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Waterborne Diseases of the Ocean, Enteric Viruses

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Abstract

Human enteric viruses pose a significant health threat in the aquatic environment since they are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Human activities such as faulty septic systems, agricultural runoff, urban runoff, sewage outfall, and wastewater discharge from vessels are ways enteric viruses are introduced into the environment. There are approximately 140 enteric viruses found in humans, and approximately one billion per gram of feces where at least 10% of the population can shed these viruses at any given time [1]. Enteric viruses can be transferred throughout the environment by attaching to particulates in groundwater, estuarine water, seawater and rivers, estuaries, shellfish grown in contaminated waters, and by aerosols emitted from sewage treatment plants [2]. The fate of these enteric viruses can take many routes, such as rivers, lakes, sewage, land runoff, estuaries, and groundwater. Humans can be exposed to enteric viruses through various routes: crops grown in land irrigated with wastewater or fertilized with sewage, shellfish grown in contaminated water, sewage-polluted recreational waters, and contaminated drinking water. In a waterborne disease outbreak study between 1946 and 1980, water system deficiencies that contributed to these outbreaks were categorized under five major headings: (1) use of contaminated untreated surface water, (2) use of contaminated untreated groundwater, (3) inadequate or interrupted treatment, (4) distribution network problems, and (5) miscellaneous [3]. Deficiencies in treatment and distribution of water contributed to more than 80% of the outbreaks.

This chapter, which has been modified slightly for the purposes of this volume, was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Attenuate:

To reduce or weaken a pathogen.

Cultivate:

The ability of viruses to replicate under ideal conditions.

Enteric virus:

Viral particle associated with human feces. Enteric viruses range in size of 20–80nm and contain RNA or DNA enclosed by a protein capsid.

Environmental stability (microorganism):

The ability of an organism to withstand degradation when exposed to environmental factors, such as temperature and sunlight.

Epidemiology:

The study of the causes, distribution, and patterns of health and illness in a population.

Gastroenteritis:

Inflammation of the stomach and large and small intestines.

Genogroup:

Related viruses within a genus.

Icosahedral:

Having a geometric structure that contains 20 identical equilateral triangular faces, 30 edges, and 12 vertices.

Open reading frame (ORF):

A DNA sequence that does not contain a stop codon. ORFs are presumptive genes.

Serotype:

Distinct antigenic variations within a subgroup or subspecies of bacteria or viruses.

Viremia:

The presence of viruses in the blood spread through primary and secondary transmission.

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  1. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Gulf Coast Seafood Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA

    Jacquelina W. Woods

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  1. , Department of Immunology and Infectious, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue 651, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Phyllis Kanki

  2. , Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, East Beach Drive 703, Ocean Springs, 39564, Mississippi, USA

    Darrell Jay Grimes

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Woods, J.W. (2013). Waterborne Diseases of the Ocean, Enteric Viruses. In: Kanki, P., Grimes, D. (eds) Infectious Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5719-0_13

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