Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Omega-3s and Immune/Inflammatory Responses

  • Chapter
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health

Abstract

The effects of consuming ω3FA extend beyond changes in plasma lipids, blood clotting factors, and alterations in membrane composition and function. The presence of ω3FA in cell membranes influences the entire gamut of eicosanoid metabolism with results occurring in systems as diverse as blood vessel walls, immune cells, skin, lungs, joints, kidneys, pancreas, and a variety of blood cells. Eicosanoids are involved in atherosclerosis, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, psoriasis, tumors, inflammatory conditions, septic shock, and possibly cancer (Simopoulos et al. 1991). To grasp the extent of such effects, an overview of eicosanoids and their actions is useful.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abeywardena, M. Y. H., McLennan, P.L., and Charnock, J.S. 1991. Differential effects of dietary fish oil on myocardial prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane A2 production. A. J. Physiol. 260 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 29):H379–H385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, W.S., Stevenson, J.R., and Garrido, R. 1988. The effect of an orally active leukotriene (LT)D4 antagonist WY-48,252 on LTD4 and antigen-induced bronchoconstrictions in allergic sheep. Prostaglandins 35:733–745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adam, O., Wolfram, G., and Zollner, N. 1982. Prostaglandin formation in man during intake of different amounts of linoleic acid in formula diets. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 26:315–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, G.D. and Lichtenstein, L.M. 1977. Antagonism of antigen-induced contraction of guinea pig and human airways. Nature 270:255–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahnfelt-Ronne, I., Neusen, O.H., Christensen, A., Langholz, E., Binder, V., andRiis, P. 1990. Clinical evidence supporting the radical scavenge mechanism of 5-aminosalicyclic acid. Gastroenterology 98:1162–1169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, B.R. 1991. Fish oil in combination with other therapies in the treatment of psoriasis. In: Health Effects of ω5 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods, A.P. Simopoulos, R.R. Kifer, R.E. Martin, and S.M. Barlow, eds. Basel: Karger, pp. 436–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, B.R. and Littlewood, S.M. 1982. Benoxaprofen: Effect on cutaneous lesions of psoriasis. Br. Med. J. 285:1241–1244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allgayer, H., Deschryver, K., and Stenson, W.F. 1989. Treatment with 16,16′-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 before and after induction of colitis with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in rats decreases inflammation. Gastroenterology 96:1290–1300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G.J. and Connor, W.E. 1989. On the demonstration of ω-3 essential-fatty-acid deficiency in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49:585–587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1992. Fish oil consumption influences mortality rates of mice challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Nutr. Rev. 50:173–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anti, M., Marra, G., Armelao, F., Bartoli, G.M., Ficarelli, R., Percesepe, A., De Vitis, I., Maria, G., Sofo, L., Rapaccini, G.L., Gentiloni, N., Piccioni, E., and Miggiano, G. 1992. Effect of ω-3 fatty acids on rectal mucosal proliferation in subjects at risk for colon cancer. Gastroenterology 103:883–891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. 1988. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. Br. Med. J. 296:320–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki, H. and Lefer, A.M. 1980. Role of prostacyclin in the preservation of ishcaemic myocardial tissue in the perfused rat heart. Circ. Res. 47:757–763.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, C.B., Page, C.P., Morley, J., and MacDonald, D.M. 1985. Accumulation of inflammatory cells in response to intracutaneous platelet activating factor (PAF-acether) in man. Br. J. Dermatol. 112:285–290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arm, J.P., Horton, C.E., House, F., Clark, T.J.H., Spur, B.W., and Lee, T.H. 1988. Enhanced generation of leukotriene B4 by neutrophils stimulated by unopsonized zymosan and by calcium ionophore after exercise-induced asthma. Am. J. Resp. Dis. 138:47–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan, A. and Triadafilopoulos, G. 1992. Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 87:432–437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bach, J.-F. 1989. Cyclosporine in autoimmune diseases. Transplant. Proc. 21 (suppl. 1):97–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P.J. and Fan Chung, K. 1987. PAF closely mimics pathology of asthma. TIPS 81:285–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, N.C. and Piper, P.J. 1986. The actions of leukotrienes in human lung in vitro and in vivo. In: The Leukotrienes: Their Biological Significance, P.J. Piper, ed. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P.J., Chung, K.F., and Page, C.P. 1988. Inflammatory mediators and asthma. Pharmacol. Rev. 40:49–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basnayake, V. and Sinclair, H.M. 1954. Skin permeability in deficiency of essential fatty acids. J. Physiol. 126:55P–56P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baud, L., Sraer, J., Perez, J., Nivez, M.P., and Ardaillou, R. 1985. Leukotriene C4 binds to human glomerular epithelial cells and promotes their proliferation in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 76:374–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bel, E.H., Tanaka, W., Spector, R., Friedman, B., Veen, H. V. D., Kijkman, J.H., and Sterk, P.J. 1990. MK-886, an effective oral leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor on antigen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions in man. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141: A31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belch, J. 1990. Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: Does a herring a day keep rheumatologists away? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 49:71–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belch, J.J.F., Ansell, D., Madhok, R., O’Dowd, A., and Sturrock, R.D. 1988. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A double blind placebo controlled study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 47:96–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, A., German, J.B., Chiang, B.-L., Ansari, A.A., Keen, C.L., Fletcher, M.P., and Gershwin, M.E. 1993. Influence of feeding unsaturated fats on growth and immune status of mice. J. Nutr. 123:225–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, G., Maier, K.E., and Klotz, U. 1988. Enhanced synthesis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by colonic mucosa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, R.P. MacDermott, ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisgaard, H. and Pedersen, M. 1983. SRS-A dampens the activity of human cilia. Fed. Proc. 42:1381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisgaard, H., Kristensen, J., and Sondergaard, J. 1982. The effect of leukotriene C4 and D4 on cutaneous blood flow in humans. Prostaglandins 23:797–801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bittiner, S.B., Tucker, S.F.G., Cartwright, I., and Bleehen, S.S. 1988. A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet i:78–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G.E.-A., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C.A. 1989. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atompic dermatitis. J. Int. Med. 225 (suppl. l):233–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorneboe, A., Kleymeyer-Smith, A., Bjorneboe, G.E.-A., Thune, P.O., and Drevon, C.A. 1988. Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 118:77–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorneboe, A., Soyland, E., Bjorneboe, G.E.-A., Rajka, G., and Drevon, C.A. 1987. Effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 117:463–469.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black, K.L. 1984. Leukotrienes C4 induced vasogenic cerebral edema in rats. Prost. Leuko. Med. 14:339–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonta, I.L., Bult, H., Vincent, J.E., and Zijlstra, F.J. 1977. Acute anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin and dexamethasone in rats deprived of endogenous prostaglandin precursors. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29:1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bos, J.D. 1988. The pathomechanisms of psoriasis; the skin immune system and cyclosporin. Br. J. Dermatol. 118:141–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreau, M.D., Chanmugam, P.S., Hart, S.B., Lee, S.H., and Hwang, D.H. 1991. Lack of dose response by dietary n-3 fatty acids at a constant ration of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in suppressing eicosanoid biosynthesis from arachidonic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:111–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boughton-Smith, N.K., Hawkey, C.J., and Whittle, B.J.R. 1984. Biosynthesis of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products from 14C-arachidonic acid by human colonic mucosa. Gut 24:1176–1182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouschey, H.A., Holtzman, M.J., Sheller, J.R., and Nadel, H.A. 1980. Bronchial hyperreactivity. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 121:389–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S.D. and Williams, T.J. 1990. Leukotrienes and inflammation. Pharmacol. Ther. 46:57–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S.D., Camp, R. D. R., Dowd, P.M., Black, A.K., Woollard, P.M., Mallet, A.I., and Greaves, M.W. 1982. Psoriasis and leukotriene B4. Lancet ii:762–763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S.D., Camp, R. D. R., Dowd, P.M., Kobza Black, A., and Greaves, M.W. 1984. The release of leukotriene B4-like material in biologically active amounts from the lesional skin of patients with psoriasis. J. Invest. Derm. 83:70–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S.D., Camp, R. D. R., Dowd, P.M., Kobza Black, A., Greaves, M.W., Ford-Hutchinson, A.W., and Charleson, S. 1985. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 in psoriatic skin lesions. Prostaglandins 29:611–619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandtzaeg, P., Valnes, K., Scott, H., Rognum, T.O., Bjerke, K., and Baklien, K. 1985. The human gastrointestinal secretory immune system in health and disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 20 (suppl. 114): 17–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, M.A., Cunningham, F.M., Ford-Hutchinson, A.W., and Smith, M. J. H. 1981. Leukotriene B4: A mediator of vascular permeability. Br. J. Pharmacol. 72:483–486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach, S.M. 1993. The skin immune system and psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 91:343–345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, J., Hanley, S., and Tattersfield, A. 1987. Effect of an oral leukotriene D4 antagonist on the response to inhaled antigen in asthma. Adv. Prost., Thromboxane, Leuko. Res. 17:1003–1006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocklehurst, W.E. 1953. Occurrence of an unidentified substance during anaphylactic shock in cavy lung. J. Physiol. 120:16P–17P.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton, K.S., Whelan, J., Hardardottir, I., and Kinsella, J.E. 1991. Effect of increasing the dietary (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on murine liver and peritoneal cell fatty acids and eicosanoid formation. J. Nutr. 121:155–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J.A., Levi, R., Guo, Z.-G., and Corey, E.J. 1982. Leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4: Effects on human and guinea-pig cardiac preparation in vitro. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221:235–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burr, G.O. and Burr, M.M. 1929. A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem. 82:345–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J.L. 1989. Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory skin disease. Lancet i:27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp, R. D. R., Coutts, A.A., Greaves, M.W., Kay, A.B., and Walport, M.J. 1983a. Responses of human skin to intradermal injection of leukotrienes C4, D4 and B4. Br. J. Pharmacol. 80:497–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camp, R. D. R., Fincham, H.J., Cunningham, F.M., Greaves, M.W., Morris, J., and Chu, J. 1986. Psoriatic skin lesions contain biologically active amounts of an interleukin-1 like compound. J. Immunol. 137:3469–3474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camp, R. D. R., Mallet, A.I., Wollard, P.M., Brain, S.D., Kobza Black, A., and Greaves, M.W. 1983b. The identification of hydroxy fatty acids in psoriatic skin. Prostaglandins 26:431–447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camp, R. D. R., Russell Jones, R., Brain, S., Woollard, P., and Greaves, M.W. 1984. Production of intraepidermal microabscesses by topical application of leukotriene B4. J. Invest. Derm. 82:202–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, J.K., McDonald, B.E., Gerrard, J.M., Bruce, V.M., Weaver, B.J., and Holub, B.J. 1993. Effect of dietary α-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids 28:811–817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, R.K. 1986. Nutrition and Immunity. New York: Allan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, H.R., Dulloo, A.G., Vladolianu, LR., Piguet, P.F., Arsenijevic, D., Girardier, L., and Pechere, J.C. 1992. Fish oil decreases natural resistance of mice to infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Metabolism 41:1–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapkin, R.S., Ziboh, V.A., and McCullough, J.L. 1987. Dietary influences of evening primrose and fish oil on the skin of essential fatty acid-deficient guinea pigs. J. Nutr. 117:1360–1370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charo, I.F., Shak, S., Karasek, M.A., Davison, P.M., and Goldstein, I.M. 1984. Prostaglandin I2 is not a major metabolite of arachidonic acid in cultured endothelial cells from human foreskin microvessels. J. Clin. Invest. 74:914–919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowaniec, O., Jablonska, E.H., Beutner, M., Proniewska, M., Jarzabek-Charzelska, and Rzesa, G. 1981. Earliest clinical and histological changes in psoriasis. Dermatologica 163:42–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claesson, H.E., Dahlberg, N., and Gahrton, G. 1985. Stimulation of human myelopoiesis by leukotriene B4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 131:579–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, L.G., French, J.K., Betts, W.H., Murphy, G. A., and Elliott, M.J. 1988. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish-oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 15:1471–1475.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloud, M., Enas, G., Kemp, J., Platts-Mills, T., Altman, L.C., Townley, R., Tinkelman, D., King, T., Middleton, E., Sheffer, A., and McFadden, E.R. 1987. Efficacy and safety of LY 171883 in patients with mild chronic asthma. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol. 79:256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloud, M., Enas, G., Kemp, J., Platts-Mills, T., Altman, L.C., Townley, R., Tinkelman, D., King, T., Middleton, E., Sheffer, A., McFadden, E.R., and Farlow, D.S. 1989. A specific LTD4/LTE4-receptor antagonist improves pulmonary function in patients with mild, chronic asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 140:1336–1339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M.M. 1985. Biological Protection with Prostaglandins, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collawn, C., Rubin, P., Perez, N., Reyes, E., Bobadilla, J., Cabrera, G., Moran, M.A., and Kershenobich, D. 1989. Experimental use of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (Abbott-64077) in human ulcerative colitis (UC). Am. J. Gastroenterol. 184:1187A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cominelli, F., Nast, C.C., Dinarello, C.A., Gentilini, P., and Zipser, R.D. 1989. Regulation of eicosanoid production in rabbit colon by interleukin-1. Gastroenterology 97:1400–1405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corey, E.J., Shih, C., and Cashman, J.R. 1983. Docosahexaenoic acid is a strong inhibitor of prostaglandin but not leukotriene biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:3581–3587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cromwell, O., Walport, M.J., Taylor, G.W., Morris, H.R., O’Driscoll, B. R. C, and Kay, A.B. 1982. Identification of leukotrienes in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis. In: Leukotrienes and Other Lipoxygenase Products, B. Samuelsson and R. Paoletti, eds. New York: Raven Press, pp. 251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, S.-E., Bjork, J., Hedqvist, P., Afors, K.-E., Hammarstrom, S., Lindgren, J.A., and Samuelsson, B. 1981. Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: In vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:3887–3891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, S.-E., Hansson, G., Hedqvist, P., Bjorck, T., Granstrom, E., and Dahlen, B. 1983. Allergen challenge of lung tissue from asthmatics elicits bronchial contraction that correlates with the release of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1712–1716.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlen, S.-E., Hedqvist, P., Hammarstrom, S., and Samuelsson, B. 1980. Leukotrienes are potent constrictors of human bronchi. Nature 288:484–486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, A.B., McFadden, E.R., Drazen, J.M., Lee, T.M., Austen, K.F., and Corey, E.J. 1984. Bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotriene E in normal adults. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 129:A1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, E.M., Rae, S.A., and Smith, J.K. 1983. Leukotriene B4, a mediator of inflammation present in synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 43:677–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Monchy, J. G. R., Kauffman, H.F., Venge, P., Koeter, G.H., Jansen, H.M., Sleuter, H.J., and DeVries, K. 1985. Bronchoalveolar eosinophilia during allergen induced late asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 131:373–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dejana, E., Brevario, F., Erroi, A., Bussolino, F., Mussoni, L., Bramse, M., Fintucci, G., Casali, B., Dinarello, C.A., Van Damme, J., and Mantovani, A. 1987. Modulation of endothelial cell function by different molecular species of interleukin-1. Blood 69:695–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dembinska-Kiec, A., Simmet, T., and Peskar, B.A. 1984. Formation of leukotriene C4-like material by rat brain tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 99:57–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dequeker, J. and Rico, H. 1992. Rheumatoid arthritis-like deformities in an early 16th-century painting of the Flemish-Dutch school. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 268:249–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Schreijver, R. and Privett, O.S. 1982. Effects of dietary long-chain fatty acids on the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in the rat. J. Nutr. 112:619–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewsbury, C.E., Graham, P., and Darley, C.R. 1989. Topical eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the treatment of psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 120:581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giovine, F.S., Malawista, S.E., Nuki, G., and Duff, G.W. 1987. Interleukin 1 (IL 1) as a mediator of crystal arthritis: Stimulation of T cell and synovial fibroblast mitogenesis by urate crystal-induced IL 1. J. Immunol. 138:3213–3218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello, C.A. 1988. Biology of interleukin 1. FASEBJ. 2:108–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinarello, C.A., Bishai, I., Rosenwasser, J., and Coceani, F. 1984. The influence of lipoxygenase inhibitors on the in vitro production of human leukocytic pyrogen and lymphocyte activity factor (IL-1). Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1:43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drazen, J.M. and Austen K.F. 1987. Leukotrienes and airway responses. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 136:985–998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyling, K.W., Hoppe, U., Peskar, B.A., Morgenroth, K., Kozuscuek, W., and Peskar, B.M. 1986. Leukotriene synthesis by human gastrointestinal tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 878:184–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dry, J. and Vincent, D. 1991. Effect of a fish oil diet on asthma: Results of a 1-year double blind study. Int. Arch. Aller. Appl. Immunol. 95:156–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, S.K. and Kay, A.B. 1985. Eosinophils, bronchial hyperreactivity and late phase asthmatic reactions. Clin. Aller. 15:411–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyerberg, J. and Bang, H.O. 1978. Dietary fat and thrombosis. Lancet i:152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyerberg, J., Bang, H.O., Stoffersen, E., Moncada, S., and Vane, J.R. 1978. Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis? Lancet ii:117–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, S.B. and Konner, M. 1985. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and its implications. New Eng. J. Med. 312:283–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eimeri, J., Siren, A.-L., and Feuerstein, G. 1986. Regional vascular effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Am. J. Physiol. 251:H700–H709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, P.M. 1987. Plastic wrap revisited. The stratum corneum two-compartment model and its clinical implications. Arch. Dermatol. 123:1405–1406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, C.N., Fallon, J.D., Heezen, J.L., and Voorhees, J.J. 1983. Topical indomethacin exacerbates lesions of psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80:362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elzinga, L., Kelley, V.E., Houghton, D.C., and Bennett, W.M. 1987a. Fish oil vehicle for cyclosporin lowers renal thromboxanes and reduces experimental toxicity. Transplant. Proc. 19:1403–1406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elzinga, L., Kelley, V.E., Houghton, D.C., and Bennett, W.M. 1987b. Modification of experimental nephrotoxicity with fish oil as the vehicle for cyclosporin. Transplantation 43:271–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Kelley, V., Georgilis, K., Lonnemann, G., van der Meer, J. W. M., Cannon, J.G., Rogers, T.S., Klempner, M.S., Weber, P.C., Schaefer, E.J., Wolff, S.M., and Dinarello, C.A. 1989. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. New Eng. J. Med. 320:265–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J.M., Barnes, N.C., Piper, P.J., and Costello, J. 1988. The effect of a single dose of inhaled L-648,051 in mild asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25:112P–113P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J.F., LeBlanc, Y., FitzSimmons, B.J., Charleson, S., Nathaneil, D., and Leveille, C. 1987. Activation of leukocyte movement by 12 (R)- and 12 (S)-eicosatetraenoic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 917:406–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ezra, D., Feuerstein, G., Czaja, J.F., Laurindo, F. R. M., Finton, C.K., Yeh, G.C., and Goldstein, R.E. 1985. Unique coronary vasodilator production by leukotriene D4. Am. J. Physiol. 249:H698–H702.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, E.M., Nall, M.L., and Watson, W. 1974. Natural history of psoriasis in 61 twin pairs. Arch. Dermatol. 109:207–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, R.G., Michner, W.M., and Mortimer, E.A. 1980. Studies of family history among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinics Gastroenterol. 9:271–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, G., Friend, P., Yunis, E.J., and Good, R.A. 1978. Influence of dietary restriction on immunologic function and renal disease in NZB × NZW Fl mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1500–1504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreri, N.R., Howland, W.C., Stevenson, D.D., and Spielberg, H.L. 1988. Release of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and histamine into nasal secretions of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics during reaction to aspirin. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 137:847–854.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein, G. 1985. Autonomic pharmacology of leukotrienes. J. Auto. Pharmacol. 5:149–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein, G. and Hallenbeck, J.M. 1987. Leukotrienes in health and disease. FASEB J. 1:186–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fierlbeck, G., Rasser, G., and Muller, G. 1990. Psoriasis induced at injection site by recombinant gamma interferon. Arch. Dermatol. 126:351–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiocchi, C. 1990. Immune events associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 25 (suppl. 172):4–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firestein, G.S., Alvaro-Garcia, J., and Maki, R. 1990. Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 144:3347–3353.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firestein, G.S., Zu, W.-D., Townsend, K., Broide, D., Alvaro-Garcia, J., Glasebrook, A., and Zvaifler, N.J. 1988. Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. I. Failure to detect T cell lumphokines (interleukin 2 and interleukin 3) and presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and a novel mast cell growth factor in rheumatoid synovitis. J. Exp. Med. 168:1573–1586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, S. and Weber, P.C. 1983. Thromboxane A3 (TXA3) is formed in human platelets after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω-3). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 116:1091–1099.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, S. and Weber, P.C. 1984. Prostaglandin I3 is formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature 307:165–168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, S., von Schacky, C., Siess, W., Strasser, T., and Weber, P.C. 1984. Uptake, release and metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) in human platelets and neutrophils. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120:907–918.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, S., Weber, P.C., and Dyerberg, J. 1986. The prostacyclin/thromboxane balance is favourably shifted in Greenland Eskimos. Prostaglandins 32:235–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FitzGerald, G.A., Oates, J.A., Hawiger, J., Maas, R.L., Roberts, II L.J., and Brash, A.R. 1983. Endogenous biosynthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane and platelet function during chronic administration of aspirin in man. J. Clin. Invest. 71:676–688.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch, J.H., Rinkema, L.E., Whitesitt, C.A., and Marshall, W.S. 1986. Pharmacologic antagonism of leukotriene mediated events. In: The Leukotrienes, P.J. Piper, ed. New York: Raven Press, pp. 109–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rower, R.J. 1988. Lipocortin and the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids. Br. J. Pharmacol. 94:987–1015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Force, T., Milani, R., Hibberd, P., Lorenz, R., Uedelhoven, W., Leaf, A., and Weber, P. 1991. Aspirin-induced decline in prostacyclin production in patients with coronary artery disease is due to decreased endoperoxide shift. Circulation 84:2286–2293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford-Hutchinson, A. 1990. Leukotriene B4 in inflammation. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10:1–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford-Hutchinson, A.W., Bray, M.A., Doig, M.V., Shipley, M.E., and Smith, M. J. H. 1980. Leukotriene B: A potent chemokinetic and aggregating substance released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Nature (London) 286:264–265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fretland, D.J., Djuric, S.W., and Gaginella, T.S. 1990. Eicosanoids and inflammatory bowel disease: Regulation and prospects for therapy. Prost. Leuk. Ess. F. A. 41:215–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsche, K.L., Huang, S.-C., and Misfeldt, M. 1993. Fish oil and immune function. Letter to the editor. Nutr. Rev. 51:24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, L. 1988. Psoriasis, Br. J. Dermatol. 119:445–461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli, C., Agradi, E., Petroni, A., and Tremoli, E. 1981. Differential effects of dietary fatty acids on the accumulation of arachidonic acid and its metabolic conversion through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in platelets and vascular tissue. Lipids 16:165–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli, C., Marangoni, F., and Galella, G. 1993. Modulation of lipid derived mediators by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prost. Leuk. Ess. F. A. 48:51–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg, M.L., Thomson, A. B. R., and Clandinin, M.T. 1990. Interactions of saturated, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 31:271–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerozissis, K., Rougeot, C., and Dray, F. 1986. Leukotriene C4 is a potent stimulator of LHRH secretion. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 121:159–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard, J.M. 1985. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes. New York: Marcel Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, R.A., Neumann, M.A., Burnard, S.L., Rinaldi, J.A., Patten, G.S., and McMurchie, E.J. 1992. The effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of marmoset. Lipids 27:169–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gœtzl, E.J., Brash, A.R., Tauber, A.I., Oates, J.A., and Hubbard, W.C. 1980. Modulation of human neutrophil functions by mono-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids. J. Immunol. 39:491–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goetzl, E.J., Wong, M., Paran, P.G., Rogan, T., Pickett, W., and Blake, V. 1986. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on immune responses and inflammation in humans. In: Health Effects of ω5 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods, A.P. Simpopoulos, R.R. Kifer, and R.E. Martin, eds. New York: Academic Press, pp. 239–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomi, T., Shiohara, T., Munakata, T., Imanishi, K., and Nagashima, M. 1991. Interleukin 1α, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon γ in psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. 127:827–830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, A.B., Chang, C.K., Posnett, D.N., Fanelli, B., and Tarn, J.P. 1988. Detection of transforming growth factor alpha in normal, malignant and hyperproliferative human keratinocytes. J. Exp. Med. 167:670–674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S.R., Brash, A.R., Conolly, M.E., and Lennard-Jones, J.E. 1981. Studies of prostaglandins and sulfasalazine, Prost. Med. 6:165–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, M.W. and Camp, R. D. R. 1988. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, phospholipases, platelet activating factor, and cytokines: An integrated approach to inflammation of human skin. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 280 (suppl.):S33–S41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, A.J., Sachar, D.B., Smith, H., Janowitz, H.D., and Aufses, Jr., A.H. 1981. A comparison of cancer risk in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Cancer 48:2742–2745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, R.L. and Newberne, P.M. 1980. Role of nutrition in immunologic function. Physiol. Rev. 60:188–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, A.K., Eillis, C.N., Teilner, D.C., Anderson, T.F., and Voorhees, J.J. 1989. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of fish oil and low-dose UVB in the treatment of psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 120:801–807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hafstrom, I., Ringertz, B., Gyllenhammar, H., Palmblad, J., and Harms-Ringdal, M. 1988. Effects of fasting on disease activity, neutrophil function, fatty acid composition, and leukotriene biosynthesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arth. Rheum. 31:585–592.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, E.A., Soderman, D.D., Zanetti, M.E., Dougherty, H.W., McCauley, E., Wanker, F.H., and Kuehl, F.A. 1983. Inhibition by prostaglandins of LTB4 release from activated neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4344–4353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom, S., Hamberg, M., Samuelsson, B., Duell, E.A., Stawiski, M., and Voorhees, J.J. 1975. Increased concentrations of nonesterified arachidonic acid 12-L-hydroxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2 in epidermis of psoriasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:5130–5134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, H.S. 1982. Essential fatty acid-supplemental diet decreases renal excretion of immunoreactive arginine-vasopressin essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Lipids 17:321–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, H.S. 1986. The essential nature of linoleic acid in mammals. Trends Biochem. Sci. 11:263–265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, T.M., Lerche, A., Kassis, V., Lorenzen, I., and Sondergaard, J. 1983. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with prostaglandin E1 precursors cis-linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 12:85–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, A.E., Wiese, H.F., Boelsche, A.N., Haggard, M.E., Adam, D.J.D., and Davis, H. 1963. Role of linoleic acid in infant nutrition: Clinical and chemical study of 428 infants fed on milk mixtures varying in kind and amount of fat. Pediatrics 31:171–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Jr., E.D. 1990. Rheumatoid arthritis. New Eng. J. Med. 322:1277–1289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P.V. and Peat, M.J. 1986. Effect of interferon on psoriasis. Lancet ii:457–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkey, C.J., Boughton-Smith, N.K., and Whittle, B. J. R. 1985. Modulation of human colonic arachidonic acid metabolism by sulfasalazine. Dig. Dis. Sci. 30:1161–1165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkey, C.J., Karmeli, F., and Rachmilewitz, D. 1983. Imbalance of prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis in Crohn’s disease. Gut 24:881–885.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, T., Matsuda, T., Turner, M., Miyasaka, N., Buchan, G., Tang, B., Sato, K., Shimizu, M., Maini, R., Feldmann, M., and Kishimoto, T. 1988. Excessive production of interleukin-6/B cell stimulating factor-2 in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1797–1801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R.T., Johnson, S.B., and Hatch, T.F. 1982. A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35:617–623.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holroyde, M.C., Altounyan, R. E. C., Cole, A.H., Dixon, M., and Elliott, E.V. 1981. Bronchoconstriction produced in man by leukotrienes C and D. Lancet ii:17–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houssiau, F., Devogelaer, J.-P., Van Damme, J., Nagant de Deuxchaisnes, C., and Van Snick, J. 1988. Interleukin 6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arth. Rheum. 31:784–788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, S.C., Misfeld, M.L., and Fritsche, K.L. 1992. Dietary fat influences la antigen expression and immune cell populations in the murine peritoneum and spleen. J. Nutr. 122:1219–1231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulting, A.L., Lindgren, J.A., Hokfelt, T., Eneroth, P., Werner, S., Patrono, C., and Samuelsson, B. 1985. Leukotriene C4 as a mediator of lutenizing hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3834–3838.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, E.R., Johnson, J.M., Okita, J.R., MacDonald, P.C., Ziff, M., and Gilliam, J.N. 1981. Prevention of glomerulonephritis and prolonged survival in New Zealand black/ New Zealand white Fl hybrid mice fed an essential fatty acid-deficient diet. J. Clin. Invest. 67:476–485.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, D. 1989. Essential fatty acids and immune response. FASEB J. 3:2052–2061.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikehata, A., Hiwatashi, N., Kinouchi, Y., Yamazaki, H., Kumagai, Y., Ito, K., Kayaba, Y., and Toyota, T. 1992. Effect of intravenously infused eicosapentaenoic acid on the leukotriene generation in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:938–942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israel, E., Dermarkarian, R.M., Rosenberg, M.A., Rubin, P., and Drazen, J.M. 1990. A 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, A-64077, substantially reduces the bronchoconstriction induced by isocapnic hyperventilation in asthmatics and selectively blocks the production of LTB4 in whole blood. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 (suppl.):A175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakschik, B.A., Sams, A.R., Sprecher, H., and Needleman, P. 1980. Fatty acid structural requirements for leukotriene biosynthesis. Prostaglandins 20:401–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, M.J., Gibson, R.A., D’Angelo, M., Neumann, M.A., and Cleland, L.G. 1993. Simple relationships exist between dietary linoleate and the n-6 fatty acids of human neutrophils and plasma. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58:497–500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, A.B. 1988. Leukocytes in asthma. Immunol. Invest. 17:679–705.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, V.E., Kirkman, R.L., Bastos, M., Barrett, L.V., and Strom, T.B. 1989. Enhancement of immunosuppression by substitution of fish oil for olive oil as a vehicle for cyclosporine. Transplantation 48:98–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khandke, L., Krane, J.F., Ashinoff, R., Staiano-Coico, L., Granelli-Piperno, A., Luster, A.D., Carter, M., Krueger, J.G., and Gottlieb, A.B. 1991. Cyclosporine in psoriasis treatment. Arch. Dermatol. 127:1172–1179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella, J.E. 1987. Seafoods and Fish Oils in Human Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella, J.E. 1989. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosanoids and chronic diseases. Contemp. Nutr. 14:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella, J.E. and Lokesh, B. 1990. Dietary lipids, eicosanoids, and the immune system. Crit. Care Med. 18:S94–S113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsella, J.E., Lokesh, B., and Stone, R.A. 1990. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: Possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:1–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kips, J., Joos, G., Pauwels, R., Van Der Straeten, M., De Lepeleire, I., Williams, V., and Margolskee, D. 1990. MK-571 (L-660.711): A potent antagonist in asthmatic men. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 (suppl.):A117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch, C.M., Payan, D.G., Wong, M.Y.S., et al. 1988. The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in asthma. Clin Aller. 18:177–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klasing, K.C. 1988. Nutritional aspects of leukocytic cytokines. J. Nutr. 118:1436–1446.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klemp, P. and Staberg, B. 1983. Cutaneous blood flow in psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81:503–506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klickstein, L.B., Shapleigh, C., and Goetzl, E.J. 1980. Lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid as a source of polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic factors in synovial fluid and tissue in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 66:1166–1170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, H.R., Reilly, I. A. G., Alessandrini, P., and FitzGerald, G.A. 1986. In vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish-oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. New Eng. J. Med. 314:937–942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konnikov, N., Ree, H.J., Dinarello, C.A., and Pincus, S.H. 1987. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is present in psoriatic plaques. J. Invest. Dermatol. 88:499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korleitz, B.I. 1982. Epidemiological and psychosocial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease with observation on children, families and pregnancy. A. J. Gastroenterol. 77:929–933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kragballe, K. and Fogh K. 1989. A low-fat diet supplemented with dietary fish oil (Max-EPa) results in improvement of psoriasis and in formation of leukotriene B5. Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockholm) 69:23–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kragballe, K. and Herlin, T. 1983. Benoxaprofen improves psoriasis: A double-blind study. Arch. Derm. 119:548–552.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kragballe, K., Desjarlais, L., and Voorhees, J.J. 1985. Leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4 stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Br. J. Dermatol. 113:43–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, T.R., Schoene, N., and Douglass, L.W., 1991. Increased vitamin E intake restores fish-oil induced suppressed blastogenesis of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:896–902.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, J.M., Bigauoette, J., Michalek, A.V., Timchalk, M.S., Lininger, L., Rynes, R.I., Huyck, C., Zieminski, J., and Bartholomew, L.E. 1985. Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet i:184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, J.M., Jubiz, W., Michalek, A., Rynes, R.I., Bartholomew, L.E., Bigaoutte, J., Timchalk, M., Beeler, D., and Lininger, L. 1987. Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis, a double blind, controlled, crossover study. Ann. Intern. Med. 106:497–503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, J.M., Lawrence, D.L., Jubiz, W., DiGiacomo, R., Rynes, R., Bartholomew, L.E., and Sherman, M. 1990. Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical and immunological effects. Arth. Rheum. 33:810–820.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, G.G. 1989. A perspective of psoriasis as an aberration in skin modified to expression by the inflammatory/repair system. In: Immune Mechanisms in Cutaneous Disease, D.A. Norris, New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 425–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, G.G. 1993. Psoriasis therapy—observational or rational? Editorial. New Eng. J. Med. 328:1845–1846.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, G.G., Bergstresser, P.R., Lowe N.J., Voorhees, J.J., and Weinstein, G.D. 1984. Psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11:937–947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel, S.L., Ogawa, H., Ward, P.A., and Zurier, R.B. 1981. Suppression of chronic inflammation by evening primrose oil. Prog. Lipid Res. 20:885–888.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkel, S.L., Thrall, R.S., Kunkel, R.G., McCormick, J.R., Ward, P.A., and Zurier, R.B. 1979. Suppression of immune complex vasculitis in rats by prostaglandins. J. Clin. Invest. 64:1525–1529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusugami, K., Matsuura, T., West, G.A., Youngman, K.R., Rachmilewitz, D., and Fiocchi, C. 1991. Loss of interleukin-2-producing intestinal CD4+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 101:1594–1605.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, S., Chan, H., LeRiche, J.C., Chan-Yeung, M., and Salari, H. 1988. Release of leukotrienes in patients with bronchial asthma. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol. 81:711–717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landauer, M.R., Davis, H.D., and Waiden, T.L. 1990. Behavioral and physiological effects of leukotriene C4. Prost., Leuko. Essential and Fatty Acids 39:247–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M. 1992. Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids. FASEB. J. 6:2530–2536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M. 1986. Fish and Human Health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M. 1989. N-3 fatty acids as precursors for active metabolic substances: Dissonace between expected and observed events. J. Int. Med. 225 (suppl. 1): 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M. and Byrnes, M.J. 1982. The influence of ambient peroxides on the conversion of 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid to prostaglandins. Prog. Lipid Res. 20:287–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M., LeTellier, P.R., Rome, L.H., and Vanderhoek, J.Y. 1973. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Adv. Biosci. 9:15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassus, A. and Forstrom, S. 1985. A dimethoxynaphthalene derivative (RS-43179 gel) compared with 0.025% fluocinolone acetonide gel in the treatment of psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 113:103–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, K. 1989. Drug treatment and formation of eicosanoids in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Dan. Med. Bull. 36:378–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, K., Laursen, L.W., Bukhave, K., and Rask-Masden, J. 1986. Effects of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid and prednisolone on prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 levels determined by equilibrium in vivo dialysis of rectum in relapsing ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 91:837–844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, K., Laursen, L.W., Bukhave, K., and Rask-Masden, J. 1988. In vivo profiles of eicosanoids in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s colitis and Clostridium difficile colitis. Gastroenterology 95:11–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen, L.S., Naesdal, J., Bukhave, K., Lauritsen, K., and Rask-Madsen, J. 1990. Selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibition in ulcerative colitis. Lancet 335:683–685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.K., Hoover, R.L., Williams, J.D., Sperling, R.I., Ravalese, III J., Spur, B.W., Robinson, D.R., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. 1985. Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. New Eng. J. Med. 312:1217–1224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.H., Mencia-Huerta, J.-M., Shih, C., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. 1984. Effects of exogenous arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids on the generation of 5-lipoxygenase pathway products by ionophore-activated human neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 74:1922–1933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.H., Walport, M.J., Wilkinson, A.H., Turner, W.M., and Kay, A.B. 1981. Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis antagonist FPL55712 in chronic asthma. Lancet ii:304–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefer, A.M. 1990. Prostacyclin, high density lipoproteins, and myocardial ischemia. Circulation 81:2013–2015.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefer, A.M. and Roth, D.M. 1985. Absence of direct inotropic effects of peptide leukotrienes in isolated mammalian heart preparations. In: Leukotrienes in Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function, A.M. Lefer and M.H. Gee eds. New York: Alan Liss, pp. 59–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitch, A.G., Lee, T.H., Ringel, E.W., Prickett, J., Robinson, D.R., Pyne, S.G., Corey, E.J., Drazen, J., Austen, K.F., and Lewis, R.A. 1984. Immunologically induced generation of tetraene and pentaene leukotrienes in peritoneal cavities of menhadenfed rats. J. Immun. 132:2559–2565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, C.A., Gonnerman, W.A., Ullman, M.D., Hayes, K.C., Franzblau, C., and Cathcart, E.S. 1985. Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice. J. Exp. Med. 162:1336–1339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letts, L.G. and Piper, P.J. 1982. The actions of leukotrienes C4 and D4 on guinea-pig isolated hearts. Br. J. Pharmacol. 76:169–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letts, L.G., Cirino, M., Yusko, P., Fitzsimmons, B., Ford-Hutchinson, A.W., and Rokach, J. 1985. Actions of synthetic leukotrienes on platelets and blood vessels in the anesthetised pig: The release of a platelet derived vasodilator. Prostaglandins 29:1049–1062.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levi, R., Hattori, Y., Burke, J.A., Guo, Z.-G., Del Balzo, U.H., Scott, W.A., and Rouzer, C.A. 1985. Leukotriene C4 is released from the anaphylactic heart: A case for its direct negative inotropic effect. In: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Lipoxins, J.M. Bailey, ed. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 275–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R.A. and Austen, K.F. 1984. The biologically active leukotrienes. J. Clin. Invest. 73:889–897.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R.A., Austen K.F., and Soberman, R.J. 1990. Leukotrienes and other products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. New Eng. J. Med. 323:645–655.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewkonia, M. and McConnell, R. V. 1976. Progress report: Inflammatory bowel disease— heredity or environment? Gut 17:235–243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, B.Y., Fiocchi, C., Youngman, K.R., Sapatnekar, W.K., and Proffitt, M.R. 1988. Interferon-γ production by human intestinal mononuclear cells. Dig. Dis. Sci. 33:1297–1304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ligumsky, M., Karmeli, F., Sharon, P., Zor, U., Cohen, F., and Rachmilewitz, D. 1981. Enhanced thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production by cultured rectal mucosa in ulcerative colitis and its inhibition by steroids and sulfasalazine. Gastroenterology 81:417–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin, M. 1988. Biomarkers of increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal cancer: New application to studies of cancer prevention in human subjects. Cancer Res. 48:235–245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin, M. 1991. Application of intermediate biomarkers to studies of cancer prevention in the gastrointestinal tract: Introduction and perspective. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:1885–1925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, J.A., Hokfelt, T., Dahlen, S.-E., Patrono, C., and Samuelsson, B. 1984. Leukotrienes in the rat central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6212–6216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lokesh, B.R., Black, J.M., German, B., and Kinsella, J.E. 1988. Docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress leukotriene synthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Lipids 23:968–974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lokesh, B.R., German, B., and Kinsella, J.E. 1988. Differential effects of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on suppression of lipoxygenase pathway in peritoneal macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 958:99–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lokesh, B.R., Black, J.M., and Kinsella, J.E. 1989. The suppression of eicosanoid synthesis by peritoneal macrophages is influenced by the ratio of dietary docosahexaenoic acid to linoleic acid. Lipids 24:589–593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, L.S., Tang, L.P., and Kohl, S. 1982. Inhibition of cellular cytotoxicity for herpes simplex virus-infected cells in vitro and in vivo by intralipid. J. Infect. Dis. 146:64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, R., Spengler, U., Fischer, S., Duhm, J., and Weber, P.C. 1983. Platelet function, thromboxane formation and blood pressure control during supplementation of the Western diet with cod liver oil. Circulation 67:504–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, R., Weber, P.C., Szimnau, P., Heldwein, W., Strasser, T., and Loeschke, K. 1989. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil in chronic inflammatory bowel disease—a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind cross-over trial. J. Int. Med. 225 (suppl. l):225–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, M., Tsoukas, C.D., Fong, S., Dinarello, C.A., Carson, D.A., and Vaughn, J.H. 1986. Release of lymphokines after infection with Epstein Barr virus in vitro. II. A monocyte-dependent inhibitor of interleukin 1 downregulates the production of interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 156:3643–3648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, CR., Burton, J.L., and Horrobin, D.F. 1981. Treatment of atopic eczema with evening primrose oil. Lancet 1:278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, N.J., Borok, M.E., Ashley, J.M., and Alfin-Slater, R.B. 1988. Fish oil reduces hypertriglyceridemia in psoriatic patients receiving etretinate therapy. Arch. Dermatol. 124:177–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, S.D. and Kennedy, Jr., J.I. 1990. Dietary fish oil inhibits eicosanoid production by alveolar macrophages. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 (suppl. 1):A30.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGlashan, D.W., Schleimer, R.P., Peters, S.P., Schulman, E.S., Adams, III G.K., Newball, H.H., and Lichtenstein, L.M. 1982. Generation of leukotrienes by purified human lung mast cells. J. Clin. Invest. 70:747–751.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machlin, L. 1962. Effect of dietary linoleate on the proportion of linoleate and arachidonate in liver fat. Nature (London) 194:868–869.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallet, A.I. and Cunningham, F.M. 1985. Structural identification of platelet activating factor in psoriatic scale. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 126:192–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, A.J. 1984. The eicosanoids in biology and medicine. J. Lipid Res. 25:1511–1516.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marom, Z., Shelhammer, J.H., Bach, M.K., Morton, D.R., and Kaliner, M. 1982. Slow reacting substances LTC4 and D4 increase the release of mucus from human airways in vitro. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 126:449–451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.R. 1987a. Reduction of retinoid hyperlipidaemia with MaxEPA. Br. J. Dermatol. 116:450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.R. 1987b. Effect of dietary fish oil on hyperlipidaemia due to isotretinoin and etretinate. Hum. Toxicol. 6:219–222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, J.L. 1988. Cytokines are two-edged swords in disease. Science 239:257–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathur, D.N., Callaghan, J.T., Farid, N.A., and Sylvester, A.J. 1986. The prevention of allergen induced late asthmatic response by LY171883, a leukotriene antagonist. Clin. Res. 34:580A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthay, M.A., Eschenbacher, W.L., and Goetzl, E.J. 1984. Elevated concentrations of leukotriene D4 in pulmonary edema fluid of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Clin. Immunol. 4:479–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice, P. D. L., Allen, B.R., Barkeley, A. S. J., Cockbill, S.R., Stammers, J., and Bather, P.C. 1987. The effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil in patients with psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 117:599–606.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, L. and Eisenhardt, D. 1990. Lack of induction of suppressor T cells by intestinal epithelial cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1255–1260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, T.B., O’Leary, D., Bloomfield, J., and O’Morain, C.A. 1989. Therapeutic potential of fish oil in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 3:4154–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G.M. and Kenny, D. 1992. Dietary fish oil and rheumatic diseases. Semin. Arth. Rheum. 21:368–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGivern, D. V. and Basran, G. 1984. Synergism between platelet activating factor (PAF ether) and prostaglandin E2 in man. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 102:183–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani, S.N., Lichtenstein, A.H., Cornwall, S., Meydani, M., Goldin, B.R., Rasmus-sen, H., Dinarello, C.A., and Schaefer, E.J. 1993. Immunologic effects of National Cholesterol Education Panel Step-2 diets with and without fish-derived n-3 fatty acid enrichment. J. Clin. Invest. 92:105–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani, S.N., Endres, S., Woods, M.M., Goldin, B.R., Soo, C., Morrill-Labrode, A., Dinarello, C.A., and Gorbach, S.L. 1991. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: Comparison between young and older women. J. Nutr. 121:547–555.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani, S.N., Barklund, M.P., and Liu, S. 1990. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:557–563.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T.A. 1983. Protective effects of prostaglandins against gastric mucosal damage: Current knowledge and proposed mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. 245:G601–G623.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyasaka, N., Sato, K., Goto, M., Sasano, M., Natsuyama, M., Inoue, K., andNishioka, K. 1988. Augmented interleukin-1 production and HLA-DR expression in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients: Possible involvement in joint destruction. Arth. Rheum. 31:480–486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizel, S.B., Dayer, J.M., Drane, S.M., and Mergenhagen, S.E. 1981. Stimulation of rheumatoid synovial cell collagenase and prostaglandin production by partially purified lymphocyte-activating factor (interleukin-1). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 78:2474–2477.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohrhauer, H. and Holman, R.T. 1963. Effect of linolenic acid upon the metabolism of linoleic acid. J. Nutr. 81:67–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moncada, S. and Vane, J.R. 1978. Unstable metabolites of arachidonic acid and their role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Br. Med. Bull. 34:129–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moqbel, R., Durham, S.R., Shaw, R.J., Walsh, G.M., MacDonald, A.J., Mackay, J.A., Carroll, M., and Kay, A.B. 1986. Enhancement of leukocyte cytotoxicity after exercise-induced asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 133:609–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, P.F., Horrobin, D.F., Manku, M.S., Stewart, J.C.M., Allen, R., Littlewood, S., Wright, S., Burton, J., Gould, D.J., Holt, P.J., Jansen, C.T., Mattila, L., Meigel, W., Dettke, T., Wexler, D., Guenther, L., Bordoni, A., and Patrizi, A. 1989. Metaanalysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Br. J. Dermatol. 121:75–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R.C., Pickett, W.C., Culp, B.R., and Lands, W. E. M. 1981. Tetraene and pentaene leukotrienes: Selective production from murine mastocytoma cells after dietary manipulation. Prostaglandins 22:613–622.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1989. Diet and Health. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neal, T.M., Vissers, M. C. M., and Winterbourn, C.C. 1987. Inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs of superoxide production and granule enzyme release by polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with immune complexes or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:2511–2517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Needleman, P., Raz, A., Minkes, M.S., Ferrendelli, J.A., and Sprecher, H. 1979. Triene prostaglandins: Prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis and unique biological properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 76:944–948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N.A., Kelly, R.C., and Johnson, R.Q. 1982. Prostaglandins and the arachidonic acid cascade. Chem. Eng. News, Aug. 16:29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickoloff, B.J. 1991. The cytokine network in psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. 127:871–884.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, O.H., Ahnfelt-Ronne, I., and Elmgreen, J. 1987. Abnormal metabolism of arachidonic acid in chronic inflammatory bowel disease: Enhanced release of leukotriene B4 from activated neutrophils. Gut 28:181–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ninnemann, J.L. 1984. Prostaglandins in inflammation and disease. Immunol. Today 5:173–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dea, K., Steel, M., Naughton, J., Sinclair, A., Hopkins, G., Angus, J., He, G.-W., Niall, M., and Martin, T.J. 1988. Butter-enriched diets reduce arterial prostacyclin production in rats. Lipids 23:234–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll, B. R. C., Lee, T.H., Cromwell, O., and Kay, A.B. 1983. Immunologic release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from human lung tissue. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol. 72:695–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J.A., FitzGerald, G.A., Branch, R.A., Jackson, E.K., Knapp, H.R., and Roberts, II, L.J. 1988a. Clinical implications of prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 formation. New Eng. J. Med. 319:689–698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oates, J.A., FitzGerald, G.A., Branch, R.A., Jackson, E.K., Knapp, H.R., and Roberts, II, L.J. 1988b. Clinical implications of prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 formation. New Eng. J. Med. 319:761–767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okubo, T., Takahashi, H., Sumitomo, M., Shindoh, K., and Suzuki, S. 1987. Plasma levels of leukotrienes C4 and D4 during wheezing attack in asthmatic patients. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 84:149–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orning, L., Bernstrom, K., and Hammarstrom, S. 1981. Formation of leukotrienes E3, E4 and E5 in basophilic leukemia cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 120:44–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, S., Hillier, K., and Smith, C. 1987. Increased arachidonic acid levels in phospholipids of human colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Sei. 73:361–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page, C.P. and Morley, J. 1986. Evidence favouring PAF rather than leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of asthma. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 18 (supp.):217–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmblad, J. and Gyllenhammar, H. 1988. Effect of dietary lipids on immunity and inflammation. APMIS 96:571–583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, M.R., Mathews, R., Murphy, R.C., and Hoffer, B.J. 1980a. Leukotriene C elicits a prolonged excitation of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 18:173–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, R. M. J., Stepney, R.J., Higgs, G.A., and Eakins, K.E. 1980b. Chemokinetic activity of arachidonic acid lipoxygenase products on leukocytes of different species. Prostaglandins 20:411–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panush, R.S., Carter, R.L., Katz, P., Lowsari, B., Longley, S., and Finnie, S. 1983. Diet therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arth. Rheum. 26:462–469.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parm, J., Horton, C.E., Mencia-Huerta, J.M., House, F., Eiser, N.M., Clark, T. H. H., Spur, B.W., and Lee, T.H. 1988. Effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil lipids on mild asthma. Thorax 43:84–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parrat, J.R., Coker, S.J., and Wainwright, C.L. 1987. Eicosanoids and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 19:55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrignani, P., Filabozzi, P., and Patrono, C. 1982. Selective cumulative inhibition of platelet thromboxane production by low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 69:1366–1372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payan, D.G. and Goetzl, E.J. 1985. Specific suppression of human T lymphocyte function by leukotriene B4. J. Immunol. 131:551–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pease, C.T., Fennell, M., Staughton, R. C. D., and Brewerton, D.A. 1987. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in psoriasis vulgaris. Br. J. Dermatol. 117:161–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peatfield, A.C., Piper, P.J., and Richardson, P.S. 1982. The effect of leukotriene C4 on mucin release into the cat trachea in vivo and in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 77:391–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peskar, B.M., Dreyling, K.W., Peskar, B.A., May, B., and Gœbell, H. 1986. Enhanced formation of sulfidopeptide-leukotrienes in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: Inhibition by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Agents Actions 18:381–383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pétrie, R., Greeman, D., Wallace, C., McDonald, J., Stiller, C., and Keown, P. 1988. Effect of cyclosporine on urinary prostanoid excretion, renal blood flow and glomerulo-tubular function. Transplantation 45:883–889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piper, P.J. and Stanton, A. W. B. 1980. Actions of leukotrienes in special circulations of the pig. Adv. Prost. Thromb. Leuko. Res. 16:255–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piquet, P.F., Gran, G.E., and Vassalli, P. 1990. Subcutaneous perfusion of tumor necrosis factor induces local proliferation of fibroblasts, capillaries, and epidermal cells, or massive tissue necrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 136:103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Playfair, J. H. L. 1984. Immunology at a Glance, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podolsky, D.K. 1991. Inflammatory bowel disease. Part 2. New Eng. J. Med. 325:1008–1016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popp-Snijders, C., Schouten, J.A., van Blitterswijk, W.J., and van der Veen, E.A. 1986. Changes in membrane lipid composition of human erythrocytes after dietary supplementation of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Maintenance of membrane fluidity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 854:31–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pozzilli, P., Zuccarini, O., Iavicoli, M., Andreani, D., Sensi, M., Spencer, K.M., Botqazzo, G.F., Veverley, P. C. L., Kyner, J.L., and Cudworth, A.G. 1983. Monoclonal antibodies defined abnormalities of T lymphocytes in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes). Diabetes 32:91–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, S.M. 1984. The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on the leukotriene B production by human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 259:7615–7621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prickelt, J.D., Robinson, D.R., and Steinberg, A.D. 1981. Dietary enrichment with the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid prevents proteinuria and prolongs survival in NZB × NZW Fl mice. J. Clin. Invest. 68:556–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prickelt, J.D., Trentham, D.E., and Robinson, D.R. 1984. Dietary fish oil augments the induction of arthritis in rats immunized with type II collagen. J. Immunol. 132:725–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Privett, O.S., Aaes-Jorgensen, E., Holman, R.T., and Lundberg, W.O. 1958. The effect of concentrates of polyunsaturated acids from tuna oil upon essential fatty acid deficiency. J. Nutr. 67:423–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, J.J. and Allshouse, J.E. 1991. Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1968–89. Economic Research Service Statistical Bull. No. 825. Washington, DC: USDA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachmilewitz, D. 1988. Prostaglandins in inflammatory bowel disease. In: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, H.P. Goebel, ed. Lancaster, PA: MTP Press, p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radeau, T., Chavis, C., Damon, M., Michel, F.B., Crastes De Paulet, A., and Godard, P.H. 1990a. Enhanced arachidonic acid metabolism and human neutrophil migration in asthma. Prost. Leuko. Essential Fatty Acids 41:131–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radeau, T., Chavis, C., Damon, M., Redier, H., Michel, F.B., Crastes de Paulet, A., and Godard, P. 1990b. Arachidonic acid metabolism and Chemotaxis enhancements of human blood neutrophils in asthma. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 141 (suppl.):A33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radomski, M.W., Palmer, R. M. J., andMoncada, S. 1978. Theanti-aggregatingproperties of vascular endothelium: Interactions between prostacyclin and nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 92:639–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rae, S.A., Davidson, E.M., and Smith, M. J. H. 1982. Leukotriene B4, an inflammatory mediator in gout. Lancet ii: 1122–1124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raedler, A., Fraenkel, S., Klose, G., Seyfarth, K., and Thiele, H.G. 1985. Expression of the T9 antigen on peripheral immunocytes correlates with the severity of the disease. Gastroenterology 88:978–983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, D.S. and Hawkey, C.J. 1985. Prostaglandins and ulcerative colitis. Gut 25:1399–1413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampton, D.S. and Slader, G.E. 1980. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in ulcerative colitis: Flurbiprofen compared with conventional treatment. Prostaglandins 21:417–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Recht, L., Helin, P., Rasmussen, J.O., Jacobsen, J., Lithman, T., and Schersten, B. 1990. Hand handicap and rheumatoid arthritis in a fish-eating society (the Faroe Islands). J. Int. Med. 227:49–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisbick, S., Neuringer, M., Hasnain, R., and Connor, W.E. 1990. Polydipsia in rhesus monkeys deficient in omega-3 fatty acids. Physiol. Behav. 47:315–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, I.M., Dunn, C.J., Gorman, R.R., Lin, A.H., Morris, J., Oostreen, J.A., and Wishka, D.G. 1988. Inhibition of antigen-induced bronchopulmonary eosinophilia by selective leukotriene B4 (LTB4) antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risio, M., Lipkin, M., Candelaresi, G., Bertone, A., Coverlizza, S., and Rossini, R.P. 1991. Correlations between rectal mucosa cell proliferation and the clinical and pathological features of nonfamilial neoplasia of the large intestine. Cancer Res. 51:1917–1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, A. 1979. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins. Gastroenterology 77:761–767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rola-Pleszcynski, M. 1985. Immunoregulation by leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase metabolites. Immunol. Today 6:302–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rola-Pleszczynski M. and Lemaire, I. 1985. Leukotrienes augment interleukin-1 production by human monocytes. J. Immunol. 135:3958–3961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rola-Pleszczynski, M., Borgeat, P., and Sirois, P. 1982. Leukotriene B4 induces human suppressor lymphocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 108:1531–1537.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rola-Pleszczynski, M., Chavaillaz, P.A., and Lemaire, I. 1986. Stimulation of interleukin 2 and interferon gamma production by leukotriene B4 in human lymphocyte cultures. Prost. Leuko. Med. 23:207–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, L.I., Ikejima, T., and Pincus, S.H. 1989. In situ localization of interleukin-1 in normal and psoriatic skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 93:518–522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saklatvala, J., Sarsfield, S.J., and Pilsworth, L.M. 1983. Characterization of proteins from human synovium and mononuclear leukocytes that induce resorption of cartilage proteoglycan in vivo. Biochem. J. 209:337–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson, B., Dahlen, S.-E., Lindgren, J.A., Rouzer, C.A., and Serhan, C.N. 1987. Leukotrienes and lipoxins: Structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science 237:1171–1176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, H.M., Morris, L.F., Phillips, C.M., Harrison, P.E., and Menter, A. 1993. The annual cost of psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28:422–425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor, R.B., Chapman, E.J., and Schwab, J.H. 1988. Increased interleukin-1B concentrations in reseacted inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) tissue. Gastroenterology 94:A399 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schalin-Karrila, M., Mattila, L., Jansen, CT., and Uotila, P. 1987. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema: Effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins. Br. J. Dermatol. 117:11–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schalling, M., Neil, A., Terenius, L., Lindgren, J.A., Miamoto, T., Hokfelt, T., and Samuelson, B. 1984. Leukotriene C4 binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 122:251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Secrest, R.J., Olsen, E.J., and Chapnick, B.M. 1985. Leukotriene D4 relaxes canine renal and superior mesenteric arteries. Circ. Res. 57:323–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selby, W.S., Janossy, G., Bofill, H., and Jewell, D.P. 1984. Intestinal lymphocyte subpopulations in inflammatory bowel disease: An analysis by immunohistological and cell isolation techniques. Gut 25:32–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyberth, H.W., Oelz, O., Kennedy, T., Sweetman, B.J., Danon, A., Frolich, J.C., Heirnberg, M., and Oates, J.A. 1975. Increased arachidonate in lipids after administration to man: Effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18:521–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahar, E., Folsmom, A.R., Melnick, S.L., Tockman, M.S., Comstock, G. W., Gennaro, V., Higgins, M.W., Sorlie, P.D., Ko, W.-J., and Szklo, M. for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators. 1994. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Eng. J. Med. 331:228–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shalit, M., Dabin, G.A., and Southwick, F.S. 1987. Platelet activating factor both stimulates and “primes” human polymorphonuclear leukocyte actin filament assembly. Blood 70:1921–1927.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharon, P. and Stenson, W.F. 1984. Enhanced synthesis of leukotriene B4 by colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 86:453–460.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharon, P., Ligumsky, M., Rachilewitz, D., And Zor, U. 1978. Role of prostaglandins in ulcerative colitis. Enhanced production during active disease and inhibition by sulfasalazine. Gastroenterology 75:638–640.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siess, W., Roth, P., Scherer, B., Kurzmann, I., Bohlig, B., and Weber, P.C. 1980. Platelet-membrane fatty acids, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation during a mackerel diet. Lancet i: 441–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos, A.P., Kifer, R.R., Martin, R.E., and Barlow, S.M. 1991. Health Effects of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, H.M. 1956. Deficiency of essential fatty acids and atherosclerosis, etcetera. Lancet i:381–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sircar, J.C., Schwender, C.F., and Carthers, M.E. 1983. Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicyclic acid: A possible mode of action in ulcerative colitis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32:170–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoldstam, L., Borjesson, O., Kjallman, A., Seiving, B., and Akesson, B. 1992. Effect of six months of fish oil supplementation in stable rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, controlled study. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 21:178–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.B. and Willis, A.L. 1971. Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in human platelets. Nature 231:235–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soberman, R.J., Harper, T.W., Betteridge, D., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. 1985. Characterization and separation of the arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase and linoleic acid 6-lipoxygenase (arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase) of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 260:4508–4515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg, A. 1986. Geographic variation in the incidence of and mortality from inflammatory bowel disease. Dis. Col. Rect. 29:854–861.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soter, N.A., Lewis, R.A., Corey, E.J., and Austin, F.K. 1983. Local effects of synthetic leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 and LTB4) in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 80:115–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soyland, E., Funk, J., Rajka, G., Sandberg, M., Thune, P., Rustad, L., Heiland, S., Middelfart, K., Odu, S., Falk, E.S., Solvoll, K., Bjorneboe, G.-E. A., and Drevon, CA. 1993. Effect of dietary supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with psoriasis. New Eng. J. Med. 328:1812–1816.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, R.I. 1991a. Effects of dietary fish oil on leukocyte leukotriene and PAF generation and on neutrophil Chemotaxis. In: Health Effects of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods, A.P. Simopoulos, R.R. Kifer, R.E. Martin, and S.M. Barlow, eds. Basel: Karger, pp. 391–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, R.I. 1991b. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids: Effects on lipid mediators of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 17:373–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • **Sperling, R.I., Weinblatt, M., Robin, J.-L., Ravalese, III, J., Hoover, R.L., House, F., Coblyn, J.S., Fraser, P.A., Spur, B.W., Robinson, D.R., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. 1987. Effects of dietary supplementation with marine fish oil on leukocyte lipid mediator generation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. Arth. Rheum. 30:988–997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, H. 1989. Interactions between the metabolism of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. J. Int. Med. 225, Suppl. 1:5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenson, W.F. 1990. Role of eicosanoids as mediators of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 25 (suppl. 172): 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenson, W.F., Cort, D., Rodgers, J., Burakoff, R., DeSchryver-Keeskemeti, K., Gramlich, T.L., and Beeken, W. 1992. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 116:609–614.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R., 1985. Defective generation of tetanus-specific antibody-producing B cells after in vivo immunization of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Gastroenterology 88:1860–1866.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Almazor, M.E. and Russell, A.S. 1990. The genetics of psoriasis: Haplotype sharing in siblings with the disease. Arch. Dermatol. 126:1040–1042.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, P.B., Venton, D.L., and Le Breton, G.C. 1989. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahex-aenoic acid are antagonists at the thromboxane A/prostaglandin H2 receptor in human platelets. FEBS Lett. 243:244–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, F. and Das, K.M. 1985. Isolation and characterization of a colonic autoantigen specifically recognized by tissue-bound immunoglobulin G from idiopathic ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Invest. 76:311–318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terano, T., Kojima, T., and Seya, A. 1989. The effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with psoriasis and in formation of leukotriene B5. Adv. Prost. Thrombo. Leuko. Res. 19:610–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terano, T., Salmon, J.A., and Moncada, S. 1984. Biosynthesis and biological activity of leukotriene B5. Prostaglandins 27:217–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trentham, D.E. 1982. Collagen arthritis as a relevant model for rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence pro and con. Arth. Rheum. 25:911–916.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulleken, J.E., Limburg, P.C., Muskiet, F. A. J., and van Rijswijk, M.H. 1990. Vitamin E status during dietary fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arth. Rheum. 33:1416–1419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turbitt, M.L., Akhurst, R.J., White, S.I., and MacKie, R.M. 1990. Localization of elevated transforming growth factor-alpha in psoriatic epidemis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95:229–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uden, A.M., Trang, L., Venizelos, N., and Palmblad, J. 1983. Neutrophil functions and clinical performance after total fasting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 42:45–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Tempel, H., Tulleken, J.E., Limburg, P.C., Muskiet, F. A. J., and van Rijswijk, M.H. 1990. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 49:76-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Snick, J. 1990. Interleukin-6: An overview. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 8:253–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vane, J.R. 1971. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nature 231:232–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vane, J.R. and Botting, R.M. 1991. Heart disease, aspirin, and fish oil. Editorial comment. Circulation 84:2588–2590.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virella, G., Fourspring, K., Hyman, B., Haskill-Stroud, R., Long, L., Virella, I., La Via, M., Gross, A.J., and Lopes-Virella, M. 1991. Immunosuppressive effects of fish oil in normal human volunteers: Correlation with the in vitro effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on human lymphocytes. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 61:161–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Schacky, C., Fischer, S., and Weber, P.C. 1985. Long term effects of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function and eicosanoid formation in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 76:1626–1631.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Schacky, C., Siess, W., Fischer, S., and Weber, P.C. 1985. A comparative study of eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism by human platelets in vivo and in vitro. J. Lipid Res. 26:457–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, B.L., Hamilton, K.K., Samara, E. N. S., and McKee, P.A. 1988. Cyclosporine suppression of endothelial prostacyclin generation. Transplantation 45:793–796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waiden, Jr., T.L. 1988. Pretreatment with leukotriene C4 enhances the whole-animal survival of mice exposed to ionizing radiation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei. 524:431–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.L., MacNaughton, W.K., Morris, G.P., and Beck, P.L. 1989. Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis markedly accelerates healing in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 96:29–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.L., Whittle, B. J. R., and Boughton-Smith, N.K. 1985. Prostaglandin protection rat colonic mucosa from damage induced by ethanol. Dig. Dis. Sei. 30:866–876.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walvoort, H.C. and Pena, A.S. 1987. Crohn’s disease: Entity and aetiopathogenic concepts. J. Clin. Nutr. Gastroenterol. 2:194–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan, J.M.-F., Teo, T.C., Babayan, V.K., and Blackburn, G.L. 1988. Invited comment: Lipids and the development of immune dysfunction and infection. JPEN 12:43S–48S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardlaw, A.J., Hay, H., Cromwell, O., Collins, J. V., and Kay, A.B. 1989. Leukotrienes, LTC4 and LTB4 in bronchoalveolar lavage in bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases. J. Aller. Clin. Immunol. 84:19–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wargovich, T., Mehla, J., Nichols, W.W., Pepine, C.J., and Conti, R. 1985. Reductions of blood flow in normal and narrowed coronary arteries of dogs by leukotriene C4. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 6:1047–1051.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, P.C. 1989. Clinical studies on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on cells and eicosanoids in the cardiovascular system. J. Int. Med 225 (suppl. 1):61–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, P.C., Fischer, S., von Schacky, C., Lorenz, R., and Strasser, T. 1986. The conversion of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid to prostanoids and leukotrienes in man. Prog. Lipid Res. 25:273–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, J.W., Drazen, J.M., McFadden, E.R., Weiler, P., Corey, E.J., Lewis, R.A., and Austen, K.F. 1983. Airway constriction in normal humans produced by inhalation of leukotriene D4. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 249:2814–2817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertz, P. W., Cho, E.S., and Downing, D.T. 1983. Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the epidermal sphingolipids of the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 753:350–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertz, P.W., Swartzendruber, D.C., Abraham, W., Madison, K.C., and Downing, D.T. 1987. Essential fatty acids and epidermal integrity. Arch. Dermatol. 123:1381–1384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T.J. 1979. Prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin I2 and the vascular changes of inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 65:517–524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolman, P.G. 1987. Management of patients using unproven regimens for arthritis. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 87:1211–1214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, E., Camp. R.D., and Greaves, M.W. 1985. The responses of normal and psoriatic skin to single and multiple topical application of leukotriene B4. J. Invest. Dermatol. 84:421–423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, O.L. and Dusting, G.J. 1982. Coronary vasoconstriction induced by leukotrienes in the anesthetized dog. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 86:125–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woollard, P.M. 1986. Stereochemical differences between 12-hydroxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid in platelets and psoriatic lesions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 136:169–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, S. and Burton, J.L. 1982. Oral evening-primrose-seed oil improves atopic eczema. Lancet ii: 1120–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakrzewski, J.T., Barnes, N.C., Piper, P.J., and Costello, J.F. 1987. The detection of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products in sputum of patients with chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis. Prostaglandins 33:663–674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziboh, V.A. 1991. ω3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid constituents of fish oil and the management of skin inflammatory and scaly disorders. In: Health Effects of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods, A.P. Simopoulos, R.R. Kifer, R.E. Martin, and S.M. Barlow, eds. Basel: Karger, pp. 425–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziboh, V. A., Cohen, K. A., Ellis, C.N., Miller, C., Hamilton, T., Kragballe, K., Hydrick, C.R., and Voorhees, J.J. 1986. Effects of dietary supplementation of fish oil on neutrophil and epidermal fatty acids: Modulation of the clinical course of psoriatic subjects. Arch. Dermatol. 122:1277–1281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipser, R.D., Nast, C.C., Lee, M., Kao, H.W., and Duke, R. 1987. In vivo production of leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4 in rabbit colitis. Relationship to inflammation. Gastroenterology 92:33–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurier, R.B. and Quagliata, F. 1971. Effect of prostaglandin E1, on adjuvant arthritis. Nature 234:304–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurier, R.B., DeMarco, D., and Santoli, D. 1991. Effects of fatty acids on inflammation and immune responses. In: Health Effects of ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Sea-foods, A.P. Simopoulos, R.R. Kifer, R.E. Martin, and S.M. Barlow, eds. Basel: Karger, pp. 566–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zurier, R.B., Sayadoff, D.M., Torrey, S.B., and Rothfleld, N.F. 1977. Prostaglandin E1 treatment of NZB/NZW mice. I. Prolonged survival of female mice. Arth. Rheum. 20:723–728.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Food Technologists, USA

    Joyce A. Nettleton D.Sc, R.D.

Authors
  1. Joyce A. Nettleton D.Sc, R.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nettleton, J.A. (1995). Omega-3s and Immune/Inflammatory Responses. In: Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2071-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2071-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5860-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2071-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation