Definition of the Subject
Marine fisheries enhancement (aka “stock enhancement”) is the use of hatchery-reared saltwater organisms to increase abundance and fishery yields in the wild. “Conservation hatcheries ” also produce and stock depleted, threatened, or endangered organisms – to help preserve species in decline. The practice began in the latter part of the nineteenth century when fish hatcheries were first developed but understanding of the ecology and management of wild stocks into which the hatchery-reared organisms where released was very limited. Early stock enhancement thus has gone through a series of fits and starts and misfires. In the century after its birth, the technologies required for scientific inquiry of the effects and effectiveness of stocking hatchery-reared organisms were lacking. The science needed to guide reliable use of cultured aquatic organisms in conservation and resource...
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- Anadromous:
-
Species that spawn in freshwater, then their offspring gradually make their way into estuaries or the sea, where they remain during much of the subadult and adult stages of the life cycle, before returning to rivers and streams to spawn.
- Catadromous:
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Species whose females release their eggs at sea, then the offspring move as larvae or early juveniles into estuaries, rivers, and streams where they spend the juvenile stage of the life cycle.
- Marine:
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Species that spawn in sea water, including those that spend most of their lives at sea and catadromous fishes, which spawn in seawater, then enter freshwater nursery habitats.
- Marine fisheries enhancement:
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Release of aquacultured marine organisms into seas and estuaries to increase or restore abundance and fishery yields in the wild.
- Outbreeding depression:
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Caused when offspring from crosses between individuals from different populations or subpopulations (stocks) have lower fitness than progeny from crosses between individuals from the same population/stock.
- Recruitment:
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The process of joining an existing population. Species recruit to the juvenile stages in nursery habitats; juveniles subsequently recruit to adult stages in adult habitats. Species recruit to a fishery when they reach the minimum size fished.
- Reintroduction:
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Temporary release of cultured organisms with the aim of reestablishing a locally extinct population.
- Restocking:
-
Release of cultured juveniles into wild population(s) to restore severely depleted spawning biomass to a level where it can once again provide regular, substantial yields.
- Sea ranching:
-
Release of cultured juveniles into unenclosed marine and estuarine environments for harvest at a larger size in “put, grow, and take” operations.
- Stock enhancement:
-
The release of cultured juveniles into wild populations to augment the natural supply of juveniles and optimize harvests by overcoming limitations in juvenile recruitment.
- Supplementation:
-
Moderate release of cultured fish into very small and declining populations, with the aim of reducing extinction risk and conserving genetic diversity. Supplementation serves primarily conservation aims and specifically addresses sustainability issues and genetic threats in small and declining populations.
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Leber, K.M. (2013). Marine Fisheries Enhancement , Coming of Age in the New Millennium. In: Christou, P., Savin, R., Costa-Pierce, B.A., Misztal, I., Whitelaw, C.B.A. (eds) Sustainable Food Production. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5797-8_188
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