Abstract
Of the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), the convection mode has the most varied applications. Convection is actually the result of two energy transfer mechanisms: fluid motion and molecular motion. The molecular motion at the heat transfer interface is the result of conduction through the stagnant thermal boundary layer. Heat transfer through this layer is based upon Fourier’s Law [1], ΔT=qL/KA c . In convective heat transfer the engineer is faced with estimating the heat transfer coefficient, h c , for a surface. Usually this coefficient comes from texts of empirical formulas, which are based on actual experiments and observations. We cannot calculate the heat transfer coefficient exactly because we can analytically solve only the differential equations governing convection for the simplest flows and geometries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Fourier, J., The Physical Theory of Heat, Dover Publications, New York, 1955. (Originally published in 1822.)
Nusselt, E. W. H., VDIZ, Germany, 53 1750, 1905.
Colburn, A. P., “A Method of Correlating Heat Transfer Data and a Comparison with Fluid Friction.” Trans. AIChE, 29, 174, 1933.
Eckert, E. R. G., “Engineering Relations for Heat Transfer and Friction in High Velocity Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over Surfaces with Constant Pressure and Temperature,” Trans. ASME, 78, 1273–1284, 1956.
Kraus, A. D., and Bar-Cohen, A., Design and Analysis of Heat Sinks, Wiley-Inter-science, New York, 287, 1995.
Elenbaas, M., “Heat Dissipation of Parallel Plates by Free Convection.” Physica, 9, 1, 1942.
Prandtl, L., Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Blackie, London, p. 413, 1952.
Lewis, G. W., J Roy. Aero. Soc, Great Britain, 43, 771, 1939.
Letter Symbols for Chemical Engineering, American Standards Association, y 10.12, p. 9, 1955.
Sherwood. T. K., Pigford, R. L., and Wilkie, C. R., Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
Edwards, D. K., Denny, V. E., and Mills, A. F., Transfer Processes, 2nd edition, Hemisphere, Washington, D. C., 1979.
Mills, A. F., “Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Heat Transfer in the Entrance Region of a Circular Conduit,” J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 4, 63–77, 1962.
Swearingen, T. W., and McEligot, D. M., “Internal Laminar Heat Transfer with Gas Property Variation,” Trans. ASME, Ser. C, J. Heat Transfer, 93, 432–140, 1971.
Prandtl, L., “Bericht uber Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz,” ZAMM, 5, 136, 1925.
Moody, L. F., “Friction Factors for Pipe Flow.” Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944.
Chilton, T. H., and Colburn, A. P., Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 1183, 1934.
Dittus, F. W, and Boelter, L. M. K., University of California Publications of Engineering, Vol. 2, p. 443, Berkeley, CA, 1930.
Sieder, E. N., and Tate, G. E., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 1429, 1936. “Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Liquids in Tubes.”
Gnielinski, V., New Equations for Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe and Channel Flow.” Int. Chem. Eng., 16, 359, 1976.
Shah, R. K., and London, A. L., Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
Kays, W. M., and Crawford, M. E., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, McGrawHill, New York, 1980.
Campbell, D. A., and Perkins, H. C., “Variable Property Turbulent Heat and Momentum Transfer for Air in a Vertical Round-Corner, Triangular Duct,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 11, 1003–1013, 1968.
Perkins, K. R., Shade, K. W., and McEligot, D. M., “Heated Laminarizing Gas Flow in a Square Duct,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 16, 897–916, 1973.
Carnavos, T. C., “Cooling Air in Turbulent Flow with Internally Finned Tubes,” Heat Transfer Eng., 1, 43–46, 1979.
Kreith, F., and Bohn, M. S., Principles of Heat Transfer, 4th edition, Harper & Row, New York, p. 328, 1986.
Pohlhausen, E., Z. “Der Wärmeaustausch zwischen festen Könpern und Flüssigkeiten mit Kleiner Reibung und Kleiner Wärmeleitung.” Angew. Math. Mech., 1, 115, 1921.
Churchill, S. W., and Ozoe, H. J., Heat Transfer, 95, 78, 1973.
Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
White, F. M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
von Kármán, T., “The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer,” Trans. ASME, 61, 705–710, 1939.
Squire, H. B., Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, 3rd edition, Vol. 2, Clarendon, Oxford, (1950).
Giedt, W. H., “Investigation of Variation of Point Unit-Heat-Transfer Coefficient Around a Cylinder Normal to an Airstream,” Trans. ASME, 71, 375–381, 1949.
Hilpert, R., “Wärmeabgue von Geheizten Drähten und Rohren im Lufstrom,” Forsch. Geb. Ingenieurwes., 4, 215, 1933.
Zukauskas, A.A., “Heat Transfer from Tubes in Cross Flow,” in J. P. Hartnett and T. F. Irvine, Jr., Eds., Advances in Heat Transfer, Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, pp. 93–108, 1972.
Quarmby, A, and Al-Fakhri, A. A. M., “Effect of Finite Length on Forced Convection Heat Transfer from Cylinders,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 23, 463–469, 1980.
Yardi, N. R., and Sukhatme, S. P., “Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Integral Length Scale of a Turbulent Free Stream on Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder in Crossflow,” Proc. 6th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Hemisphere, Washington, D. C., 1978.
Nakai, S., and Okazaki, T., “Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Circular Wire at Small Reynolds and Grashof Numbers-I. Pure Convection,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 387–396, 1975.
Churchill, S. W., and Bernstein, M., J. Heat Transfer, 99, 300, 1977.
Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N., Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1962. (Equation rewritten by Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, 1995.)
Whitaker, S., “Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlations for Flow in Pipes, Past Flat Plates, Single Cylinders, Single Spheres, and for Flow in Packed Beds and Tube Bundles,” AIChE J., 18, 361–271, 1972.
Jacob, M., Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, John Wiley, New York, 1949.
Obasaju, E. D., “On the Effects of End Plates on the Mean Forces on Square Sectioned Cylinders,” J. Indust. Aerodynom., 4, 179–186, 1979.
Delany, N. K., and Sorensen, N. E., “Low Speed Drag of Cylinders of Various Shapes,” NAC A Technical Note 3038, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, Moffet Field, CA, 1953.
Mahrenholtz, O., and Bardowicks, H., “Aeroelastic Problems at Masts and Chimneys,” J. Indust. Aerodynam., 4, 261–272, 1979.
Courchesne, J., and Lanville, A., “A Comparison of Correction Methods Used in the Evaluation of Drag Coefficient Measurements for Two-Dimensional Rectangular Cylinders,” J. Fluids Eng., 101, 506–510, 1979.
Dipprey, D. F., and Sabersky, R. H., “Heat and Momentum Transfer in Smooth and Rough Tubes at Various Prandtl Numbers,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 6, 239–353, 1963.
Sparrow, E. M., Yanezinoreno, A., and Otis, D. R., “Convective Heat Transfer Response to Height Differences in an Array of Block-Like Electronic Components,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 27, 1984.
Wills, M., “Thermal Analysis of Air-Cooled PCBs,” pt. 1, Electron. Prod., 11–18, 5/1983.
Sparrow, E. M., and Ramsey, J. W., “Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for a Staggered Wall-Attached Array of Cylinders with Tip Clearances,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 21, 1369, 1978.
Martin, H., “Heat and Mass Transfer Between Impinging Gas Jets and Solid Surfaces,” in J. P. Hartnett and T. F Irvine, Jr., Eds., Advanced in Heat Transfer, Vol. 13, Academic Press, New York, 1977.
Boussinesq, J., Essai sur la Théorie des Equaux Courantes, Mem. Préséntes Acad. Sci., Paris, 23, 46, 1877.
Gebhart, B., Heat Transfer, 2nd Edition, Chap. 8, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
Hilpert, R., “Wärmeabgue von Geheizten Drähten und Rohren im Lufstrom,” Forsch. Arbriten Ing. Wesen., 4, pp. 215–224, 1933.
Churchill, S. W, and Chu, H. H. S., “Correlating Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Free Convection from a Vertical Plate,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 1323, 1975.
Eckert, E. R. G., and Jackson, T. W., “Analysis of Turbulent Free Convection Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate,” NACA TR-1015, 7/1950.
Brown, A. I., and Marco, S. M., Introduction to Heat Transfer, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 136, 1951.
Bar-Cohen, A., and Rohsenow, M. M., “Thermally Optimum Spacing of Vertical Natural Convection Cooled Parallel Plates, J. Heat Transfer, 106, 116, 1984.
Rich, B. R., “An Investigation of Heat Transfer from an Inclined Flat Plate in Free Convection,” Trans. ASME, 75, 489, 1953.
McAdams, W. H., Heat Transmission, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, Chap. 7, 1954.
Nikuradse, J., “Strömungsgesetzein Rauhen Rohren, Forsch. Arbriten Ing. Wesen., 361, 1–22, 1933.
Hatfield, D. W., and Edwards, D. K., “Edge and Aspect Ratio Effects on Natural Convection from the Horizontal Heated Plate Facing Downwards,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24, 1019–1024, 1981. (As presented in Mills, A. F., Heat and Mass Transfer, Irwin, Chicago, p. 296, 1995)
Steinberg, D. S., Cooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment, 2nd edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, p. 103, 1991.
Globe. S., and Dropkin, D., “Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Liquids Confined Between Two Horizontal Plates,” J. Heat Transfer, 81C, 24, 1959.
Hollands, K. G. T., Raithby, G. D., and Konicek, L., “Correlation Equations for Free Convection Heat Transfer in Horizontal Layers of Air and Water,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 879–884, 1975.
Catton, I., “Natural Convection in Enclosures,” Proc. 6th Int. Heat Transfer Conf., Vol. 6, Toronto, Canada, pp. 13–31, 1978.
MacGregor, R. K., and Emery, A. P., “Free Convection through Vertical Plane Layers: Moderate and High Prandtl Number Fluids,” J. Heat Transfer, 91, 391, 1969.
Hollands, K. G. T., Unny, S. E., Raithby, G. D., and Konicek, L., “Free Convective Heat Transfer across Inclined Air Layers,” J. Heat Transfer, 98, 189, 1976.
Ayyaswamy, P. S., and Catton, I., “The Boundary-Layer Regime for Natural Convection in a Differentially Heated, Tilted Rectangular Cavity,” J. Heat Transfer, 95, 543, 1973.
Arnold, J. N., Catton, I., and Edwards, D. K., “Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in Inclined Rectangular Regions of Differing Aspect Ratios,” ASME Paper, 75-HT-62, 1975.
Al-Arabi, M., and Khamis, M., “Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Inclined Cylinders,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 25, 3–15, 1982.
Sparrow, E. M., and Gregg, J. L., “Laminar free Convection Heat Transfer from the Outer Surface of a Vertical Circular Cylinder,” Trans. ASME, 78, 1823, 1956.
LeFevre, E. J., and Ede, A. J., “Laminar Free Convection from the Outer Surface of a Vertical Circular Cylinder,” Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., Brussels, Vol. 4, pp. 175–183, 1956.
Yuge, T., “Experiments on Heat Transfer from Spheres Including Combined Natural and Forced Convection,” Trans. ASME Ser. C, J. Heat Transfer, 82, 214–220, 1960.
Churchill, S. W., “Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies,” Hemisphere Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, G. F. Hewitt, Ed., Hemisphere, Washington, D. C., 2.5.7, 1990.
Oosthuizen P. H., and Donaldson, E., “Free Convection Heat Transfer from Vertical Cones,” Trans. ASME, Ser. C, J. Heat Transfer, 94, 330–331, 1972.
Oosthuizen P. H., “Free Convection Heat Transfer from Horizontal Cones,” J. Heat Transfer, 95, 409, 1973.
Al-Arabi, M., and El-Rafaee, M. M., “Heat Transfer by Natural Convection from Corrugated Plates to Air,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 21, 357, 1978.
Lienhard, J. H., “On the Commonality of Equations for Natural Convection From Immersed Bodies,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 16, 2121–2123, 1973.
Bilitzky, A., “The Effect of Geometry on Heat Transfer by Convection from a PinFin Array,” MS Thesis, Dept. Mech. Eng., Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, 1986.
Zografos, A. I., and Sunderland, J. E., “Natural Convection from Pin Fins,” Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 3, 440–449, 1990.
Zografos, A. I., and Sunderland, J. E., “Numerical Simulation of Natural Convection from Pin-Fin Arrays,” ASME HTD-157, 55–66, 1990.
Sparrow, E. M., and Vemuri, S. B., “Orientation Effects on Natural Convection/Radiation Heat Transfer from Pin-Fin Arrays,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 29, 3, 359–368, 1986.
Aihara, T., Maruyama, S., and Kobayakawa, S., “Free Convective/Radiative Heat Transfer from Pin-Fin Arrays with a Vertical Base Plate (General Representation of Heat Transfer Performance),“ Int. J Heat Mass Trans., 33, 1223–1232, 1990.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Remsburg, R. (1998). Convection Heat Transfer in Electronic Equipment. In: Advanced Thermal Design of Electronic Equipment. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8509-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8509-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4633-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8509-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive