved by the remarkably complex interaction of neural and feedback regulatory components. It is now generally recognized that central nervous system (CNS) control of GH secretion occurs by way of the intricate interplay of at least two hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones — one stimulatory, a GH-releasing factor, GRF, and one inhibitory, a GH-release inhibiting factor, somatostatin. The objective of this chapter is to review our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms for the control of GH secretion, with particular emphasis on the physiological role of somatostatin in GH regulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Quabbe HJ, Schilling E, Helge H 1966 Pattern of growth hormone secretion during a 24-hour fast in normal adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26: 1173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Takahashi Y, Kipnis DM, Daughaday WH 1968 Growth hormone secretion during sleep. J Clin Invest 47: 2079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Parker DC, Rossman LG 1973 Physiology of human growth hormone release in sleep. In: Scow RO (ed) Endocrinology. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, p 655.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jacoby JH, Sassin JF, Greenstein M, Weitzman ED 1974 Patterns of spontaneous cortisol and growth hormone secretion in rhesus monkeys during the sleep-wake cycle. Neuroendocrinology 14: 165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. McIntyre HB, Odell WD 1974 Physiological control of growth hormone in the rabbit. Neuroendocrinology 16: 8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chamley WA, Fell LR, Alford FP, Goding JR 1975 Twenty-four hour secretory profiles of ovine prolactin and growth hormone. J Endocrinol 61: 165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tannenbaum GS, Martin JB 1976 Evidence for an endogenous ultradian rhythm governing growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 98: 562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Tannenbaum GS, Martin JB, Colle E 1976 Ultradian growth hormone rhythm in the rat: effects of feeding, hyperglycemia, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Endocrinology 99: 720.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Miller JD, Tannenbaum GS, Colle E, Guyda HJ 1982 Daytime pulsatile growth hormone secretion during childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Reichlin S 1960 Growth and the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 67: 760.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Frohman LA, Bernardis LL 1968 Growth hormone and insulin levels in weanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology 82: 1125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Martin JB, Renaud LP, Brazeau P 1974 Pulsatile growth hormone secretion: suppression by hypothalamic ventromedial lesions and by long-acting somatostatin. Science 186: 538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Frohman LA, Bernardis LL, Kant KJ 1968 Hypothalamic stimulation of growth hormone secretion. Science 162: 580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Martin JB 1972 Plasma growth hormone (GH) response to hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic electrical stimulation. Endocrinology 91: 107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rice RW, Critchlow V 1976 Extrahypothalamic control of stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 99: 970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Willoughby JO, Martin JB 1978 Pulsatile growth hormone secretion: inhibitory role of medial preoptic area. Brain Res 148: 240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mitchell JA, Hutchins M, Schindler WJ, Critchlow V 1973 Increases in plasma growth hormone concentration and naso-anal length in rats following isolation of the medial basal hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 12: 161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Willoughby JO, Terry LC, Brazeau P, Martin JB 1977 Pulsatile growth hormone, prolactin, and thyrotropin secretion in rats with hypothalamic deafferentation. Brain Res 127: 137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Martin JB, Tannenbaum GS, Willoughby JO, Renaud LP, Brazeau P 1975 Functions of the central nervous system in regulation of pituitary GH secretion. In: Motta M, Crosignani PG, Martini L (eds) Hypothalamic Hormones. Chemistry, Physiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Uses. Academic Press, New York, p 217.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Martin JB, Kontor J, Mead P 1973 Plasma GH responses to hypothalamic, hippocampal and amygdaloid electrical stimulation: Effects of variation in stimulus parameters and treatment with u-methyl-p-tyrosine (a-MT). Endocrinology 92: 1354.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Eikelboom R, Tannenbaum GS 1983 Effects of obesity-inducing ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on pulsatile growth hormone and insulin secretion: evidence for the existence of a growth hormone-releasing factor. Endocrinology 112: 212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Terry LC, Epelbaum J, Martin JB 1981 Monosodium glutamate: acute and chronic effects on rhythmic growth hormone and prolactin secretion, and somatostatin in the undisturbed male rat. Brain Res 217: 129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Millard WJ, Martin JB Jr, Audet J, Sagar SM, Martin JB 1982 Evidence that reduced growth hormone secretion observed in monosodium glutamate-treated rats is the result of a deficiency in growth hormone releasing factor. Endocrinology 110: 540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Alpert LC, Brawer JR, Patel YC, Reichlin S 1976 Somatostatinergic neurons in anterior hypothalamus: Immunohistochemical localization. Endocrinology 98: 255.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bloch B, Brazeau P, Ling N, Bohlen P, Esch F, Wehrenberg WB, Benoit R, Bloom F, Guillemin R 1983 Immunohistochemical detection of growth hormone-releasing factor in brain. Nature 301: 607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Merchenthaler I, Vigh S, Schally AV, Petrusz P 1984 Immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone-releasing factor in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 114: 1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N, Butcher M, Rivier J, Guillemin R 1973 Hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179: 77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Martin JB, Brazeau P, Tannenbaum GS, Willoughby JO, Epelbaum J, Terry LC, Durand D 1978 Neuroendocrine organization of growth hormone regulation. In: Reichlin S, Baldessarini R, Martin JB (eds) The Hypothalamus. Raven Press, New York, p 329.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tannenbaum GS, Epelbaum J, Colle E, Brazeau P, Martin JB 1978 Antiserum to somatostatin reserves starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. Endocrinology 102: 1909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rorstad OP, Epelbaum J, Brazeau P, Martin JB 1979 Chromatographic and biological properties of immunoreactive somatostatin in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain regions of the rat. Endocrinology 105: 1083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ferland L, Labrie F, Jobin M, Arimura A, Schally AV 1976 Physiological role of somatostatin in the control of growth hormone and thyrotropin secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 68: 149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Steiner RA, Stewart JK, Barber J, Koerker D, Goodner CJ, Brown A, Illner P, Gale CC 1978 Somatostatin: a physiological role in the adolescent male baboon. Endocrinology 102: 1587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Schusdziarra V, Rouiller D, Arimura A, Unger RH 1978 Antisomatostatin serum increases levels of hormones from the pituitary and gut, but not from the pancreas. Endocrinology 103: 1956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Varner MA, Davis SL, Reeves JJ 1980 Temporal serum concentrations of growth hormone, thyrotropin, insulin, and glucagon in sheep immunized against somatostatin. Endocrinology 106: 1027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Terry LC, Martin JB 1981 The effects of lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain stimulation and somatostatin antiserum on pulsatile growth hormone secretion in freely behaving rats: evidence for a dual regulatory mechanism. Endocrinology 109: 622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Arimura A, Sato H, Dupont A, Nishi N, Schally AV 1975 Somatostatin: abundance of immunoreactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas. Science 189: 1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Patel YC, Reichlin S 1978 Somatostatin in hypothalamus, extra-hypothalamic brain, and peripheral tissues of the rat. Endocrinology 102: 523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Conlon JM, Zyznar E, Vale W, Unger RH 1978 Multiple forms of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in canine pancreas. FEBS Lett 94: 327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pradayrol L, Chayvialle JA, Carlquist M, Mutt V 1978 Isolation of a porcine intestinal peptide with C-terminal somatostatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 35: 701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Millar RP 1978 Somatostatin immunoreactive peptides of higher molecular weight in ovine hypothalamic extracts. Endocrinology 77: 429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Spiess J, Rivier J, Rodkey J, Bennett C, Vale W 1979 Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from pigeon pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 76: 2974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pradayrol L, Jörnvall H, Mutt V, Ribert A 1980 N-terminally extended somatostatin: the primary structure of somatostatin28. FEBS Lett 109: 55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Esch F, Böhlen P, Ling N, Benoit R, Brazeau P, Guillemin R 1980 Primary structure of ovine hypothalamic somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 77: 6827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schally AV, Huang W-Y, Chang RCC, Arimura A, Redding TW, Millar RP, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE 1980 Isolation and structure of prosomatostatin: a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 77: 4489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Brazeau P, Ling N, Esch F, Böhlen P, Benoit R, Guillemin R 1981 High biological activity of the synthetic replicates of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-25. Regul Peptides 1: 255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Meyers CA, Murphy WA, Redding TW, Coy DH, Schally AV 1980 Synthesis and biological actions of prosomatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 77: 6171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tannenbaum GS, Ling N, Brazeau P 1982 Somatostatin-28 is longer acting and more selective than somatostatin-14 on pituitary and pancreatic hormone release. Endocrinology 111: 101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kewley CF, Millar RP, Berman MC, Schally AV 1981 Depolarization-and ionophore-induced release of octacosa somatostatin from stalk median eminence synaptosomes. Science 213: 913.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Millar RP, Sheward WJ, Wegener I, Fink G 1983 Somatostatin-28 is an hormonally active peptide secreted into hypophysial portal blood. Brain Res 260: 334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Srikant CB, Patel YC 1981 Receptor binding of somatostatin-28 is tissue specific. Nature 294: 259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Jacovidou N, Patel YC Effects of in vivo immunoneutralization with specific somatostatin-28 antiserum on growth hormone secretory dynamics in the rat. Program of the Satellite Symposium on Somatostatin, Montreal, June 1984, A27 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tannenbaum GS, Rorstad 0, Brazeau P 1979 Effects of prolonged food deprivation on the ultradian growth hormone rhythm and immunoreactive somatostatin tissue levels in the rat. Endocrinology 104: 1733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tannenbaum GS 1981 Growth hormone secretory dynamics in streptozotocin diabetes: evidence of a role for endogenous circulating somatostatin. Endocrinology 108: 76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tannenbaum GS, Colle E, Gurd W, Wanamaker L 1981 Dynamic time-course studies of the spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar rat. I. Longitudinal profiles of plasma growth hormone, insulin, and glucose. Endocrinology 109: 1872.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Painson JC, Ling N, Tannenbaum GS Effects of intracellular glucopenia on pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion: mediation by GH-releasing factor (GRF) and somatostatin (SRIF). Program of the 7th International Congress of Endocrinology, Quebec City, July 1984, A1496 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Shapiro B, Berelowitz M, Pimstone BL, Kronheim S, Sheppard M 1979 Tissue and serum somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in fed, 15-h fasted, and 72-h-fasted rats. Diabetes 28: 182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Petersson B, Elde R, Efendic S, Hokfelt T, Johansson 0, Luft R, Cerasi E, Hellerstrom C 1977 Somatostatin in the pancreas, stomach and hypothalamus of the diabetic Chinese hamster. Diabetologia 13: 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Patel YC, Cameron DP, Bankier A, Malaisse-Lagae F, Ravazzola M, Studer P, Orci L 1978 Changes in somatostatin concentration in pancreas and other tissues of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Endocrinology 103: 917.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Berelowitz M, Shapiro B, Kronheim S 1979 Growth hormone release inhibitory hormone-like immunoreactivity in pancreas and gut in streptozotocin diabetes in the rat and response to insulin administration. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10: 195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Patel YC, Wheatley T, Malaisse-Lagae F, Orci L 1980 Elevated portal and peripheral blood concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in spontaneously diabetic ( BBL) Wistar rats. Diabetes 29: 757.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Tannenbaum GS, Colle E, Wanamaker L, Gurd W, Goldman H, Seemayer T 1981 Dynamic time-course studies of the spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar rat. II. Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-reactive cells in the pancreas. Endocrinology 109: 1880.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Schusdziarra V, Zyznar E, Rouiller D, Boden G, Brown JC, Arimura A, Unger RH 1980 Splanchnic somatostatin: a hormonal regulator of nutrient homeostasis. Science 207: 530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Terry LC, Willoughby JO, Brazeau P, Martin JB, Patel Y 1976 Antiserum to somatostatin prevents stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Science 192: 565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Arimura A, Smith WD, Schally AV 1976 Blockade of the stress-induced decrease in blood GH by anti-somatostatin serum in rats. Endocrinology 98: 540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg WB 1982 Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly. Science 218: 585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rivier J, Spiess J, Thorner M, Vale W 1982 Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour. Nature 300: 276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wehrenberg WB, Ling N, Brazeau P, Esch F, Böhlen P, Baird A, Ying S, Guillemin R 1982 Somatocrinin, growth hormone releasing factor, stimulates secretion of growth hormone in anesthetized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 109: 382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Thorner MO, Rivier J, Spiess J, Borges JLC, Vance ML, Bloom SR, Rogol AD, Cronin MJ, Kaiser DL, Evans WS, Webster JD, MacLeod RM, Vale W 1983 Human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor selectively stimulates growth hormone secretion in man. Lancet 1: 24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Böhlen P, Brazeau P, Bloch B, Ling N, Gaillard R, Guillemin R 1983 Human hypothalamic growth hormone releasing factor (GRF): evidence for two forms identical to tumor derived GRF-44-NH2 and GRF-40. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 114: 930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ling N, Esch F, Böhlen P, Brazeau P, Wehrenberg WB, Guillemin R 1984 Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of human hypothalamic somatocrinin: Growth hormone-releasing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 81: 4302.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Spiess J, Rivier J, Vale W 1983 Characterization of rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor. Nature 303: 532.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Tannenbaum GS, Eikelboom R, Ling N 1983 Human pancreas GH-releasing factor analog restores high-amplitude GH pulses in CNS lesion-induced GH deficiency. Endocrinology 113: 1173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Brazeau P, Ling N, Böhlen P, Esch F, Ying S-Y, Guillemin R 1982 Growth hormone releasing fctor, somatocrinin, releases pituitary growth hormone in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 79: 7909.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Vale W, Vaughan J, Yamamoto G, Spiess J, Rivier J 1983 Effects of synthetic human pancreatic (tumor) GH releasing factor and somatostatin, triiodothyronine and dexamethasone on GH secretion in vitro. Endocrinology 112: 1553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tannenbaum GS, Ling N 1984 The interrelationship of growth hormone ( GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology 115: 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Leung FC, Taylor JE 1983 In vivo and in vitro stimulation of growth hormone release in chickens by synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRFs). Endocrinology 113: 1913.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Chihara K, Minamitani N, Kaji H, Kodama H, Kita T, Fujita T 1983 Human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor stimulates release of growth hormone in conscious unrestrained male rabbits. Endocrinology 113: 2081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Almeida OFX, Schulte HM, Rittmaster RS, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Merriam GR 1984 Potency and specificity of a growth hormone-releasing factor in a primate and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58: 309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ohmura E, Jansen A, Chernick V, Winter J, Friesen HG, Rivier J, Vale W 1984 Human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRF-1–40) stimulates GH release in the ovine fetus. Endocrinology 114: 299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rosenthal SM, Schriock EA, Kaplan SL, Guillemin R, Grumbach MM 1983 Synthetic human pancreas growth hormone-releasing factor (hpGRF1–44-NH2) stimulates growth hormone secretion in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57: 677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wehrenberg WB, Ling N, Böhlen P, Esch F, Brazeau P, Guillemin R 1982 Physiological roles of somatocrinin and somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Bioche:n Biophys Res Commun 109: 562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Yamashita H, Koizumi K, Brooks CM 1979 Rhythmic patterns of discharge in hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of cats and dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 76: 6684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Krulich L, McCann SM 1966 Influences of growth hormone ( GH) on content of GH in the pituitaries of normal rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121: 1114.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Muller E, Pecile A 1966 Influence of exogenous growth hormone on endogenous growth hormone release. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122: 1289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. MacLeod RM, DeWitt GW, Smith MC 1968 Suppression of pituitary gland hormone content by pituitary tumor hormones. Endocrinology 82: 889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Sakuma M, Knobil E 1970 Inhibition of endogenous growth hormone secretion by exogenous growth hormone infusion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 86: 890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Abrams RL, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL 1971 The effect of administration of human growth hormone on the plasma growth hormone, cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acid response to insulin: evidence for growth hormone autoregulation in man. J Clin Invest 50: 940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hagen TC, Lawrence AM, Kirsteins L 1972 Autoregulation of growth hormone secretion in normal subjects. Metabolism 21: 603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tannenbaum GS 1980 Evidence for autoregulation of growth hormone secretion via the central nervous system. Endocrinology 107: 2117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Willoughby JO, Menadue M, Zeegers P, Wise PH, Oliver JR 1980 Effects of human growth hormone on the secretion of rat growth hormone. J Endoerinol 86: 115.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Abe H, Molitch ME, Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE 1983 Human growth hormone and somatomedin C suppress the spontaneous release of growth hormone in unanesthetized rats. Endocrinology 113: 1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Phillips LS, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R 1980 Somatomedins. New Eng J Med 302:371; ibid: 438.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Daughaday WH, Hall K, Raben MS, Salmon WD Jr, Van den Brande JL, Van Wyk JJ 1972 Somatomedin: A proposed designation for the “sulfation factor.” Nature 235: 107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Zapf J, Rinderknecht E, Humbel RE, Froesch EF 1978 Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) from human serum: recent accomplishments and their physiologic implications. Metabolism 27: 1803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Tannenbaum GS, Guyda HJ, Posner BI 1983 Insulin-like growth factors: a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation via brain. Science 220: 77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Tsushima T, Friesen HG, Chang TW, Raben MS 1974 Studies by radioreceptor assay ( RRA) of a factor with growth hormone-like activity in incubation media of spargana of Spirometra mansonoides. Endocrinology 94: A69.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Garland JT, Daughaday WH 1972 Feedback inhibition of pituitary growth hormone in rats infected with Spirometra mansonoides. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 139: 497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Laron Z, Pertzelan A, Karp M, Kowadlo-Silbergold A, Daughaday WH 1971 Administration of growth hormone to patients with familial dwarfism with high plasma immunoreactive growth hormone: measurement of sulfation factor, metabolic and linear growth responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33: 332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hintz RL, Suskind R, Amatayakul K, Thanangkul 0, Olson R 1978 Plasma somatomedin and growth hormone values in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. J Pediatr 92: 153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Richman RA, Weiss JP, Hochberg Z, Florini JR 1981 Regulation of growth hormone release: evidence against negative feedback in rat pituitary cells. Endocrinology 108: 2287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Goodyer CG, De Stephano L, Guyda HJ, Posner BI 1984 Effects of insulin-like growth factors on adult male rat pituitary function in tissue culture. Endocrinology 115: 1568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Baker BL, Yen Y-Y 1976 The influence of hypophysectomy on the stores of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and pituitary stem. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 151: 599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Hoffman DL, Baker BL 1977 Effect of treatment with growth hormone on somatostatin in the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 156: 265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wakabayashi I, Demura R, Kanda M, Demura H, Shizume K 1976 Effect of hypophysectomy on hypothalamic somatostatin content in rats. Endocrinol Japon 23: 439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fernandez-Durango R, Arimura A, Fishback J, Schally AV 1978 Hypothalamic somatostatin and LH-RH after hypophysectomy, in hyper-or hypothyroidism, and during anesthesia in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Patel YC 1979 Growth hormone stimulates hypothalamic somatostatin. Life Sci 24: 1589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sheppard MC, Kronheim S, Pimstone BL 1978 Stimulation by growth hormone of somatostatin release from the rat hypothalamus in vitro. Clin Endocrinol 9: 583.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Berelowitz M, Firestone SL, Frohman LA 1981 Effects of growth hormone excess and deficiency on hypothalamic somatostatin content and release and on tissue somatostatin distribution. Endocrinology 109: 714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Chihara K, Minamitani N, Kaji H, Arimura A, Fujita T 1981 Intraventricularly injected growth hormone stimulates somatostatin release into rat hypophysial portal blood. Endocrinology 109: 2279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Berelowitz M, Szabo M, Frohman LA, Firestone S, Chu L, Hintz RL 1981 Somatomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Science 212: 1279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Brazeau P, Guillemin R, Ling N, Van Wyk J, Humbel R 1982 Inhibition par le somatomédines de la sécretion de l’hormone de croissance stimulée par le facteur hypothalamique somatocrinine ( GRF) ou le peptide de synthèse hpGRF. C R Seances Acad Sci (Paris) 295: 651.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Goodyer CG, De Stephano L, Lai WH, Guyda HJ, Posner BI 1984 Characterization of insulin-like growth factor receptors in rat anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain. Endocrinology 114: 1187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Rosenfeld RG, Ceda G, Wilson DM, Dollar LA, Hoffman AR 1984 Characterization of high affinity receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II on rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocrinology 114: 1571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sara VR, Hall K, Von Holtz H, Humbel R, Sjogren B, Wetterberg L 1982 Evidence for the presence of specific receptors for insulin-like growth factors I(IGF-I) and 2(IGF-2) and insulin throughout the adult human brain. Neurosci Lett 34: 39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Haselbacher G, Humbel R 1982 Evidence for two species of insulin-like growth factor II ( IGF II and “big” IGF II) in human spinal fluid. Endocrinology 110: 1822.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lumpkin MD, Negro-Vilar A, McCann SM 1981 Paradoxical elevation of growth hormone by intraventricular somatostatin: possible ultrashort-loop feedback. Science 211: 1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tannenbaum GS 1984 Growth hormone-releasing factor: direct effects on growth hormone, glucose, and behavior via the brain. Science 226: 464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Renaud LP 1978 Neurophysiological organization of the endocrine hypothalamus. In: Reichlin S, Baldessarini RJ, Martin JB (eds) The Hypothalamus. Raven Press, New York, p 329.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Motta M, Franschini F, Martini L 1969 “Short” feedback mechanisms in the control of anterior pituitary function. In: Ganong WF, Martini L (eds) Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Oxford University Press, New York, p 211.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tannenbaum, G.S. (1985). Physiological Role of Somatostatin in Regulation of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion. In: Patel, Y.C., Tannenbaum, G.S. (eds) Somatostatin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 188. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7886-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7886-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7888-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7886-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics