Abstract
Worldwide, over 2.5 million tons of pesticides are applied each year 1 at a purchase price of $32 billion. In the United States alone, approximately 500,000 tons of 600 different types of pesticides are used annually,2 with a yearly price tag of $6.5 billion, including application costs.3
PN, 1990.
Pimentel et al., 1991.
USBC, 1994.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adkisson, P.L. 1977. Alternatives to the unilateral use of insecticides for insect pest control in certain field crops. Edited by L.F. Seatz. Symposium on Ecology and Agricultural Production. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 129–144.
Atlas, R.M. and R. Bartha. 1987. Microbial Biology: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings Co.
Barnes, C.J., T.L. Lavy and J.D. Mattice. 1987. Exposure of non-applicator personnel and adjacent areas to aerially applied propanil. Bull. Environ. Contam. and Tox. 39:126–133.
Bednarz, J.C., D. Klem, L.J. Goodrich and S.E. Senner. 1990. Migration counts of raptors at Hawk Mountain, Pennsylvania, as indicators of population trends, 1934–1986. Auk 107:96–109.
Begley, S., and D. Glick. 1994. The estrogen complex. Newsweek, March 21: 76–77.
Beitz, H., H. Schmidt, and F. Herzel. 1994. Occurrence, toxicological and ecotoxicological significance of pesticides in groundwater and surface water. Edited by H. Borner. Pesticides in Ground and Surface Water. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1–56.
Benbrook, C.M., E. Groth, J.M. Hoaaloran, M.K. Hansen, and S. Marquardt. 1996. Pest Management at the Crossroads. Yonkers, NY: Consumers Union.
Blew, J.H. 1990. Breeding Bird Census. 92 Conventional Cash Crop Farm. Jour. Field Ornithology. 61 (Suppl.) 1990: 80–81.
Brock, T. and M. Madigan. 1988. Biology of Microorganisms. London: Prentice Hall.
Buttner, J.K., J.C. Makarewickz, and T.W. Lewis. 1995. Concentration of selected priority organic contaminants in fish maintained on formulated diets in Lake Ontario water. The Prog. Fish-Culturist 51: 141–146.
Carlsen, E., A. Giwercman, N. Kielding, N.E. Skakkebaek. 1992. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. Brit. Med. Jour. 305:609–613.
Carrasco-Tauber, C. 1989. Pesticide Productivity Revisited. Amherst: M.S. Thesis. University of Massachusetts.
Casey, P. and J.A. Vale. 1994. Deaths from pesticide poisoning in England and Wales: 1945–1989. Human & Exp. Toxicol. 13:95–101.
Cohen, B., Wiles, and E. Bondoc. 1995. Weed Killers by the Glass. Washington, DC: Environmental Working Group.
Cordier, S., M.J. Iglesias, C. LeGoaster, M.M. Guyot, L. Mandereau, and D. Heman. 1994. Incidence and risk factors for childhood brain tumors in the He de France. Intl. J. of Cancer 59: 776–782.
Croft, B.A. 1990. Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides. New York: Wiley.
Eckert, J.W. 1988. Historical development of fungicide resistance in plant pathogens. Ed. C.J. Delp. Fungicide Resistance in North America. St. Paul: APS Press, 1–3.
Edwards, C. and J. Lofty. 1977. Biology of Earthworms. London: Chapman and Hall.
Elliot, B.R., J.M. Lumb, T.G. Reeves, and T.E. Telford. 1975. Yield losses in weed-free wheat and barley due to post-emergence pesticides. Weed Res. 15–107–111.
EPA. 1989. Carbofuran: A Special Review Technical Support Document. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances.
EPA. 1990a. National Pesticide Survey—Summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1990b. Fish Kills Caused by Pollution: 1977–1987. Washington, DC: Draft Report of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards.
FAO. 1988. Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Indonesia. Jakarta: Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations. May.
FDA. 1990. Food and Drug Administration Pesticide Program Residues in Foods—1989. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 73.127A–146A.
Flickinger, E.L., G. Juengr, T.J. Roffe, M.R. Smith, and R.J. Irwin. 1991. Poisoning of Canada geese in Texas by parathion sprayed for control of Russian wheat aphid. Jour. Wildlife Diseases 27:265–268.
Flickinger, E.L., K.A. King, W.F. Stout, and M.M. Mohn. 1980. Wildlife hazards from furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas. Jour. Wildlife Mgt. 44:190–197.
GAO. 1986. Pesticides: EPA’s Formidable Task to Assess and Regulate their Risks. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
Georghiou, G.P. 1994. Principles of insect resistance management. Phytoprotection 75:51–59.
Gustafson, D.I. 1993. Pesticides in Drinking Water. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Hall, F.R. 1991. Pesticide application technology and integrated pest management (IPM). Ed. D. Pimentel. Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Vol. II. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 135–170.
Hanner, D. 1984. Herbicide drift prompts state inquiry. Dallas Morning News, July 25.
Huffaker, C.B. 1977. Biological Control. New York: Plenum.
ICAITI. 1977. An Environmental and Economic Study of the Consequences of Pesticide Use in Central American Cotton Production. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Final Report, Central American Research Institute for Industry, United Nations Environment Programme.
Johansen, C.A. 1977. Pesticides and pollinators. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 22:177–192.
Jones, A.L., D.B. Johnson, and D.L. Suett. 1991. Effects of soil treatments with aldicarb, carburofan and chlorfenvinphos on the size and composition of microbial biomass. Ed. A. Walker. Pesticides in Soils and Water: Current Perspectives. United Kingdon: British Crop Protection Council, 75–82.
Kelley, R.D. 1986. Pesticides in Iowa’s drinking water. Proceedings of a Conference: Pesticides and Groundwater: A Health Concern for the Midwest. Navarre, MN: Freshwater Foundation, Oct. 16–17. 121–122.
Kuehl, D.W. and B. Butterworth. 1994. A national study of chemical residues in fish III: Study results. Chemosphere 29:523–535.
Lebaron, H.M. and J. McFarland. 1990. Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops. Ed. M.B. Green, H.M. Lebaron, and W.K. Moberg. Managing Resistance from Fundamental research to Practical Strategies. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc., 336–352.
Lehman, H. 1993. Values, Ethics and the Use of Syntheic Pesticides in Agriculture. Ed. D. Pimentel and H. Lehman. The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York: Chapman & Hall, 347–379.
Leiss, J.K. and D.A. Savitz. 1995. Home pesticide use and childhood cancer: A case-control study. Am. J. Public Health 85:249–252.
Litovitz, T.L., B.F. Schmitz, and K.M. Bailey. 1990. 1989 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection Centers. Am. J. Emergency Med. 8: 394–442.
MacKenzie, K. and M.L. Winston. 1989. Effects of sublethal exposure to diazinon and temporal division of labor in the honeybee. J. Econ. Entom. 82:75–82.
McCarthy, S. 1993. Congress takes a look at estrogenic pesticides and breast cancer. Journal of Pesticide Reform 13 (4): 25.
McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agr., Agr. Res. Ser., Agricultural Handbook No. 496.
McGregor, S.E., C. Rhyne, S. Worley, and F.E. Todd. 1955. The role of honeybees in cotton pollination. Agron. Jour. 47:23–25.
Murphy, M.J. 1994. Toxin exposures in dogs and cats: Pesticides and biotoxins. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 205:414–421.
Murray, D.L. 1994. Cultivating Crisis: The Human Cost of Pesticides in Latin America. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
NAS. 1987. Regulating Pesticides in Food. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
NAS. 1993. Malaria Prevention and Control. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Nash, E.P. 1994. What’s a life worth? New York: New York Times.
Natarajan, U., and R. Rajagopal. 1994. Economics of screening for pesticides in ground water. Water Resour.Bull. 30:579–588.
Nielsen, E.G. and L.K. Lee. 1987. The Magnitude and Costs of Groundwater Contamination from Agricultural Chemicals: A National Perspective. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agr., Econ. Res. Ser., Natural Resour. Econ. Div., ERS Staff Report, AGES870318.
NRDC. 1993. After Silent Spring. New York: NRDC Publication.
Oka, I.N. 1991. Success and challenges of the Indonesian national integrated pest management program in the rice-based cropping system. Crop Protection 10:163–165.
Oka, I.N. and D. Pimentel. 1976. Herbicide (2,4-D) increases insect and pathogen pests on corn. Science 193:239–240.
OTA. 1979. Pest Management Strategies. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. 2 Vol.
Perkins, J.H. and N.C. Holochuck. 1993. Pesticides: Historical changes demand ethical choices. Ed. D. Pimentel and H. Lehman. The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York: Chapman & Hall, 390–417.
Pimentel, D. 1988. Herbivore population feeding pressure on plant host: Feedback evolution and host conservation. Oikos 53:289–302.
Pimentel, D. 1995. Protecting crops. Ed. W.C. Olsen. The Literature of Crop Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 49–66.
Pimentel, D., J. Krummel, D. Gallahan, J. Hough, A. Merrill, I. Schreiner, P. Vittum, F. Koziol, E. Back, D. Yen, and S. Fiance. 1987. Benefits and costs of pesticide use in U.S. food production., BioScience 28:778–784.
Pimentel, D., D. Andow, R. Dyson-Hudson, D. Gallahan, S. Jacobson, M. Irish, S. Kroop, A. Moss, I. Schreiner, M. Shepard, T. Thompson, and B. Vinzant. 1980. Environmental and social costs of pesticides: A preliminary assessment. Oikos 34:127–140.
Pimentel, D., L. McLaughlin, A. Zepp, B. Latikan, T. Kraus, P. Kleinman, F. Vancini, W.J. Roach, E. Graap, W.S. Keeton, and G. Selig. 1991. Environmental and economic impacts of reducing U.S. agricultural pesticide use. Ed. D. Pimentel. Handbook on Pest Management in Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 679–718.
Pimentel, D., H. Acquay, M. Biltonen, P. Rice, M. Silva, J. Nelson, V. Lipner, S. Giordano, A. Horowitz, and M. D’Amore. 1993. Assessment of environmental and economic impacts of pesticide use. D. D. Pimentel and H. Lehman. The Pesticide Question: Environment. Economics and Ethics. New York: Chapman & Hall, 47–84.
Pimentel, D., C. Wilson, C. McCullum, R. Huang, P. Dwen, J. Flack, Q. Tran, T. Saltman, and B. Cliff. 1997. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity. BioScience 47(11):747–757.
Pimentel, D., O. Bailey, P. Kim, E. Mullaney, J. Calabrese, L. Waltman, F. Nelson and X. Yao. 1998. Will limits of the Earth’s resources control human numbers? Submitted to J. of Environment, Development and Sustainability.
PN. 1990. Towards a reduction in pesticide use. Pesticide News (March).
Potts, G.R. 1986. The Partridge: Pesticides, Predation and Conservation. London: Collins.
Pye, V. and J. Kelley. 1984. The extent of groundwater contamination in the United States. Ed. NAS. Groundwater Contamination. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
Repetto, R. and S.S. Baliga. 1996. Pesticides and the Immune System: The Public Health Risks. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Reuben, R. 1989. Obstacles to malaria control in India—The human factor. Ed. W.W. Service. Demography and Vector-Borne Disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 143–154.
Robinson, W.E., R. Nowogrodzki, and R.A. Morse. 1989. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops. Am. Bee J. 129:477–487.
Schuman, S. 1993. Risks of pesticide-related health effects: An epidemiologic approach. Ed. D. Pimentel and H. Lehman. The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York: Chapman and Hall, 106–125.
Stickel, W.H., L.F. Stickel, R.A. Dryland, and D.L. Hughes. 1984. DDE in birds: Lethal residues and loss rates. Arch. Environ. Contam. and Tox. 13:1–6.
Stone, W.B. and P.B. Gradoni. 1985. Wildlife mortality related to the use of the pesticide diazinon. Northeastern Environ. Sci. 4:30–38.
Storey, D.A. and P.G. Allen. 1993. Economic impact of marine recreational fishing in Massachusetts. N. Am. J. Fish. Man. 13:698–708.
Stringer, A. and C. Lyons. 1974. The effect of benomyl and thiophanate-methyl on earthworm populations in apple orchards. Pesticide Sci. 5:189–196.
Tanda, A.S. 1984. Bee pollination increases yield of 2 interplanted varieties of asiatic cotton (gossyium arboreum 1.) (apis cerana indica, apis mellifera, India). Am. Bee J. 124:539–540.
Trumbel, J.T., W. Carson, H. Nakakihara, and V. Voth. 1988. Impact of pesticides for tomato fruitworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) suppression on photosynthesis, yield, and nontarget arthropods in strawberries. J. Econ. Entomol. 81:608–614.
UNEP. 1979. The State of the Environment: Selected Topics—1979. Nairobi: United NationalEnvironment Programme, Governing Council, Seventh Session,
UNEP. 1997. Global Environmental Outlook. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
USBC. 1994. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Government Printing Office.
USDA. 1989. Agricultural Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office.
USDA. 1994. Agricultural Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Government Printing Office.
USFWS. 1988. 1985 Survey of Fishing. Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Dept. of Interior: Washington, DC.
Van der Leeden, F., F.L. Troise, and D.K. Dodd. 1990. The Water Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Pub.
Von Rumker, R. and F. Horay. 1974. Farmers’ Pesticide Use Decisions and Attitudes on Alternate Crop Protection Methods. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Ware, G.W. 1983. Reducing pesticide application drift-losses. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension.
Ware, G.W., W.P. Cahill, B.J. Esesen, W.C. Kronland, and N.A. Buck. 1975. Pesticide drift deposit efficiency from ground sprays on cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 68:549–550.
Weiner, B.P. and R.M. Worth. 1972. Insecticides: Household use and respiratory impairment. In Adverse Effects of Common Environmental Pollutants. New York: MSS Information Corporation. 149–151.
White, L. 1967. The historical roots of our ecological crisis. Science 155:1203–1207.
WHO. 1992. Our Planet. Our Health: Report of the WHO Commission on Health and Environment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO. 1996. Micronutrient malnutrition—Half the world’s population affected. World Health Organization, 13 Nov 1996, no. 78,1–4.
Williamson, C.S. 1995. Conserving Europe’s bees: Why all the buzz? TREE 10:309–310.
Wills, L.E., B.A. Mullens, and J.D. Mandeville. 1990. Effects of pesticides on filth fly predators coleoptera histeridae staphylinidae acarina macrochelidae uropodiae in caged layer poultry manure. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:451–457.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pimentel, D., Hart, K. (2001). Pesticide Use: Ethical, Environmental, and Public Health Implications. In: Galston, A.W., Shurr, E.G. (eds) New Dimensions in Bioethics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1591-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1591-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5630-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1591-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive