Skip to main content

In Situ Forming Systems (Depots)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Long Acting Injections and Implants

Abstract

In situ forming systems transform into semi-solids (or viscous masses) upon injection and provide sustained release of pharmacological agents, including small molecule drugs, peptides and proteins. These formulations can be utilized for systemic or site specific delivery and generally comprise a polymer or carrier and a solvent. This chapter reviews examples including the Atrigel (PLGA + water miscible solvent), SABERTM (sucrose acetate isobutyrate + solvent), ALZAMER (PLGA + solvent) and ReGel systems (PLGA/PEG copolymer + water), among others. In vivo delivery durations for in situ forming systems range from days to months.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Packhaeuser CB, Schnieders J, Oster CG, Kissel T (2004) In situ forming parenteral drug delivery systems: an overview. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 58:445–455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chitkara D, Shikanov A, Kumar N, Domb AJ (2006) Biodegradable injectable in situ ­depot-forming drug delivery systems. Macromol Biosci 6:977–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Heller J (2009) Patient-friendly bioerodible drug delivery systems. J Control Release 133:88–89

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sanofi-Aventis U.S. (2009) ELIGARD® 7.5 mg, 22.5 mg, 30 mg, 45 mg Prescribing Information (leuprolide acetate for injectable suspension). http://products.sanofi-aventis.us/eligard/eligard_30.html. Accessed Apr 2010

  5. Dunn R, Hardee G, Polson A, Bennett A, Martin S, Wardley R, Moseley W, Krinick N, Foster T, Frank K, Cox S (1995) In-situ forming biodegradable implants for controlled release veterinary applications. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 22:91–92

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dunn RL (2003) The Atrigel drug delivery system. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 1st edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 647–655

    Google Scholar 

  7. Dadey EJ (2008) The Atrigel® drug delivery system. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS, Lane ME (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare Inc, New York, pp 183–189

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brodbeck KJ, DesNoyer JR, McHugh AJ (1999) Phase inversion dynamics of PLGA solutions related to drug delivery. Part II. The role of solution thermodynamics and bath-side mass ­transfer. J Controlled Release 62:333–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ravivarapu HB, Moyer KL, Dunn RL (2000) Sustained suppression of pituitary-gonadal axis with an injectable, in situ forming implant of leuprolide acetate. J Pharm Sci 89:732–741

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sullivan SA, Gibson JW, Burns PJ, Franz L, Squires EL, Thompson DL, Tipton AJ (1998) Sustained release of progesterone and estradiol from the SABER™ delivery system: in vitro and in vivo release rates. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 25:653–654

    Google Scholar 

  11. Okumu FW, Dao LN, Fielder PJ, Dybdal N, Brooks D, Sane S, Cleland JL (2002) Sustained delivery of human growth hormone from a novel gel system: SABER™. Biomaterials 23:4353–4358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tipton AJ (2003) Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) for parental delivery. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 1st edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 679–687

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wright JC, Verity AN, Okumu FW (2008) The SABER™ delivery system for parenteral administration. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS, Lane ME (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare Inc, New York, pp 151–158

    Google Scholar 

  14. Reynolds RC, Chappel CI (1998) Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB): historic aspects of its use in beverages and a review of toxicity studies prior to 1988. Food Chem Toxicol 36:81–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Okumu FW (2008) Private communication

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sekar M, Okumu F, van Osdol W, Tamraz W, Tung D, and Sverdrup F (2009) SABER™ ­formulation for intra-articular delivery of recombinant human growth hormone. 2009 AAPS National Biotechnology Conference. Poster #NBC-09-00476

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sullivan SA, Gilley RM, Gibson JW, Tipton AJ (1997) Delivery of taxol and other antineoplastic agents from a novel system based on sucrose acetate isobutyrate. Pharm Res 14:291

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fleury J, Squires EL, Betschart R, Gibson J, Sullivan S, Tipton A, Burns PJ (1998) Evaluation of the SABER™ delivery system for the controlled release of deslorelin for advancing ovulation in the mare: effects of formulation and dose. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 25:657–658

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lee J, Jallow GI, Penno MB, Gabrielson KL, Young GD, Johnson RM, Gillis EM, Rampersaud C, Carson BS, Guarnieri M (2006) Intracranial drug-delivery scaffolds: biocompatibility evaluation of sucrose acetate isobutyrate gels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 215:64–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen G, Junarkar G (2008) ALZAMER depot bioerodible polymer technology. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS, Lane ME (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare Inc, New York, pp 215–225

    Google Scholar 

  21. Barton BF, Reeve JL, McHugh AJ (1996) Observations on the dynamics of nonsolvent-induced phase inversion. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 35:569–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. McHugh AJ (2005) The role of polymer membrane formation in sustained release drug ­delivery systems. J Control Release 109:211–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang L, Venkatraman S, Kleiner L (2004) Drug release from injectable depots: two different in vitro mechanisms. J Control Release 99:207–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang L, Venkatraman S, Guan LH, Kleiner L (2005) Structure formation in injectable PLG depots. II Nature of the gel. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 72B:215–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cleland JL, Johnson OL, Putney S (1997) rhGH PLGA microsphere formulation and development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 28:71–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zentner GM, Rathi R, Shih C, McRea JC, Seo MH, Oh H, Rhee BG, Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z, Morgan M, Weitman S (2001) Biodegradable block copolymers for delivery of proteins and water-insoluble drugs. J Control Release 72:203–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Katakam M, Ravis WR, Banga AK (1997) Controlled release of human growth hormone in rats following parenteral administration of poloxamer gels. J Control Release 49:21–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rathi RC, Fowers KD (2008) ReGel depot technology. In: Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS, Lane ME (eds) Modified-release drug delivery technology, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare, New York, pp 171–181

    Google Scholar 

  29. btgplc.com. 2010. Oncogelâ„¢. http://www.btgplc.com/BTGPipeline/278/OncoGel.html. Accessed Jan 2010

  30. Heller J, Barr J, Ng SY, Shen HR (2002) Injectable semi-solid poly (ortho esters) for the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents: synthesis and applications. Drug Deliv Technol 2:38–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Heller J, Barr J (2005) Biochronomer technology. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2:169–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. appharma.com. 2010. http://www.appharma.com. Accessed Feb 2010

  33. Higuchi T (1963) Mechanism of sustained-action medication. J Pharm Sci 52:1145–1149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Paul DR, McSpadden SK (1976) Diffusional release of a solute from a polymer matrix. J Membr Sci 1:33–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hirano K, Ichihashi T, Yamada H (1981) Studies on the absorption of practically water-­insoluble APIs following injection. I: intramuscular absorption from water-immiscible oil solutions in rats. Chem Pharm Bull 29:519–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Crank J (1975) The mathematics of diffusion, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  37. Shlesinger MF, Montroll EW (1984) On the Williams-Watts function of dielectric relaxation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:1280–1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Raman C, McHugh AJ (2005) A model for API release from fast phase inverting injectable solutions. J Control Release 102:145–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yilmaz L, McHugh AJ (1986) Analysis of nonsolvent-solvent-polymer phase diagrams and their relevance to membrane formation modeling. J Appl Polym Sci 31:997–1018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tsay CS, McHugh AJ (1990) Mass transfer modeling of asymmetric membrane formation by phase inversion. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 28:1327–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Podual K, Doyle F, Peppas NA (2004) Modeling of water transport in and release from ­glucose-sensitive swelling-controlled release systems based on poly(diethylaminoethyl ­methacrylate-g-ethylene glycol). Ind Eng Chem Res 43:7500–7512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Food and Drug Administration (2005) Guidance for Industry: Nonclinical Studies for the Safety Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of their colleagues on the DURECT depot technology team and would especially like to acknowledge helpful conversations with Dr. Linval Depass, Dr. Jaymin Shah and Dr. Neil Verity.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeremy C. Wright .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Controlled Release Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wright, J.C., Sekar, M., van Osdol, W., Su, H.C., Miksztal, A.R. (2012). In Situ Forming Systems (Depots). In: Wright, J., Burgess, D. (eds) Long Acting Injections and Implants. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0554-2_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics