Skip to main content

Imaging Living Cells and Mapping Their Surface Molecules with the Atomic Force Microscope

  • Chapter
Methods in Cellular Imaging

Part of the book series: Methods in Physiology ((METHPHYS))

Abstract

In 1986 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Roher shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and discovering that it can image individual atoms with unprecedented resolution (Binnig et al., 1982). This novel type of microscopy is based on the quantum phenomenon that electrons can tunnel through a narrow insulating gap between two conductors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albrecht, T. R., and C. F. Quate. Atomic resolution with the atomic force microscope on conductors and nonconductors. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6: 271–274, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashkin, A., J. M. Dziedzic, and T. Yamane. Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beam. Nature 330: 769–771, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bezanilla, M., C. J. Bustamante, and H. G. Hansma. Improved visualization of DNA in aqueous buffer with the atomic force microscope. Scanning Microsc. 7 (4): 1145–1148, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binnig, G., C. F. Quate, and C. H. Gerber. Atomic force microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56: 930–933, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butt, H. J., E. K. Wolff, S. A. C. Gould, B. Dixon Northern, C. M. Peterson, and P. K. Hansma. Imaging cells with the atomic force microscope. J. Struct. Biol. 105: 54–61, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S. Bacterial Growth and Division. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991, p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dammer, U., O. Popescu, P. Wagner, D. Anselmetti, H. J. Güntherodt, and G. Misevic. Binding strength between cell adhesion proteoglycans measured by atomic force microscopy. Science 267: 1173–1175, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dammer, U., M. Hegner, D. Anselmetti, R Wagner, M. Dreier, W. Huber, and H. J. Güntherodt. Specific antigen/antibody interaction measured by force microscopy. Biophys. J. 70: 2437–2441, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, B., C. B. Prater, A. L. Weisenhorn, S. A. C. Gould, T. R. Albrecht, C. E Quate, D. S. Cannell, H. G. Hansma, and P. K. Hansma. Imaging crystals, polymers and processes in water with the atomic force microscope. Science 243: 1586–1989, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, E., D. Berk, and A. Leung. Detachment of agglutinin-bonded red blood cells. Forces to rupture molecular point attachment. Biophys. J. 59: 838–848, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas, V., J. Kovarfk, A. Kosinovâ, and S. Bauer. Autoradiographic study of mannan incorporation into the growing cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae J. Bacteriol. 117: 265–269, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, T. L., J. P. Goundonnet, R. C. Reddick, S. L. Sharp, and R. J. Warmack. The photon scanning tunneling microscopy. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B9: 525–530, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florin, E. L., V. T. Moy, and H. E. Gaub. Adhesion forces between individual ligand receptor pairs. Science 264: 415–417, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gad, M., and A. Ikai. Method for immobilizing microbial cells on gel surface for dynamic AFM studies. Biophys. J. 69: 2226–2233, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gad, M., A. Itoh, A. Ikai. Mapping cell wall polysaccharides of living microbial cells using atomic force microscopy. Cell Biol. Inter. 21 (11): 697–706, 1997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Häberle, W., J. K. H. Hörber, F. Ohnesorge, D. P. E. Smith, and G. Binnig. In situ investigation of single living cell infected by viruses. Ultramicroscopy 42–44:1161–1167, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansma, H. G., M. Benzallina, F. Zenhausern, M. Adrian, and R. L. Sinsheimer. Atomic force microscopy of DNA in aqueous solutions. Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (3): 505–512, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansma, P K., B. Drake, O. Marti, S. A. Goul, and C. B. Prater. The scanning ion-conduc-tance microscope. Science 243: 641–643, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansma, H., J. Vesenka, C. Siegerist, G. Kelderman, H. Morret, R. L. Sinsheimer, V. Elings, C. Bustamante, and R K. Hansma. Reproducible imaging and dissection of plasmid DNA under liquids with atomic force microscope. Science 256: 1180–1184, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegner, M., R. Wagner, and G. Semenza. Immobilizing DNA on gold via thiol modification for atomic force microscopy in buffer solution. FEBS 336: 452–456, 1993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helm, C., W. Knoll, and J. Israelachivili. Measurement of ligand-receptor interactions. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. 88: 8169–8173, 1991.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, E. Imaging of living cells by atomic-force microscopy. Prog. Surf. Sci. 46: 39–60, 1994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinterdorfer R, W. Baumgartner, H. J. Gruber, K. Schilcher, H. Schindler. Detection and localization of individual antibody-antigen recognition events by atomic force microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 3477–3481, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hörber, J. K. H., W. Häberle, F. Ohnesorge, G. Binnig, H. G. Liebich, C. P. Czerny, H. Mahnel, and A. Mayr. Investigation of living cells in the nanometer regime with the scanning force microscope. Scanning Microsc. 6: 919–930, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horisberger, M., and M. Vonlanthen. Location of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers. Arch. Microbiol. 115: 1–7, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces. London: Academic Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasas, S., and A. Ikai. A method for anchoring round shaped cells for atomic force microscope imaging. Biophys. J. 68: 1678–1680, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, S. C., and M. P. Sheetz. Force of single kinesin molecules measured with optical tweezers. Science 260: 232–234, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laney D. E., R. A. Garcia, S. M. Parsons, and H. G. Hansma. Changes in the elastic properties of cholinergic synaptic vesicles as measured by atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J. 72: 806–813, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H., R Wagner, and G. Semenza. Immobilizing DNA on gold via thiol modification for atomic force microscopy imaging in buffer solutions. FEBS Lett. 336: 452–456, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Y, and H. K. Wickramasinghe. Magnetic imaging by “force microscopy” with 1000 A resolution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 50: 1455–1458, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsuda, S., T. Nakagawa, H. Nakazato, and A. Ikai. Receptor-linked antigen delivery system. Importance of 2-macroglobulin in the development of peptide vaccine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216: 339–405, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neagu, C., K. O. Van Der Werf, C. A. J. Putman, Y. M. Kraan, B. G. De Grooth, N. F. Van Hulst, and J. Greve. Analysis of immunolabeled cells by atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and flow cytometry. J. Struct. Biol. 112: 32–40, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putman, C. A. J., K. O. van der Werf, B. G. deGrooth, N. F. van Hulst, J. Greve, and P. K. Hansma. A new imaging mode in atomic force microscopy based on the error signal. Proc. SPIE 1639: 198–204, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radmacher, M., J. P. Cleveland, M. Frtiz, H. G. Hansma, and R. K. Hansma. Mapping interaction forces with the atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 66: 2159–2165, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shroff, S. G., D. R. Saner, and R. Lal. Atomic force microscopy of arterial cells: Local viscoelastic mechanical-properties and imaging of cytoskeleton. Biophys. J. 66: 278a, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, K., C. F. Schmidt, B. J. Schnapp, and S. M. Block. Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365: 721–727, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thundat, T., D. P. Allison, R. J. Warmack, G. M. Brown, K. B. Jacobson, J. J. Schrick, and T. L. Ferrel. Atomic force microscopy of DNA on mica and chemically modified mica. Scanning Microsc. 6: 911–918, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. C., and H. K. Wickramasinghe. Scanning thermal profiler. Appl. Phys. Lett. 49: 1587–1589, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., J. Mou, and Z. Shao. Molecular resolution atomic force microscopy of soluble proteins in solution. Biochim Biophys. Acta 1199: 105–114, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 American Physiological Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gad, M., Ikai, A. (2001). Imaging Living Cells and Mapping Their Surface Molecules with the Atomic Force Microscope. In: Periasamy, A. (eds) Methods in Cellular Imaging. Methods in Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7513-2_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7513-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics