Abstract
Potentially the greatest role for pelvic floor muscle re-education is to prevent insufficiency of this muscle group. Current therapy of pelvic floor dysfunction involves physiotherapy to recover some muscular function, or surgery to compensate and in some cases overcorrect anatomic defects. None of these treatments is able to restore the pelvic floor to its original structure and function. Training these muscle groups to increase muscular tone and control might enable the pelvic floor to withstand the pressures of abdominal strain or gravity. Prevention of pelvic floor insufficiency should therefore be a major goal of pelvic floor re-education.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Friedman D, Boyd C, Norton P, Greco R, Mackenzie J, Deak S (1993) Increases in type III collagen gene expression and protein synthesis in patients with inguinal hernia. Ann Surg 218 (6): 754 - 759
Marshman P, Pereyra J, Fielding F (1987) Rectal prolapse and joint laxity. Aust NZ J Surg 57: 827 - 830
Norton P, Baker J, Sharp H, Warenski J (1990) Genitourinary prolapse: relationship with joint mobility. Neuro Urodyn 9 (4): 321 - 322
Snooks S, Setchell M, Swash M, Henry M (1984) Injury to innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet 7: 546 - 551
Ulmsten U, Ekman G, Giertz G, Malmstrom A (1987) Different biochemical composition of connective tissue in continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 66: 455 - 459
Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandinelli S, Mayer F, Biagini C, Sommavilla A (1987) Re-educative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med 66(4): 155168
Be K, Larsen S, Oseid S (1989) Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 261262
Be K (1990) Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education
Burns P, Pranikoff, Nochajski T, Desotele P, Harwood K (1990) Treatment of stress incontinence with pelvic floor exercise and biofeedback. J Am Geriatr Soc 38(3): 341-344 Burgio KL, Robinson JC, Engel BT (1985) The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 58 - 63
Cammu H, Van Nylen M, Derde M-P, et al. (1991) Pelvic physiotherapy in genuine stress incontinence. Urol 38 (4): 332 - 337
Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Mitchell EP (1984) The effect of physiotherapy on stress incontinence. Age Ageing 13: 234 - 237
Constantinou CE, Govan DE (1982) Spatial distribution and timing of transmitted and reflexly generated urethral pressures in healthy women. J Urol 127: 964 - 969
Fall M, Ahlstrom K, Carlsson C, et al. (1986) Contelle: pelvic floor stimulator for female stress-urge incontinence. Urology 27 (3): 282 - 287
Henalla SM, Kirwan P, Castleden DM (1988) The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence in women at two hospitals. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 81 - 92
Jeter K (1991) Pelvic muscle exercises with and without biofeedback for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Prob Urol 5 (1): 72 - 83
Kegel A (1948) Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet 56 (2): 242 - 245
Kujansuu E (1983) The effect of pelvic floor exercises on urethral function in female stress urinary incontinence: a urodynamic study. Ann Chirurg Gynaecol 72: 28 - 32
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: a national survey. Br Med J 302: 753 - 755
Montgomery E, Shepherd A (1983) Electrical stimulation and graded pelvic exercises for genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 69: 112
Plevnik S, Janez J (1979) Maximal electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence, report of 98 cases. Urology 14: 638643
Ramsay IN, Thou M (1990) A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 8: 398 - 399
Rud T, Anderson K, Asmussen M (1980) Factors maintaining the intraurethral pressure in women. Invest Urol 17: 343347
Sandri S, Magnaghi C, Fanciullacci F (1986) Pad controlled results of pelvic floor physiotherapy in female stress incontinence. Proceedings of the 16th annual meeting of the International Continence Society, Boston, pp 233 - 235
Shepherd A, Montgomery E (1983) Treatment of genuine stress incontinence with a new perineometer. Physiotherapy 69 (4): 113 - 116
Tapp AJ, Cardozo L, Hillis B, Barnick C (1988) Who benefits from physiotherapy? Neurourol Urodynam 7: 259 - 260
Tapp AJ, Hills B, Cardozo LK (1990) Randomized study comparing pelvic floor physiotherapy with the Burch colposuspension. Neurourol Urodynam 8: 356 - 357
Tschou D, Adams C, Varner RE, Denton B (1988) Pelvic floor exercises in treatment of anatomical urinary stress incontinence. Phys Ther 68: 652 - 656
Wells T (1990) Pelvic (floor) muscle exercise. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (3): 333 - 337
Wilson PD, Al Samarrai T, Deakin M, Kolbe E, Brown AD (1987) An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 575 - 582
Bonierbale-Branchereau and Mamberti Dias (1989) Le plancher pelvien. Extrait: “La rééducation en sexologie”. Vigot, Paris
Freud S (1972) Trois essais sur la sexualité. Gallimard, Paris Kegel AH ( 1952 ) Sexual function of pubococcygenus muscle. J Surg Obstet Gynecol 527 - 537
Kinsey AC (1954) Le comportement sexuel de la femme. Amiot Dumont, Paris
Lacan J (1966) Propos directifs pour un congrès sur la sexualité féminine. Payot, Paris
Masters WH, Johnson VE (1968) Les réactions sexuelles. Laffont, Paris
Ouding (1987) Rééducation urogynécologique et sexualité féminine. Institut de Sexologie, Paris
Waynberg J (1982) Premières réponses en sexologie de pratique quotidienne. Cah Sandoz 37
Christensen J, Lorentzen M (1987) Implanation of artificial sphincter for anal incontinence. Lancet ii: 255 - 245
Delaney J, Broadie T, Timm G, Bradley W (1974) A prosthetic sphincter for the gastrointestinal tract. J Surg Res 16: 204209
Fang DT, Nivatvongs S, Vermeulen FD, et al. (1984) Overlapping sphincteroplasty for acquired anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 27: 720 - 722
Henry MM, Simson JNL (1985) Results of postanal repair: a retrospective study Br J Surg 72 (suppl): 17 - 19
Jones PN, Lubowski DZ, Swash M, Henry MM (1987) Relation between perineal descent and pudendal nerve damage in idiopathic faecal incontinence. Int J Colorect Dis 2: 93 - 95
Laurberg S, Swash M, Henry MM (1988) Delayed external sphincter repair for obstetric tear. Br J Surg 75: 786 - 788
Motson RW (1985) Sphincter injuries: indications for, and results of sphincter repair. Br J Surg 72 (suppl): 19 - 21
Penfold JCB, Hawley PR (1972) Experience of Ivalon sponge implant for complete rectal prolapse at St Mark’s Hospital. Br J Surg 59: 846 - 848
Pickrell K, Masters F, Georgiade N, Horton C (1954) Rectal sphincter reconstruction using gracilis muscle transplant. Plast Reconstr Surg 13: 46 - 55
Schuster MM (1977) Biofeedback for fecal incontinence. JAMA 238: 2595 - 2596
Snooks SJ, Swash M, Henry MM,(1984) Injury to the innervation of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet ii: 546 - 550
Thomas TM, Egan M, Walgrove A, et al. (1984) The prevalence of faecal and double incontinence. Community Med 6: 216 - 220
Tobin GW, Brocklehurst JC (1986) Faecal incontinence in residental homes for the elderly: prevalence, aetiology and management. Age Ageing 15: 41 - 46
Williams NS, Hallan RI, Koeze TH, Watkins ES (1990) Construction of a neoanal sphincter by transposition of the gracilis muscle and prolonged neuromuscular stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 72: 108 - 113
Womack NR, Morrisson JFB, Williams NS (1988) A prospective study of the effects of postanal repair in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg 5: 48 - 52
Bo K, Larsen S, Kvarstein B, Hargen R (1990) Classification and characterisation of responders to pelvic floor muscle exercise for female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 395 - 397
Hesse U, Schüssler B, Frimberger J, Obernitz N, Senn E (1990) Effectiveness of a 3-step pelvic floor re-education in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a clinical assessment. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 397 - 398
Hesse U, Vodusek D, Deindl F, Lukanovic A, Schüssler B (1991) Neurophysiological assessment of treatment with vaginal cones. Neurourol Neurodynam 10: 394 - 395
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: a national Survey. BMJ 302: 753 - 755
Olah K, Bridges N, Denning J, Farrar D (1990) The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomised prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162: 87 - 92
Ramsay I, Thou M (1990) A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Neurodynam 9: 398 - 399
Tapp A, Cardozo L, Hills B, Barnick C (1988) Who benefits from physiotherapy? Neurourol Urodynam 7: 259 - 262
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (1990) The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Ex 22 (2): 265 - 274
Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandanelli S, et al. (1987) Re-educative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med 66 (13): 155 - 168
Be K (1990) Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female urinary incontinence. Methodological studies and clinical results. Doctoral thesis. Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway
Bo K, Larsen S, Oseid S, Kvarstein B, et al. (1988) Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7 (3): 261 - 262
Be K, Kvarstein B, Hagen RH, et al. (1990a) Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: II. Validity of vaginal pressure measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength. The necessity of supplementary methods for control of correct contraction. Neurourol Urodynam 9 (5): 479 - 487
Be K, Hagen RH, Kvarstein B, et al. (1990b) Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourol Urodynam 9(5): 489-502 DiNubile NA (1991) Strength training. Clin Sports Med 10 (1): 33 - 62
Hendrickson LS (1981) The frequency of stress incontinence in women before and after the implementation of an exercise program. Issues Health Care Wom 3: 81 - 92
Hesse U, Schussler J, Frimberger N, et al. (1990) Effectiveness of a three step pelvic floor re-education in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a clinical assessment. Neurourol Urodynam 9 (4): 397 - 398
Kegel AH (1951) Physiologic therapy for urinary incontinence. JAMA 146: 915 - 917
Kegel AH (1952) Stress incontinence and genital relaxation. Ciba Clin Symp 2: 35 - 51
Klarskov P, Belying D, Bischoff N, et al. (1986) Pelvic floor exercise versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol Int 41: 129 - 132
Sandri SD, Magnaghi C, Fanciullacci F,(1986) Pad controlled results of pelvic floor physiotherapy in female stress incontinence. Proceedings of the 16th annual meeting of the International Continence Society, Boston, pp 233 - 235
Wilson PD, Sammarai TAL, Deakin M, et al. (1987) An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 575 - 582
Dolman EM (1991) Weights prove an advance in treatment. Prof Care Mother Child 13: 110 - 111
Haken J, Bennes C, Cardozo L, Cutner A (1991) Trial of vaginal cones and pelvic floor exercises in the management of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 10: 393 - 394
Hesse U, Vodusek DB, Deindl FM, Lukanovic A, Schüssler B (1991) Neurophysiological assessment of treatment with vaginal cones. Neurourol Urodynam 10: 394 - 395
Kegel AH (1948) Progressive resistance exercises in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 56: 238 - 248
Olah KS, Bridges N, Denning J, Farrar Dj (1990) The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomized prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 162: 87 - 92
O’Donnel PD, Doyle R (1991) Biofeedback therapy technique for treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology 37: 432 - 436
Peattie AB, Plevnik S (1988) Cones versus physiotherapy as conservative treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 265 - 266
Peatie AB, Plevnik S, Stanton SL (1988) Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 1049 - 1053
Plevnik S (1985) New method for testing and strengthening of pelvic floor muscles. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society, London, 3-6 Sept
Barber DC, Brown BH (1984) Applied potential tomography. J Phys Electronics: Sci Instrum 17: 723-733
Benton LA, Baker LL, Bowman BR, et al. (1981) Functional electrical stimulation—a practical guide. Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation and Engineering Center, California, pp 1 - 78
Brown GL, Burns BD (1949) Fatigue and neuromuscular block in mammalian skeletal muscle. Proc R Soc 136: 182195
De Domenico G (1987) New dimensions in interferential therapy; a theoretical and clinical guide. Reid Medical, Lindfield, Australia, pp 143 - 151
Eccles JC, Eccles RM, Lundberg A (1958) The action potentials of the alpha motoneurons supplying fast and slow muscles. J Physiol 142: 275 - 291
Edwards RHT (1979) Physiological and metabolic studies of the contractile machinery in human muscle in health and disease. Physiol Med Biology 24: 237 - 249
Eriksen BC, Eik-Nes SH (1989) Long-term electrostimulation of the pelvic floor: primary therapy in female stress incontinence? Urol Int 44: 90 - 95
Fall M, Lindstrom S (1991) Electrical stimulation. A physiologic approach to the treatment of incontinence. Urol Clin 18: 393-407
Fall M, Erlandson B-E, Sundin T. (1977) Intravaginal electrical stimulation. Clinical experiments on bladder inhibition. Scand J Urol Nephrol suppl 44: 41-47
Fall M, Ahlstrom K, Carlsson C, et al. (1986) Contelle: pelvic floor stimulator for female stress–urge incontinence. Urology 3: 282 - 287
Farragher D, Kidd GL, Tallis R (1987) Eutrophic electrical stimulation for Bell’s palsy. Clin Rehab 1: 265 - 271
Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Castleden CM (1987) Conservative management of urethral sphincter incompetence. Neurourol Urodynam 6: 191 - 192
Kelloway P (1947) The part played by electric fish in the early history of bioelectricity. Bull Hist Med 20: 112 - 137
Laycock J, Green RJ (1988) Interferential therapy in the treatment of incontinence. Physiotherapy 74: 161-168 Laycock J, Jerwood D (1993) Does pre-modulated interferential therapy cure incontinence? Physiotherapy 79: 553 - 560
Lindstrom S, Fall M, C-A, et al. (1983) The neurophysiological basis of bladder inhibition in response to intravaginal electrical stimulation. J Urol 129: 405 - 410
McLeod KJ, Lovely DF, Scott RN (1987) A bi-phasic pulse burst generator for afferent nerve stimulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 25: 77 - 80
Nix WA, Vrbova G (1986) Electrical stimulation and neuromuscular disorders. Springer, Berlin
Olah KS, Bridges N, Denning J, et al. (1990) The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomised, prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162: 87 - 92
Ohlsson B, Lindstrom S, Erlandson B-E, et al. (1986) Effects of some different pulse parameters on bladder inhibition and urethral closure during intravaginal electrical stimulation: an experimental study in the cat. Med Biol Eng Comput 24: 27 - 33
Pette D, Vrbova G (1985) Invited review: neural control of phenotypic expression in mammalian muscle fibres. Muscle Nerve Oct: 676 - 689
Plevnik S, Janez J, Vrtacnik P, et al. (1986) Short-term electrical stimulation: home treatment for urinary incontinence. World J Urol 4: 24 - 26
Schmitt 0 (1986) Treatment of idiopathic scolosis with daily short-term electrostimulation. In: Nix WA, Vrbova G (eds) Electrical stimulation and neuromuscular disorders. Springer, Berlin
Scott OM, Vrbova G, Hyde SA, et al. (1986) Effects of electrical stimulation on normal and diseased human muscle. In: Nix W, Vrbova G (eds) Electrical Stimulation and neuromuscular disorders. Springer, Berlin
Stokes M, Cooper R (1989) Muscle fatigue as a limiting factor in functional electrical stimulation: a review. Physiother Pract 5: 83 - 90
Veale JL, Mark RF, Rees S (1973) Differential sensitivity of motor and sensory fibres in human ulnar nerve. J Urol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36: 75 - 86
Vrbova G (1986) The role of activity in the development of the mammalian motor unit. In: Nix WA, Vrbova G (eds) Electrical stimulation and neuromuscular disorders. Springer, Berlin, pp 3 - 11
Wilson PD, Al Samerrai T, Deakin M, et al. (1987) An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 575 - 582
Burgio KL, Robinson JC, Engel BT (1986) The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 58 - 64
Cardozo LD, Stanton SL, Hafner J, et al. (1978) Biofeedback in the treatment of detrusor instability. Br J Urol 50: 250 - 254
Deindl FM, Vodudek DB, Hesse U, et al. (1991) Pelvic floor activity patterns in parous women. Neurourol Urodynam 10 (4): 384 - 385
Glavind K, Walter S, Nohr S (1989) Biofeedback training of the pelvic floor muscles in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 8: 435 - 436
Holmes DM, Plevnik S, Stanton SL (1989) Bladder neck electrical conductivity in the treatment of detrusor instability with biofeedback. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 821826
Kegel AH (1951) Physiologic therapy for urinary stress incontinence. J Am Med Assoc 146: 915 - 917
Laycock J (1988) Graded exercises for the pelvic floor muscles in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Physiotherapy 73: 371 - 373
Norgaard JP, Nisson T, Djurhuus JC (1985) A device for treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia by biofeedback. Urol Res 13: 241 - 242
Shepherd AM, Montgomery E, Anderson RS (1983) Treatment of genuine stress incontinence with a new perineometer. Physiotherapy 69: 3
Benvenuti F, Caputo GM, Bandanelli S, et al. (1987) Re-educative treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Am J Phys Med 66 (13): 155 - 168
Be K (1991) Reproducibility of instruments designed to measure women s subjective assessment of stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 10 (4): 424 - 426
Be K, Hagen RH, Kvarstein B, et al. (1990a) Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises. Neurourol Urodynam 9 (5): 489 - 502
Be K, Larsen S, Kvarstein B, et al. (1990b) Classification and characterization of responders to pelvic floor muscle exercise for female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 9 (4): 395 - 397
Be K, Hagen R, Kvarstein B, et al. (1990c) Female stress urinary incontinence and participation in different sports and social activities. Scand J Sports Sci 11 (3): 117 - 121
Ferguson KL, McKey PL, Bishop KR, et al. (1990) Stress urinary incontinence: effect of pelvic muscle exercise. Obstet Gynecol 75: 671 - 675
Hagen RH, Kvarstein B, Be K, Larsen S (1988) A simple pad test with fixed bladder volume to measure urine loss during physical activity In: Proceedings of the 18th anual meeting of the International Continence Society. Oslo, 1-3 Sept, pp 88-89
Kegel AH (1951) Physiologic therapy for urinary incontinence. JAMA 146: 915 - 917
Lose G, Rosenkilde P, Gammelgaard J, et al. (1988) Pad weighing test performed with standardized bladder volume. Urology 32 (1): 78 - 80
Ramsey IN, Thou M (1990) A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 9 (4): 398 - 399
Tapp AJS, Cardozo L, Hills B, et al. (1988) Who benefits from physiotherapy? Neurourol Urodynam 7: 260 - 261
Wilson PD, Sammarai T AL, Deakin M, et al. (1987) An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 575 - 582
Haken J, Benness C, Cardozo L, Cutner A (1991) A randomised trial of vaginal cones and pelvic floor exercises in management of genuine stress continence. Neurourol Urodynam 10: 393 - 394
Jonasson A, Larsson B, Pschera H (1989) Testing and training of pelvic floor muscles after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 68: 301 - 304
Kondo A, Yamada Y, Niijima R (1993) Prospective analysis of the vaginal cone treatment for stress incontinence. ICS, Rome, Abstracts p 133
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: a national survey. BMJ 302: 753-755 Norton P, Baker J (1990) Randomised prospective trial of vaginal cones versus Kegel exercises in postpartum primiparous women. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 434 - 435
Olah K, Bridges N, Denning J, Farrar D (1990) The conservative management of patients with symptoms of stress incontinence: a randomised, prospective study comparing weighted vaginal cones and interferential therapy. Am J Obst Gynecol 162: 87 - 92
Peattie A, Plevnik S, Stanton SL (1988). Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 1049 - 1053
Peattie A, Plevnik S, Stanton SL (in press) Cones versus physiotherapy as conservative management of genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol (in press).
Plevnik S (1985) A new method for testing the strengthening of pelvic floor muscle. 15th Annual International Continence Society Meeting Proceedings, pp 267-268.
Wise B, Haken J, Cardozo L, Plevnik S (1993) A comparative study of vaginal cone therapy, cones and Kegel exercises, and maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of female genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 12: 436 - 437
Zanollo A (1988) Vaginal cones: a new method to treat stress urinary incontinence. 12th National Congress of the Society of Italian Urodynamics, pp 39-41
Barrett JA, Oldham JA (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence (letter). BMJ 302: 1208
Doyle PT, Edwards LE, Harrison NW, Malvern J, Stanton SL (1974) Treatment of urinary incontinence by external stimulating devices. Urol Int 29: 450 - 457
Edwards LE, Malvern J (1972) Electronic control of incontinence: a critical review of the present situation. Br J Urol 44: 467 - 472
Eriksen BC, Bergmann S, Mjolnerod OK (1987) Effect of anal stimulation with the “Incontan” device in women with urinary incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 147 - 156
Eriksen BC, Bergman S, Eik-Nes SH (1989) Maximal electrostimulation of the pelvic floor in female idiopathic detrusor instability and urge incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 8: 219 - 230
Fall M, Lindström S (1991) Electrical stimulation. A physiologic approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence. Urol Clin N Am 18: 393-407
Fall M, Erlandson BE, Nilson AE, Sundin T (1978) Long-term intravaginal electrical stimulation in urge and stress incontinence. Scand J Urol Neprhol 44: 55 - 63
Fall M, Ahlstrom K, Carlsson CA, Ek A, Erlandson BE, Frankenberg S, Mattiasson A (1986) Contelle: pelvic floor stimulator for female stress-urge incontinence. A multicenter study. Urology 27: 282-287
Glen ES (1971) Effective and safe control of incontinence by the intra-anal plug electrode. Br J Surg 58: 249 - 252
Godec C, Cass A (1978) Acute electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence. Urology 12: 340 - 342
Hahn I, Sommar S, Fall M (1991) A comparative study of pelvic floor training and electrical stimulation for the treatment of genuine female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 10: 545 - 554
Jonasson H, Larsson B, Pschera H, Nylund L (1990) Short-term maximal electrical stimulation—a conservative treatment of urinary incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest 30: 120 - 123
Kegel AH (1988) Progressive resistance exercises in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 56: 238 - 248
Kirschner-Hermanns R, Niehaus S, Wein B, Jaske G (1992) Konzept zur Durchführung eines erfolgreichen Beckenbodentrainings zur Therapie der weiblichen Stressinkontinez. Kontinenz 1: 62 - 66
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress incontinence: a national survey. BMJ 302: 753 - 755
Meyer S, Dhenin T, Schmidt N, De Grandi P (1992) Subjective and objective effects of intravaginal electrical myostimulation and biofeedback in patients with genuine stress urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 69: 584 - 588
Plevnik S, Janez J (1979) Maximal electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence. Report of 98 cases. Urology 14: 638642
Plevnik S, Janez J, Vrtacnik P, Vodusek DB (1986) Short-term electrical stimulation: home treatment for urinary incontinence. World J Urol 4: 24 - 26
Snooks SJ, Swash M, Henry HM, Setchell M (1986) Risk factors in childbirth causing damage to the pelvic floor innervation. Int J Colorect Dis 1: 20 - 24
Smith ARB, Hosker GL, Warrell DW (1989) The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96: 24-28
De Domenico G (1987) New dimensions in interferential therapy. A theoretical and clinical guide. Reid Medical, Lindfield, Australia, pp 143 - 151
Henalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Castleden CM (1987) Conservative management of urethral sphincter incompetence. Neurourol Urodynam 6: 191 - 192
Laycock J, Jerwood D (1993) Does pre-modulated interferential therapy cure genuine stress incontinence? Physiotherapy 79: 553-560
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress incontinence: a national survey. Br Med J 302: 753-755
Savage B (1984) Interferential therapy. Faber and Faber, London, pp 94 - 97
Burgio KL, Robinson J, Engel BT (1986) The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 154: 58 - 64
Bridges N, Denning J, Olah K, Farrar D (1988) A prospective trial comparing interferential therapy and treatment using cones in patients with symptoms of stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 267 - 268
Cowley DM, Hendriks 0 (1992) Evaluation of the Endomed CU 405 as a treatment for urinary incontinence. Physio. therapy 78: 495 - 498
Ferguson EK, McKey P, Bishop K, Kloen P, Verkene J, Dougherty M (1990) Stress urinary incontinence: effect of pelvic muscle exercise. Obstet Gynecol 75: 671 - 675
Hahn J, Sommer S, Fall M (1991) A comparative study of pelvic floor training and electrical stimulation for the treatment of genuine female stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 10: 545 - 554
Hennalla SM, Hutchins CJ, Breeson AJ (1988) Treatment of female genuine stress urinary incontinence with pelvic floor re-education in two different hospitals. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 262 - 263
Hesse U, Schüssler B, von Obernitz N, Frimberger J, Senn E (1990) Effectiveness of a 3-step PFR in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a clinical assessment. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 397 - 398
Laycock J (1988) Interferential therapy in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 268269
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: a national survey. Br Med J 302: 753-755 Montgomery E, Shepherd A (1983) Electric simulation and graded pelvic exercises for genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy 69: 112 - 115
Mouritsen L, Fridmodt-Moller C, Moller M (1991) Long-term effect of pelvic floor exercises on female urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 68: 32 - 37
Peattie A, Plevnik S (1988) Cones versus physiotherapy as conservative management of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 265 - 266
Peattie AB, Plevnik S, Stanton SL (1988) Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 1049 - 1054
Sandri S, Biggioggero L, Fanciullacci F, Zanollo A (1988) Are there limitations to pelvic floor rehabilitation in female stress urinary incontinence? Neurourol Urodynam 7: 258259
Schüssler B, Alloussi S (1983) Zur Klassifikation der Stressin-kontinenz nach Ingelman-Sundberg. Gynakol Rundsch 23: 166 - 168
Schüssler B, von Obernitz N, Frimberger J, Römisch M, Hesse L (1990) Analysis of successful treatment of SUI by pelvic floor re-education. A urodynamic and radiological study. Neurourol Urodynam 9: 433-434
Wilson P, AI Samarrai T, Deakin M, Kolbe E, Brown A (1987) An objective assessment of physiotherapy for female genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94: 575582
Klarskov P, Belying D, Bischoff N (1986) Pelvic floor exercises versus surgery for female urinary stress incontinence. Urol Int 41: 129 - 132
Klarskov P, Kroyer K, Kromann B, Maegarrd E (1989) Longterm results of pelvic floor training and surgery for female genuine stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 8 (4): 357 - 359
Mantle J, Versi E (1991) Physiotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: a national survey. Br Med J 302: 753 - 755
Sandri SD, Biggioggero L, Fanciullacci F, Zanollo A (1988) Are there limitations to pelvic floor rehabilitation in female stress urinary incontinence? Neurourol Urodynam 7 (3): 258 - 259
Bo K, Larsen S, Oseid S, et al. (1988) Knowledge about and ability to perform correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodynam 7: 261
Dougherty M, Abrams R, McKey P (1986) An instrument to assess the dynamic characteristics of the circumvaginal musculature. Nurs Res 35 (4): 202 - 209
Francis W (1960) The onset of stress incontinence. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 67: 899 - 903
Gainey HL (1943) Postpartum observation of pelvic tissue damage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 45: 457 - 466
Henderson J (1983) Effects of prenatal teaching program on postpartum regeneration of the pubococcygeus muscle. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 12: 403 - 408
Henderson J, Taylor K (1987) Age as a variable in an exercise program for the treatment of simple urinary stress incontinence. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 16 (4): 266 - 269
Iosif S (1981) Stress incontinence during pregnancy and in puerperium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 19 (1): 13 - 20
Jonasson A, Larsson B, Pschera H (1989) Testing and training of the pelvic floor muscles after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 68: 301 - 304
Leavitt E, Knovsky M, Freese M (1979) Intrvaginal pressure assessed by the Kegel perineometer. Arch Sex Behav 8; 425 - 427
McKey P, Dougherty M (1986) The circumvaginal musculature: correlation between pressure and physical assessment. Nurs Res 35 (5): 307 - 312
Norton P, Baker J (1990) Randomized prospective controlled trial of vaginal cones versus pelvic floor exercises in postpartum primiparous women. Neuro Urodynam 9 (4): 85 - 87
Samples J, Dougherty M, Abrams R, Batich D (1998) The dynamic characteristics of the circumvaginal muscles. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 17: 194 - 201
Sampselle CJO (1990) Changes in pelvic muscle strength and stress urinary incontinence associated with childbirth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonat Nurs 19 (5): 371 - 374
Snooks S, Swash M, Setchell M (1988) Injury to the innervations of pelvic floor sphincter musculature in childbirth. Lancet ii: 546 - 550
Tapp A, Cardozo L, Versi E (1988) The effect of vaginal delivery on the urethral sphincter. Br J Obstet Gynecol 95: 142 - 144
Wells T (1990) Pelvic (floor) muscle exercise. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (3): 333 - 337
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Norton, P. et al. (1994). Pelvic Floor Re-education. In: Pelvic Floor Re-education. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3569-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3569-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-76145-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3569-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive