Abstract
Increased crop production derives from both agronomic and varietal improvement, and from their continuing interactions. For example, cheaper nitrogen fertilizers created a need for shorter cereals less prone to lodging but more dependent on herbicidal control of weeds. In turn the denser crops possible with greater fertilizer use open up new opportunities and criteria for selection, such as tolerance of closer spacing and, possibly, smaller, more upright leaves with faster photosynthesis per unit area. Varietal improvement, therefore, both creates and responds to agronomic change.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allan, R. E., Vogel, O. A., and Craddock, J. C., 1959, Comparative response to gibberellic acid of dwarf, semi-dwarf and standard short and tall winter varieties, Agron. J, 51: 737.
Allison, M. J., Cowe, I., and McHale, R., 1976, A rapid test for the prediction of malting quality in barley, J. Inst. Brewing, 82: 166.
Austin, R. B., Bingham, J., Blackwell, R. D., Evans, L. T., Ford, M. A., Morgan, C. L., and Taylor, M., 1980a, Genetic improvements in winter wheat yields since 1900 and associated physiological changes, J. Agric. Sci., 94: 675.
Austin, R. B., Morgan, C. L., Ford, M. A., and Blackwell, R. D., 1980b, Contributions to grain yield from pre-anthesis assimilation in tall and dwarf barley phenotypes in two contrasting seasons, Ann. Bot., 45: 309.
Austin, R. B., Morgan, C. L., Ford, M. A., and Bhagwat, S. G., 1982, Flag leaf photosynthesis of Triticum aestivum and related diploid and tetraploid species, Ann. Bot., 49: 177.
Bhagsari, A. S., and Brown, R. H., 1976, Photosynthesis in peanut Arachis genotypes, Peanut Science, 3: 1.
Boyer, J. S., 1982, Plant productivity and environment, Science, 218: 443.
Bremner, P. M., and Davidson, J. L., 1978, A study of grain number in two contrasting wheat cultivars, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 431.
Brooking, I. R., and Kirby, E. J. M., 1981, Interrelationships between stem and ear development in winter wheat: the effects of a Norin 10 dwarfing gene, Gai/Rht2, J. Agric. Sci. Cambr., 97: 373.
Bull, T. A., 1971, The C4 pathway related to growth rates in sugar cane, in: “Photosynthesis and Photorespiration,” M. D. Hatch, C. B. Osmond and R. O. Slatyer, eds., Wiley, New York. pp. 68–75.
Buttery, B. R., Buzzell, R. I., and Findlay, W. I., 1981, Relationships between photosynthetic rate, bean yield and other characters in field grown cultivars of soybean, Can. J. Plant Sci., 61: 191.
Cardwell, V. B., 1982, Fifty years of Minnesota corn production: sources of yield increases, Agron. J., 74: 984.
Christiansen, M. N., and Lewis, C. F., eds, 1982, “Breeding Plants for Less Favorable Environments,” Wiley, New York.
Cock, J. H., and Yoshida, S., 1973, Changing sink and source relations in rice Oryza sativa L. using carbon dioxide enrichment in the field, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 19: 229.
Cohen, C. J., Chilcote, D. O., and Frakes, R. V., 1982, Gas exchange and leaf area characteristics of four tall fescue selections differing in forage yield, Crop Sci., 22: 709.
Cook, M. G., and Evans, L. T., 1983, Some physiological aspects of the domestication and improvement of rice Oryza spp, Field Crops Res., 6: 219.
Crosbie, T. M., and Mock, J. J., 1981, Changes in physiological traits associated with grain yield improvement in three maize breeding programs, Crop Sci., 21: 255.
Crosbie, T. M., and Pearce, R. B., 1982, Effects of recurrent phenotypic selection for high and low photosynthesis on agronomic traits in two maize populations, Crop Sci., 22: 809.
Dobben, W. H. van, 1962, Influence of temperature and light conditions on dry matter distribution, development rate, and yield in arable crops, Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 10: 377.
Donald, C. M., 1981, Competitive plants, communal plants, and yield in wheat crops, in: “Wheat Science-Today and Tomorrow,” Evans, L. T., Peacock, W. J., eds., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 223–247.
Dougherty, C. T., Rooney, K. R., Scott, W. R., and Langer, R. H. M., 1975, Levels of water soluble carbohydrate in the preanthesis ear of wheat, and grain set per spikelet, N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 18: 351.
Downes, R. W., 1971, Relationship between evolutionary adaptation and gas exchange characteristics of diverse sorghum taxa, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 24: 843.
Duncan, W. G., and Hesketh, J. D., 1968, Net photosynthetic rates, relative leaf growth rates, and leaf numbers of 22 races of maize grown at eight temperatures, Crop Sci., 8: 670.
Dunstone, R. L., Gifford, R. M., and Evans, L. T., 1973, Photosynthetic characteristics of modern and primitive wheat species in relation to ontogeny and adaptation to light, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 26: 295.
Duvick, D. N., 1977, Genetic rates of gain in hybrid maize yields during the past 40 years, Maydica, 22: 187.
Duvick, D. N., 1977, Genetic rates of gain in hybrid maize yields during the past 40 years, Maydica, 22: 187.
El-Sharkawy, M., Hesketh, J. D., and Muramoto, H., 1965, Leaf photosynthetic rates and other growth characteristics among 26 species of Gossypium, Crop Sci., 5: 173.
Evans, J. R., 1983, Nitrogen and photosynthesis in the flag feaf of wheat Tritieum aestivum L., Plant Physiol., 72: 297.
Evans, J. R., 1983, Nitrogen and photosynthesis in the flag feaf of wheat Triticum aestivum L., Plant Physiol., 72: 297.
Evans, J. R., and Seemann, J. R., 1984, Differences between wheat genotypes in specific activity of RUBP carboxylase and the relationship to photosynthesis, Plant Physiol., in press.
Evans, L. T., 1978, The influence of irradiance before and after anthesis on grain yield and its components in microcrops of wheat grown in a constant daylength and temperature regime, Field Crops Res., 1: 5.
Evans, L. T., 1981, Yield improvement in Wheat: empirical or analytical?, in: “Wheat Science - Today and Tomorrow,” Evans, L. T. and Peacock, W. J. eds., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 203–222.
Evans, L. T., Bingham, J., Jackson, P., and Sutherland, J., 1972, Effect of awns and drought on the supply of photosynthate and its distribution within wheat ears, Ann. Appl. Biol., 70: 67.
Evans, L. T., and De Datta, S. K., 1979, The relation between irradiance and grain yield of irrigated rice in the tropics, as influenced by cultivar, nitrogen fertilizer application and month of planting, Field Crops Res., 2: 1.
Evans, L. T., and Dunstone, R. L., 1970, Some physiological aspects of evolution in wheat, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 23: 725.
Evans, L. T., Visperas, R. M., and Vergara, B. S., 1984, Morphological and physiological changes among rice varieties used in the Philippines over the last seventy years, Field Crops Res., 8: 105–124.
Ferguson, H., 1974, Use of variety isogenes in plant water use-efficiency studies, Agric Meteorol., 14: 25.
Fischer, R. A., and Aguilar, I., 1976, Yield potential in a dwarf spring wheat and the effect of carbon dioxide fertilization, Agron. J., 68: 749.
Flintham, J. E., and Gale, M. D., 1983, The ‘Tom Thumb’ dwarfing gene, Rht 3, in wheat. 2. Effects on height, yield and grain quality, Theo. and Appl. Genet., 65: in press.
Ford, D. M., Shibles, R., and Green, D. E., 1983, Growth and yield of soybean lines selected for divergent photosynthetic ability, Crop Sci., 23: 517.
Frey, K. J., 1981, Capabilities and limitations of conventional plant breeding, in: “Genetic Engineering for Crop Improvement,” Rachie, K. O., and Lyman, L. M., eds., Rockefeller Foundation, New York. pp. 15–62.
Gale, M. D., 1983, The role and potential of dwarfing genes in wheat, in: “New Genetical Approaches to Crop Improvement,” Siddiqui, D. A., ed., in press.
Gale, M. D., Edrich, J., and Lupton, F. G. H., 1974, Photosynthetic rates and the effects of applied gibberellin in some dwarf, semi-dwarf and tall wheat varieties Triticum aestivum, J. Agric. Sci. Cambr., 83: 43.
Gale, M. D., and Flintham, J. E., 1983, The effect of the Tom Thumb dwarfing gene on grain size and grain number in wheat Triticum aestivum, Intl. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, in press.
Gale, M. D., and Marshall, G. S., 1973, Insensitivity to gibberellin in dwarf wheats,Ann. Bot., 37: 729.
Gale, M. D., and Marshall, G. A., 1979, A classification of the Norin 10 and Tom Thumb dwarfing genes in hexaploid bread wheat, Proc. 5th Intl. Wheat Genetics Symp., 2: 995.
Gifford, R. M., 1974, A comparison of potential photosynthesis, productivity and yield of plant species with differing photosynthetic metabolism, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 1: 107.
Hardman, L. L., and Brun, W. A., 1971, Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment at different developmental stages on growth and yield components of soybeans, Crop Sci., 11: 886.
Hart, R. H., Pearce, R. B., Chatterton, N. J., Carlson, G. E., Barnes, D. K., and Hanson, C. H., 1978, Alfalfa yield, specific leaf weight, CO2 exchange rate and morphology,Crop Sci., 18: 649.
Hesketh, J. D., Ogren, W. L., Hageman, M. E., and Peters, D. B., 1981, Correlations among leaf CO2-exchange rates, areas and enzyme activities among soybean cultivars,Photosynth. Res., 2: 21.
Hofner, W., and Kuhn, H., 1982, Effect of growth regulator combinations on ear development, assimilate translocation and yield in cereal crops, in: “Chemical manipulation of Crop Growth and Development, Assimilate Translocation and Yield and Creal Crops,” McLaren, J. S., ed., Butterworths, London. pp. 375–390.
Hunt, L. A., 1979, Stem weight changes during grain filling in wheat from diverse sources, Proc. 5th Intl. Wheat Genetics Symp., 2: 923.
Hymowitz, T., 1983, Variation in and genetics of certain antinutritional and biologically active components of soybean seed, in: “Better Crops for Feed,” Ciba/Pitmans, London.
Jensen, N. F., 1978, Limits to growth in world food production, Science, 201: 317.
Jong, S. K., Brewbaker, J. L., and Lee, C. H., 1982, Effects of solar radiation on the performance of maize in 41 successive monthly plantings in Hawaii, Crop Sci., 22: 13.
Joppa, L. R., 1973, Agronomic characteristics of near-isogenic tall and semi-dwarf lines of Durum wheat, Crop Sci., 13: 743.
Kaplan, S. L., and Koller, H. R., 1977, Leaf area and CO2 exchange rate as determinants of the rate of vegetative growth in soybean plants, Crop Sci., 17: 35.
Khan, M. A., and Tsunoda, S., 1970a, Evolutionary trends in leaf photosynthesis and related leaf characters among cultivated wheat species and its wild relatives,Jap. J. Breed., 20: 133.
Khan, M. A., and Tsunoda, S., 1970b, Growth analysis of cultivated wheat species and their wild relatives with special reference to dry matter distribution among different plant organs and to leaf area expansion, Tohoku J. Agric. Res., 21: 47.
King, R. W., and Chadim, H., 1983, Ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting of wheat, in: “Third Intl. Sympos. on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals,” Kruger, J. E. and La Berge, D. E., eds., Westview, Colorado. pp. 36–42.
King, R. W., Gale, M. D., and Quarrie, S. A., 1983, Effects of Norin-10 and Tom Thumb dwarfing genes on morphology, physiology and abscisic acid production in wheat, Ann. Bot., 51: 201.
Konar, A., and Asana, R. D., 1975, Effect of plant competition on growth and yield of tall and semi-dwarf varieties of wheat, Indian J. Agric. Sci., 45: 93.
Konzak, C. F., 1982, Evaluation and genetic analysis of semi-dwarf mutants in wheat,in: “Semi-dwarf cereal mutants and their use in cross-breeding,” Intl. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. pp. 25–37.
Krenzer, E. G., and Moss, D. N., 1975, Carbon dioxide enrichment effects upon yield and yield components in wheat, Crop Sci., 15: 71.
Kulshrestha, V. P., and Jain, H. K., 1982, Eighty years of wheat breeding in India: past selection pressures and future prospects, Z. Pflanzensücht., 89: 19.
Landivar, J. A., Baker, D. N., and Jenkins, J. N., 1983a, Application of GOSSYM to genetic feasibility studies. I. Analyses of fruit abscission and yield in Okra-leaf cottons, Crop Sci., 23: 497.
Landivar, J. A., Baker, D. n., and Jenkins, J. N., 1983b, Application of GOSSYM to genetic feasibility studies. II. Analyses of increasing photosynthesis, specific leaf weight and longevity of leaves in cotton, Crop Sci., 23: 504.
Lavergne, D., Bismuth, E., Sarda, C., and Champigny, M. L., 1979, Physiological studies on two cultivars of Pennisetum: P. americanum, 23DB a cultivated species, and P. mollissimum, a wild species. I. Effects, of leaf age on biochemical characteristics and activities of the enzymes associated with the photosynthetic carbon metabolism, Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenphysiol., 93: 159.
Lupton, F. G. H., Oliver, R. H., and Ruckenbauer, P., 1974, An analysis of the factors determining yields in crosses between semi-dwarf and taller wheat varieties, J. Agric. Sci. Cambr., 82: 483.
Lush, W. M., and Evans, L. T., 1981, The domestication and improvement of cowpeas Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., Euphytica, 30: 579.
Lush, W. M., and Rawson, H. M., 1979, Effects of domestication and region of origin on leaf gas exchange in cowpea Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., Photosynthetica, 13: 419.
MacKey, J., 1949, Genetic potentials for improved yield, in: “Proc. Workshop on Agricultural Potentiality Directed by Nutritional Needs,” Rajki, S. ed., Akad. Kiado, Budapest. pp. 121–143.
McNeal, F. H., Smith, E. P., and Berg, M. A., 1974, Plant height, grain yield, and yield component relationships in spring wheat, Agron. J., 66: 575.
Mahon, J. D., 1982, Field evaluation of growth and nitrogen fixation in peas selected for high and low photosynthetic CO2 exchange, Can. J. Plant Sci., 62: 5.
Makunga, O. H. D., Pearman, I., Thomas, S. M., and Thorne, G. N., 1978, Distribution of photosynthate produced before and after anthesis in tall and semi-dwarf winter wheat, as affected by nitrogen fertilizer, Ann. Appl. Biol., 88: 429.
Marshall, H. G., 1982, Breeding for tolerance to heat and cold,in: “Breeding Plants for Less Favorable Environments,” Christiansen, M. N., Lewis, C. F., eds., Wiley, New York. pp. 47–70.
Michael, G., and Seiler-Kelbitsch, H., 1972, Cytokinin content and kernel size of barley grain as affected by environmental and genetic factors, Crop Sci., 12: 162.
Morgan, J., 1983, Osmo-regulation as a selection criterion for drought tolerance in wheat, Aust. J. Agric. Sci., 34: 607.
Moss, D. N., and Musgrave, R. B., 1971, Photosynthesis and crop production, Adv. Agron., 23: 317.
Mussell, H., and Staples, R. C., eds., 1979, “Stress Physiology in Crop Plants,” Wiley, New York.
Nelson, C. J., Asay, K. H., and Horst, G. L., 1975, Relationship of leaf photosynthesis to forage yield of tall fescue, Crop Sci., 15: 476.
Olugbemi, L. B., Austin, R. B., and Bingham, J., 1976, Effects of awns on the photosynthesis of wheat, Triticum aestivum, Ann. Appl. Biol., 84: 241.
Oritani, R., Enbutsu, T., and Yoshida, R., 1979, Studies on the nitrogen metabolism in crop plants. XVI. Changes in photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in relation to leaf area growth of several rice varieties, Japan J. Crop Sci., 48: 10.
Paleg, L. G., and Aspinall, D., 1981, “Physiology and Biochemistry of Drought Resistance in Plants,” Acad. Press, Melbourne.
Passioura, J. B., 1981, The interaction between the physiology and the breeding of wheat,in: “Wheat Science - Today and Tomorrow,” Evans, L. T., and Peacock, W. J., eds., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. pp. 191–201.
Patterson, F. L., Compton, L. E., Caldwell, R. M., and Schafer, J. F., 1962, Effect of awns on yield, test weight, and kernel weight of soft red winter wheats, Crop Sci., 2: 199.
Patterson, F. L., and Ohm, H. W., 1975, Compensating ability of awns in soft red winter wheat, Crop Sci., 15: 403.
Payne, P. I., Corfield, K. G. and Blackman, J. A., 1979, Identification of a high-molecular weight sumunit of glutenin whose presence correlates with bread-making quality in wheats of related pedigree, Theo. and Appl. Genet., 55: 153.
Pearman, I., Thomas, S. M., and Thorne, G. N., 1978, Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat, J. Agric. Sci., 91: 31.
Peet, M. M., Bravo, A., Wallace, D. H., and Ozbun, J. L., 1977, Photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and enzyme activities in relation to yield of field grown dry bean varieties, Crop Sci., 17: 287.
Planchon, C., and Fesquet, J., 1982, Effect of the D genome and of selection on photosynthesis in wheat, Theo. and Appl. Genet., 61: 359.
Pugsley, A. T., 1963, The inheritance of a vernalization response in Australian spring wheats, Aust. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 622.
Pugsley, A. T., 1965, Inheritance of a correlated daylength response in spring wheat, Nature, 207: 108.
Pugsley, A. T., 1983, The impact of plant physiology on Australian wheat breeding, Euphytica, 32: 743–748.
Qualset, C. O., 1979, Mendelian genetics of quantitative characters with reference to adaptation and breeding in wheat, Proc. 5th Intl. Wheat Genetics Symp., 2: 577.
Quarrie, S. A., 1983, Genetic differences in abscisic acid physiology and their potential uses in agriculture, in: “Abscisic Acid,” Addicott, F. T., ed., Praeger, New York. pp. 365–419.
Quisenberry, J. E., 1982, Breeding for drought resistance and plant water use efficiency, in: “Breeding Plants for Less Favorable Environments,” Christiansen, M. N., Lewis, C. F., eds., Wiley, New York. pp. 193–212.
Radley, M., 1970, Comparison of endogenous gibberellins and response to applied gibberellin of some dwarf and tall wheat cultivars, Planta (Berl.), 92: 292.
Radley, M., 1980, Effect of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid on grain set in wheat, Ann. Appl. Biol., 95: 409.
Raper, C. D., and Kramer, P. J., eds., 1983, “Crop Reactions to Water and Temperature Stresses in Humid, Temperate Climates,” Westview, Colorado.
Rasmusson, D. C., and Crookston, R. K., 1977, Role of multiple awns in determining barley yields, Crop Sci., 17: 135.
Rawson, H. M., and Evans L. T., 1971, The contribution of stem reserves to grain development in a range of wheat cultivars of different height, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 22: 851.
Richards, R. A., and Passioura, J. B., 1981, Seminal root morphology and water use of wheat. II. Genetic variation, Crop Sci., 21: 253.
Russell, W. A., 1974, Comparative performance for maize hybrids representing different eras of maize breeding. Proc. 29th Ann. Corn and Sorghum Res. Conf., 81.
Scharen, A. L., Krupinsky, J. M., and Reid, D. A., 1983, Photosynthesis and yield of awned versus awnless isogenic lines of winter barley, Can. J. Plant Sci., 63: 349.
Silvey, V., 1978, The contribution of new varieties to increasing cereal yield in England and Wales, J. Natl. Inst. Agric. Bot., 14: 367.
Singh, B. D., Singh, R. B., Singh, R. M., Singh, Y., and Singh, R. P., 1978, GA3 of some wheat strains, Proc. 5th Intl. Wheat Genetics Symp. 1, 510–513.
Sofield, I., Wardlaw, I. F., Evans, L. T., and Zee, S. Y., 1977, Nitrogen, phosphorus and water contents during grain development and maturation in wheat, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 4: 799.
Thorne, G. N., 1982, Distribution between parts of the main shoot and the tillers of photosynthate produced before and after anthesis in the top three leaves of main shoots of Hobbit and Maris Huntsman winter wheat, Ann. Appl. Biol., 10: 553.
Turner, N. C., and Kramer, P. J., eds., 1980, “Adaptation of Plants to Water and High Temperature Stress,” Wiley, New York.
Vogel, O. A., Allan, R. E., and Peterson, C. T., 1963, Plant and performance characteristics of semi-dwarf winter wheats producing most efficiently in Eastern Washington, Agron. J., 55: 397.
Wattal, P. N., and Asana, R. D., 1976, Physiological analysis of the yield of tall, semi-dwarf and dwarf cultivars of wheat Triticum aestivum L., Indian J. Plant Physiol. 19: 184.
Wojcieska, U., and Slusarczyk, M., 1975, The distribution of the products of photosynthesis in the stems of long and short strawed winter wheats, Acta Agrobotanica, 28: 263.
Yeoh, H-H., Badger, M. R., and Watson, L., 1981, Variations in kinetic properites of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase among plants, Plant Physiol., 67: 1151.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Evans, L.T. (1984). Physiological Aspects of Varietal Improvement. In: Gustafson, J.P. (eds) Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement. Stadler Genetics Symposia Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2429-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2429-4_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9478-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2429-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive