Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Nervous System as a Target For Toxic Agents

  • Conference paper
Book cover Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 100))

  • 133 Accesses

Abstract

Damage to cells from toxic agents is of most serious consequence in those tissues where restoration of function through cell division or regeneration of cell processes is difficult or impossible. This situation is most characteristic of the nervous system. Mature neurons undergo cell division either rarely or not at all and restoration of complex cell processes interacting with other cell processes may be impossible even if the neuron does not die. In addition the large size and specialized biochemistry of some of the neurons makes them uniquely susceptible to specific toxic agents, especially those interfering with availability of oxygen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anthony, D. C., Boekelheide, V., Anderson, C. W. and Graham, D. G. The effect of 3, 4, -dimethyl substitution on the neurotoxicity of 2, 5-hexanedione. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71: 372–382, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bank, W. J. Thallium. In, Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Eds. P.S. Spencer and H. H. Schaumburg. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1980, pp. 570–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, J. B. The patho-kinetics of acrylamide intoxication: a reassessment of the problem. Neuropath. Appl. Neurobiol. 8: 315–336, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comer, C. P. and Norton, S. Behavioral consequences of perinatal hypothyroidism in postnatal and adult rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22: in press, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragg, B. G. Plasticity of synapses. Brit. Med. Bull. 30: 141–147, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daughtrey, W. C. and Norton, S. Morphological damage to the premature fetal rat brain after acute carbon monoxide exposure. Exp. Neurol. 78: 26–37, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinman, B. D. Arsenic: chronic human intoxication. J. Occup. Med. 2: 137–144, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donoso, J. A. and Norton, S. Morphological and functional damage following fetal exposure to X-irradiation. Fed. Proc. 43: 928, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. G., Niles, C. A., Kelly-Hayes, M., Sax, D. S., Dixon, W. J., Thompson, D. J. and Landau, E. Peripheral neuropathy in arsenic smelter workers. Neurology 29: 939–944, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fridovich, T. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201: 875–880, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstner, H. B. and Huff, J. E. Clinical toxicology of mercury. J. Toxicol. Env. Health 2: 491–526, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, D. G., Anthony, D. C., Boekelheide, K., Maschmann, N. A., Richards, R. G., Wolfram, J. W. and Shaw, B. R. Studies of the molecular pathogenesis of hexane neuropathy. II. Evidence that the pyrrole derivatization of lysyl residues leads to protein cross-linking. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 64; 415–422, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila, R. E., Hess, A. and Duvoisin, R. C. Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of l-methyl-4-phenyl-l, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Science 224: 1451–1453, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, M. M. and Bensch, K. G. Light and electron microscope studies of acute and chronic thallium intoxication in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 10: 199–222, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heydlauf, H. Ferric-cyanoferrate (II): an effective antidote in thallium poisoning. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 6: 340–344, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman, A., Pfeiffer, Jr., J. B., Willett, R. W. and Taylor, H. M. Peripheral neuropathy caused by arsenical intoxication. New Eng. J. Med. 254: 401–409, 1956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, P. N. and Lasek, R. J. The slow component of axonal transport: identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons. J. Cell Biol. 66: 351–366, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. M., Carmichael, N. and Cavanagh, J. B. Ultrastructural changes in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of rats poisoned with methyl mercury. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1: 1–19, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. K. The target for initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus esters: biochemical studies and toxicological applications. Rev. Biochem. Toxicol. 4: 141–212, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lou, H. C., Hendriksen, L. and Bruhn, P. Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Arch. Neurol. 41: 825–829, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden, C. B. Delayed carbon monoxide encephalopathy. In, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 9. Eds. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn. North Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 628–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. L., Waniewski, R. A. and Wolpaw, E. W. Inhibitory effect of triethyltin and taurine transfer by glioma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71: 155–162, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, J. R., and Sahenk, Z. Interference of neuronal processing and axoplasmic transport by toxic chemicals. In, Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Eds. P. S. Spencer and H. Schaumburg. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1980, pp. 139–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. S., Miller, M. J., Burks, T. F. and Sipes, I. G. Altered retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor after single and repeated doses of acrylamide in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 69: 96–101, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S. M., Cottrell, J. E. and Turndorf, H. Cerebral protection by barbiturates and loop diuretics in head trauma: possible modes of action. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 56: 305–313, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, K., Inokawa, M. and Imura, N. Effects of methyl mercury and some metal ions on microtubule network in mouse glioma cells and in vitro tubulin polymerization. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 73: 218–231, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagishi, T. Electron microscope studies on cerebral lesions of rats in experimental CO poisoning. Acta Neuropathol. 14: 118–125, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. D. Pesticides. In, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. Eds. J. Doull, C. D. Klaassen and M. O. Amdur. Macmillan Co., New York, 1980, pp. 357–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, S. Development of rat telencephalic neurons after prenatal X-irraaiation. J. Environ. Sci. Health. C13: 121–134, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, S. Toxic responses of the central nervous system. In, Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. Eds. J. Doull, C. D. Klaassen and M. O. Amdur. Macmillan Co., New York, 1980, pp. 179–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, S. and Sheets, L. Neuropathy in the chick from embryonic exposure to organophosphorus compounds. NeuroToxicology 4: 137–142, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donaghue, G. L., Krasavage, W. J., DiVincenzo, G. D. and Katz, G. V. Further studies on ketone neurotoxicity and interactions. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 72: 201–209, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okado, N. and Oppenheim, R. W. Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. J. Neuroscience 4: 1639–1652, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olney, J. W., Rhee, V. and Ho, O. L. Kainic acid: a powerful neurotoxic analogue of glutamate. Brain Res. 77: 507–512, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roizin, L. Chemogenic lesion: a multifactor pathogenic concept. In, Neurotoxicology. Eds. L. Roizin, H. Shiraki and N. Grcevic. Raven Press, New York, 1977, pp. 613–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen, H. Toxicological mechanisms in acute and chronic nervous system degeneration. Acta neurol. Scand. 66 (Suppl. 92): 23–35, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. T., Ment, L. R., Ehrenkranz, R. A. and Warshaw, J. B. Evidence for late developmental deficit in very low birth weight infants surviving intraventricular hemorrhage. Child’s Brain. 11: 261–269, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheets, L. and Norton, S. Peripheral nerve damage in chicks following treatment with triorthocresyl phosphate in vivo. Submitted for publication, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, L. The relationship between function and energy metabolism: its use in the localization of functional activity in the nervous system. Neurosci. Res. Prog. Bull. 19: 159–210, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P. S., Peterson, E. R., Madrid, R. and Raine, C. S. Effects of thallium salts on neuronal mitochondria in organotypic cord-ganglia-muscle combination cultures. J. Cell Biol. 58: 79–95, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, N. H. and Kappus, H. Cellular toxicity ana lipid peroxidation in response to mercury. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 63: 29–35, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, H., Wada, 0., Inoue, K., Tosaka, H. and Ono, T. Role of brain ly so somes in the development of manganese toxicity in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71: 422–429, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volpe, J. J. Neonatal periventricular hemorrhage: past, present and future. J. Pediat. 92: 693–696, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J. C. and McLeod, J. J. Alcoholic neuropathy. An electrophysiological and histological study. J. Neurol. Sci. 10: 457–465, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, I. Organotins (triethyltin). In, Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. Eds. P. S. Spencer and H. H. Schaumburg. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1980, pp. 545–557.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas College of Health Sciences, Kansas, Kansas, USA

    Stata Norton

Authors
  1. Stata Norton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Milan, Italy

    Corrado L. Galli

  2. Institute of Pharmacology, Pavia, Italy

    Luigi Manzo

  3. Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA

    Peter S. Spencer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Plenum Press, New York

About this paper

Cite this paper

Norton, S. (1988). The Nervous System as a Target For Toxic Agents. In: Galli, C.L., Manzo, L., Spencer, P.S. (eds) Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology. NATO ASI Series, vol 100. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0887-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0887-4_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8229-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0887-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation