Abstract
Benign diseases of the gallbladder and pancreas represent significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in elderly patients. Additionally, asymptomatic benign lesions of the gallbladder and pancreas are diagnosed more frequently with the increased use of imaging, and require thoughtful consideration for appropriate and timely treatment or follow-up. A critical understanding of these diseases is mandatory for proper patient care in the geriatric population.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
National Institutes of Health (1993) Consensus statement on gallstones and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:390–393
Sanson TG, O’Keefe KP (1996) Evaluation of abdominal pain in the elderly. Emerg Med Clin North Am 14:615–627
Harness JK, Strodel WE, Talsma SE (1986) Symptomatic biliary tract disease in the elderly patient. Am J Surg 52:442–446
Kahng KU, Roslyn JJ (1994) Surgical issues for the elderly patient with hepatobiliary disease. Surg Clin North Am 74:345–373
Krasman ML, Gracie WA, Strasius SR (1991) Biliary tract disease in the aged. Clin Geriatr Med 7:347–370
Rosenthal RA, Andersen DK (1993) Surgery in the elderly: observations on the pathophysiology and treatment of cholelithiasis. Exp Gerontol 28:459–472
Cooper GS, Shlaes DM, Salata RA (1994) Intraabdominal infection: differences in presentation and outcome between younger patients and the elderly. Clin Infect Dis 19:146–148
Ingber S, Jacobson IM (1990) Biliary and pancreatic disease in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 19:433–457
Sampliner RE, Bennett PH et al (1970) Gallbladder disease in Pima Indians: demonstrations of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography. N Engl J Med 283:1358–1364
Johnston DE, Kaplan MM (1993) Pathogenesis and treatment of gallstones. N Engl J Med 328:412–421
Bowen JC, Brenner HI, Ferrante WA et al (1992) Gallstone disease: pathophysiology, epidemiology, natural history, and treatment options. Med Clin North Am 76:1143–1157
Henriksson P, Einarsson K, Eriksson A et al (1989) Estrogen-induced gallstone formation in males: relation to changes in serum and biliary lipids during hormonal treatment of prostate carcinoma. J Clin Invest 84:811–816
Everson GT, McKinley C, Kern F Jr (1991) Mechanisms of gallstone formation in women: effects of exogenous estrogen (Premarin) and dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 87:237–246
Tierney S, Pitt HA, Lillemoe KD (1993) Physiology and pathophysiology of gallbladder motility. Surg Clin North Am 73:1267–1290
Ratner J, Lisbona A, Rosenbloom M et al (1991) The prevalence of gallstone disease in very old institutionalized persons. JAMA 265:902–903
Giurgiu DI, Roslyn JJ (1996) Treatment of gallstones in the 1990s. Prim Care Clin North Am 23:497–513
Trotman BW, Sotoway RD (1975) Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: clinical epidemiological aspects. Dig Dis 20:735–740
Pazzi P, Morsiani E, Sighinolfi D et al (1989) Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Ital J Gastroenterol 21:310
Apstein MD, Carey MC (1996) Pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones: a parsimonious hypothesis. Eur J Clin Invest 26:343–352
Portincasa P, Stolk MF, Van Erpecum KJ et al (1995) Cholesterol gallstone formation in man and potential treatments of the gallbladder motility defect. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:63S–78S
Nilsell K, Angelin B, Liljeqvist L et al (1985) Biliary lipid output and bile acid kinetics in cholesterol gallstone disease: evidence for an increased hepatic secretion of cholesterol in Swedish patients. Gastroenterology 89:287–293
Einarsson K, Nilsell K, Leijd B et al (1985) Influence of age on secretion of cholesterol and synthesis of bile acids by the liver. N Engl J Med 313:277–282
Friedman GD, Kannel WB, Dawber TR (1996) The epidemiology of gallbladder disease: observations in the Framingham study. J Chronic Dis 19:273–292
Roslyn JJ, Pitt HA, Mann LL, Ament ME, DenBesten L (1993) Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 84:148–154
Ho KY, Weissberger AJ, Marbach P, Lazarus L (1990) Therapeutic efficacy of the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 (octreotide) in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 112:173–181
Shaw SJ, Hajnal F, Lebovitz Y et al (1993) Gallbladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis Sci 38:490–496
Everson GT, Nemeth A, Kourourian S et al (1989) Gallbladder function is altered in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. GastroenÂterology 96:1307–1316
Nino Murchia M, Burton D et al (1990) Gallbladder contractility in patients with spinal cord injuries: a sonographic investigation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:521–524
Masclee AA, Jansen JB, Dreissen WM et al (1990) Effect of truncal vagotomy on cholecystokinin release, gallbladder contraction, and gallbladder sensitivity to cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology 98:1338–1344
Patankar R, Ozmen MM, Bailey IS et al (1995) Gallbladder motility, gallstones, and the surgeon. Dig Dis Sci 40:2323–2335
Howard PJ, Murphy GM, Dowling RH (1991) Gallbladder emptying patterns in response to a normal meal in healthy subjects and patients with gallstones: ultrasound study. Gut 32:1406–1411
Fisher RS, Rock E, Levin G et al (1987) Effects of somatostatin on gallbladder emptying. Gastroenterology 92:885–890
Cameron AJ, Phillips SF, Summerskill WH (1968) Effect of cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin, and glucagon on human gallbladder in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131:149
Kalfin R, Milenov K (1991) The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the canine gallbladder motility. Comp Biochem Physiol 100:513–517
Conter R, Roslyn JJ, Muller EL et al (1985) Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on gallbladder filling. J Surg Res 38:461–467
Conter R, Roslyn JJ, Taylor IL (1987) Effects of peptide YY on gallbladder motility. Am J Physiol 252:G736–G741
Pellegrini C, Ryan T, Broderick W, Way LW (1986) Gallbladder filling and emptying during cholesterol gallstone formation in the prairie dog. Gastroenterology 90:143–149
Behar J, Lee KY, Thompson WR et al (1989) Gallbladder contraction in patients with pigment and cholesterol stones. Gastroenterology 97:1479–1484
Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P et al (1993) Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history. Ann Intern Med 119:116–120
Messing B, Bories C, Kunstlinger F et al (1983) Does total Âparenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology 84:1012–1019
Poston GJ, Singh P, Maclellan D et al (1988) Age related contractility and gallbladder cholecystokinin receptor population in the guinea pig. Mech Ageing Dev 46:225–236
Poston GJ, Draviam EJ, Yao CZ et al (1990) Effect of age and sensitivity to cholecystokinin on gallstone formation in the guinea pig. Gastroenterology 98:939–999
Khalil T, Walker PJ, Wiener I et al (1985) Effects of aging on gallbladder contraction and release of cholecystokinin-33 in humans. Surgery 98:423–429
Berger D, Crowther RC, Floyd JC Jr et al (1978) Effect of age on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic hormones in man. Am J Surg 47:1183–1189
Moser AJ, Abedin MZ, Roslyn JJ (1993) The pathogenesis of gallstone formation. Adv Surg 26:357–386
Cahalane MJ, Neubrand MW, Carey MC (1988) Physical-chemical pathogenesis of pigment stones. Semin Liver Dis 8:317–328
Trotman BW, Bernstein SE, Bove KE et al (1980) Studies on the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in hemolytic anemia. J Clin Invest 65:1301–1308
Ostrow JD (1984) The etiology of pigment gallstones. Hepatology 4:215S–222S
Carey MC (1993) Pathogenesis of gallstones. Am J Surg 165:410–419
Cetta F (1991) The role of bacteria in pigment gallstone formation. Am Surg 213:315–326
Nagase M, Hikaro Y, Soloway RD et al (1980) Gallstones in Âwestern Japan: features affecting the prevalence of intrahepatic gallstones. Gastroenterology 78:684–690
Ho KJ (1996) Biliary electrolytes and enzymes in patients with and without gallstones. Dig Dis Sci 41:2409–2416
Apstein MD, Carey MC (1993) Biliary tract stones and associated diseases. In: Stein JH (ed) Internal medicine, 4th edn. Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis
Cucchiaro G, Rossitch JC, Bowie J et al (1990) Clinical significance of ultrasonographically detected coincidental gallstones. Dig Dis Sci 35:417–421
Gibney EJ (1990) Asymptomatic gallstones. Br J Surg 77:368–372
Comfort MW, Gray HK, Wilson JM (1948) The silent gallstone: a ten to twenty year follow-up study of 112 cases. Ann Surg 128:931–937
Gracie WA, Ransohoff DF (1982) The natural history of silent gallstones: the innocent gallstone is not a myth. N Engl J Med 307:798–800
Attili AF, DeSantis A, Capri R, Repice AM, Maselli S (1995) GREPCO group. The natural history of gallstones: the GREPCO experience. Hepatology 21:656–660
McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Calhoun WF et al (1985) The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Ann Surg 202:59–63
Friedman GD (1993) Natural history of asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones. Am J Surg 165:399–404
Fendrick AM, Gleeson SP, Cabana MD, Schwartz JS (1993) Asymptomatic gallstones revisited: is there a role for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Arch Fam Med 2:959–968
Wenckhert A, Robertson B (1966) The natural course of gallstone disease. Gastroenterology 50:376–381
Cucchiaro G, Walters CR, Rossitch JC et al (1989) Deaths from gallstones: incidence and associated clinical factors. Ann Surg 209:149–151
Schreiber H, Macon WL, Pories WJ (1978) Incidental cholecystectomy during major abdominal surgery in the elderly. Am J Surg 135:196
Green JD, Birkhead G, Herbert J et al (1990) Increased morbidity in surgical patients undergoing secondary (incidental) cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 211:50–54
Thistle JL, Cleary PA, Lachin JM et al (1984) The natural history of cholelithiasis: the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. Ann Intern Med 101:171–175
Friedman GD, Raviola CA, Fireman B (1989) Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol 42:127–136
Morrow DJ, Thompson J, Wilson SE (1978) Acute cholecystitis in the elderly: a surgical emergency. Arch Surg 113:1149–1152
Moscati RM (1996) Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and pancreatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 14:719–736
Zollinger RM (1933) Observations following distension of the gallbladder and common duct in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 30:1260–1261
Fenster LF, Lonborg R, Thirlby RC et al (1995) What symptoms does cholecystectomy cure? Insights from an outcomes measurement project and review of the literature. Am J Surg 169:535–538
Gilliland TM, Traverso W (1990) Cholecystectomy provides long-term symptom relief in patients with acalculous cholecystitis. Am J Surg 159:489–492
Zeman RK, Garra BS (1991) Gallbladder imaging: the state of the art. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20:127–156
Shea JA, Berlin JA, Escarce JJ et al (1994) Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease. Arch Intern Med 154:2573–2581
Ros E, Valderrama R, Bru C et al (1994) Symptomatic versus silent gallstones: radiographic features and eligibility for nonsurgical treatment. Dig Dis Sci 39:1697–1703
Baron RL, Rohrmann CA, Lee SP et al (1988) CT evaluation of gallstones in vitro: correlation with chemical analysis. Am J Radiol 151:1123–1128
Tierney S, Pitt HA, Lillemoe KD (1993) Physiology and pathophysiology of gallbladder motility. Surg Clin North Am 73:1267–1290
Roslyn JJ, Binns GS, Hughes EFX et al (1993) Open cholecystectomy: a contemporary analysis of 42,474 patients. Ann Surg 218:129–137
Glenn F (1980) The incidence and causes of death following surgery for nonmalignant biliary tract disease. Ann Surg 191:271–275
Pigott JP, Williams GB (1988) Choleystectomy in the elderly. Am J Surg 155:408–410
Gadacz TR, Talamini MA, Lillemoe KD et al (1990) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Clin North Am 70:1249–1262
Dubois F, Icard P, Barthelot G et al (1990) Coelioscopic cholecystectomy: preliminary report of 36 cases. Ann Surg 211:60–62
Reddick EJ, Olsen DO (1989) Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy: a comparison with mini-lap cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 3:131–133
McMahon AJ, Russell IT, Ramsay G et al (1994) Laparoscopic and minilaparotomy cholecystectomy: a randomized trial comparing postoperative pain and pulmonary function. Surgery 115:533–539
Perissat J (1993) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the European experience. Am J Surg 165:444–449
Gadacz TR (1993) U.S. experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:450–454
Southern Surgeons Club (1991) A prospective analysis of 1518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. N Engl J Med 324:1073–1078
Deziel DJ, Milikan KW, Economou SG et al (1996) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a national survey of 4292 hospitals and an analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg 165:9–14
Nenner RP, Imperato PJ, Alcorn CM (1992) Serious complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in New York State. NY State J Med 92:179–181
Southern Surgeons Club, Moore MJ, Bennett CL (1995) The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 170:55–59
Williams LF, Chapman WC, Bonau RA et al (1993) Comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with open cholecystectomy in a single center. Am J Surg 165:459–465
Lee VS, Chari RS, Cucchiaro G et al (1993) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:527–532
Fried GM, Barkum JS, Sigman HH et al (1994) Factors determining conversion to laparotomy in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 167:35–41
Orlando R, Russell JC, Mattie A (1993) Connecticut laparoscopic cholecystectomy registry. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a statewide experience. Arch Surg 128:494–499
Massie MT, Massie LB, Marrangoni AG et al (1993) Advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly and in patients with high ASA classifications. J Laparoendosc Surg 3:467–476
Fried GM, Clas D, Meakins JL (1994) Minimally invasive surgery in the elderly patient. Surg Clin North Am 74:375–387
Askew AR (1995) Surgery for gallstones in the elderly. Aust N Z J Surg 65:312–315
Ido K, Suzuki T, Kimura K et al (1995) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly: analysis of pre-operative risk factors and postoperative complications. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:517–522
Milheiro A, Sousa FC, Oliveira L et al (1996) Pulmonary function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly. Br J Surg 83:1059–1061
Soper NJ (1993) Effect of nonbiliary problems on laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:522–526
Salen G, Tint GS, Shefer S (1991) Treatment of cholesterol gallstones with litholytic bile acids. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20:171–181
Danzinger RG, Hofmann AF, Schoenfield LJ et al (1972) Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by chenodeoxycholic acid. N Engl J Med 286:1–8
Bachrach WH, Hofmann AF (1982) Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol lithiasis. Dig Dis Sci 27:333–356
Salen G (1991) Clinical perspective on the treatment of gallstones with ursodeoxycholic acid. J Clin Gastroenterol 10:S12–S17
Walker JW (1891) The removal of gallstones by ether solution. Lancet 1:874–875
Admirand WH, Way LW (1972) Medical treatment of retained gallstones. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 85:382–387
Thistle JL, May GR, Bender CE et al (1989) Dissolution of cholesterol gallbladder stones by methyl tert-butyl ether administered by percutaneous transhepatic catheter. N Engl J Med 320:633–635
Pauletzki J, Holl J, Sackman M et al (1995) Gallstone recurrence after direct contact dissolution with methyltert-butyl ether. Dig Dis Sci 40:1775–1781
Albert MB, Fromm H, Borstelmann R et al (1990) Successful outpatient treatment of gallstones with piezoelectric lithotripsy. Ann Intern Med 113:164–166
Norman DC, Yoshikawa TT (1983) Intraabdominal infections in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 31:677–684
Hafif A, Gutman M, Kaplan O et al (1991) The management of acute cholecystitis in elderly patients. Am Surg 57:648–652
De Dombal FT (1994) Acute abdominal pain in the elderly. J Clin Gastroenterol 19:331–335
Kim EE, Pjura G, Lowry P et al (1986) Morphine augmented cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Am J Radiol 147:1177–1179
Lo CM, Lai ECS, Fan ST et al (1996) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in the elderly. World J Surg 20:983–987
Cohen SA, Siegel JH (1995) Biliary tract emergencies: endoscopic and medical management. Crit Care Clin 11:273–294
Kaufman M, Weissberg D, Schwartz I et al (1990) Cholecystostomy as a definitive operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170:533–537
Goodachre B, van Sonnenberg E, D’Agostino H et al (1991) Interventional radiology in gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20:209–227
Van Steenbergen W, Rigauts H, Ponette E et al (1993) Percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute complicated calculous cholecystitis in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 41:157–162
Browning PD, McGahan JP, Gerscovich EO (1993) Percutaneous cholecystostomy for suspected acute cholecystitis in the hospitalized patient. J Vasc Inter Radiol 4:531–538
Ha JPY, Tsui KK, Tang CN et al (2008) Cholecystectomy or not after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute calculous cholecystitis in high-risk patients. Hepatogastroenterology 55:1497–1502
Strohl EL, Diffenbaugh WG, Baker JH et al (1962) Collective reviews: gangrene and perforation of the gallbladder. Int Abstr Surg 114:1–7
Felice PR, Trowbridge PE, Ferrara JJ (1984) Evolving changes in the pathogenesis and treatment of the perforated gallbladder: a combined hospital study. Am J Surg 149:466–473
Niemeier OW (1934) Acute free perforation of the gallbladder. Ann Surg 99:922–924
Abu-Dalu J, Urca I (1971) Acute cholecystitis with perforation into the peritoneal cavity. Arch Surg 102:108–111
Roslyn JJ, Busuttil RW (1979) Perforation of the gallbladder: a frequently mismanaged condition. Am J Surg 137:307–312
Madrazo BL, Francis I, Hricak H et al (1982) Sonographic findings in perforation of the gallbladder. AJR Am J Roentgenol 139:491–496
Roslyn JJ, Thompson JE Jr, Darvin H et al (1987) Risk factors for gallbladder perforation. Am J Gastroenterol 82:636–640
Cooperman AM, Dickson ER, ReMine WH (1968) Changing concepts in the surgical treatment of gallstone ileus. Ann Surg 167:377–383
Siskind BN, Hawkins HB, Cinti DC et al (1987) Gallbladder perforation: an imaging analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 9:670–678
Soiva M, Pamilo M, Paivansalo M et al (1988) Ultrasonography in acute gallbladder perforation. Acta Radiol 29:41–44
Kim PN, Lee KS, Kim IY et al (1994) Gallbladder perforation: comparison of US findings with CT. Abdom Imaging 19:239–242
Andreu J, Perez C, Caceres J et al (1987) Computed tomography as the method of choice in the diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis. Gastrointest Radiol 12:315–318
Mentzer RM, Golden GT, Chandler JG et al (1975) A comparative appraisal of emphysematous cholecystitis. Am J Surg 129:10–15
Yeatman TJ (1986) Emphysematous cholecystitis: an insidious variant of acute cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med 4:163–166
Parulekar SG (1982) Sonographic findings in acute emphsematous cholecystitis. Radiology 145:117–119
Banwell PE, Hill ADK, Menzies-Gow N et al (1994) LaparoÂ-scopic cholecystectomy: safe and feasible in emphysematous cholecystitis. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:189–191
Csendes A, Burdiles P, Maluenda F et al (1996) Simultaneous bacteriologic assessment of bile from gallbladder and common bile duct in control subjects and patients with gallstones and common duct stones. Arch Surg 131:389–394
Bernhoft RA, Pelligrini CA, Moston RW et al (1984) Composition and morphologic and clinical features of common duct stones. Am J Surg 148:77–79
Anciaux ML, Pelletier G, Attali P et al (1986) Prospective study of clinical and biochemical features of symptomatic choledocholithiasis. Dig Dis Sci 31:449–451
Hauer-Jensen M, Karesen R, Nygaard K et al (1993) Prospective randomized study of routine intraoperative cholangiography during open cholecystectomy: long-term follow-up and predictors of choledocholithiasis. Surgery 113:318–323
Hunguier M, Bornet P, Charpak Y et al (1991) Selective Âcontraindication based on multivariate analysis for operative cholangiography in biliary lithiasis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 172:470–474
Cronan JJ (1986) US diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: a reappraisal. Radiology 161:133–134
Phillips EH (1993) Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography. Am J Surg 165:505–507
Perissat J, Huibregtse K, Keane FBV et al (1994) Management of bile duct stones in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 81:799–810
Boulay J, Schellenberg R, Brady PG (1992) Role of ERCP and therapeutic biliary endoscopy in association with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol 87:837–842
Lai ECS, Mok FPT, Tan ESY et al (1992) Endoscopic biliary drainage for severe acute cholangitis. N Engl J Med 326:1582–1586
Fan ST, Lai ECS, Mok FPT et al (1993) Early treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis by endoscopic papillotomy. N Engl J Med 328:228–232
Lezoche E, Paganini AM, Carlei F et al (1996) Laparoscopic treatment of gallbladder and common bile duct stones: a prospective study. World J Surg 20:535–542
Vaira D, D’Anna L, Ainley C et al (1989) Endoscopic sphincterotomy in 1000 consecutive patients. Lancet 2:431–434
Sherman S, Ruffolo TA, Hawes RH et al (1991) Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy: a prospective series with emphasis on the increased risk associated with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and nondilated bile ducts. Gastroenterology 101:1068–1075
Pitt HA (1993) Role of open choledochotomy in the treatment of choledocholithiasis. Am J Surg 165:483–486
Moston RW, Wetter LA (1990) Operative choledochoscopy: common bile duct exploration is incomplete without it. Br J Surg 77:975–979
Phillips EH (1993) Routine versus selective intraoperative cholangiography. Am J Surg 165:505–507
Levine SB, Lerner SJ, Leifer ED et al (1983) Intraoperative cholangiography: a review of indications and analysis of age-sex groups. Ann Surg 198:692–697
Petelin JB (1993) Laparoscopic approach to common duct pathology. Am J Surg 165:487–491
May GR, Shaffer EH (1991) Should elective endoscopic sphincterotomy replace cholecystectomy for the treatment of high-risk patients with gallstone pancreatitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 13:125–128
Adamek HE, Maier M, Jakobs R et al (1996) Management of retained bile duct stones: a prospective open trial comparing extracorporeal and intracorporeal lithotripsy. Gastrointest Endosc 44:40–47
Costi R, DiMauro D, Mazzeo A et al (2007) Routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic sphincerotomy for choledocholithiasis in octogenarians: is it worth the risk? Surg Endosc 21:41–47
Hammarstrom LE, Holmin T, Stridbeck H et al (1995) Long-term follow-up of prospective randomized study of endoscopic versus surgical treatment of bile duct calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ. Br J Surg 82:1516–1521
Deenitchin GP, Konomi H, Kimura H et al (1995) Reappraisal of safety of endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones in the elderly. Am J Surg 170:51–54
Jones DB, Soper NJ, Brewer JD et al (1996) Chronic acalculous cholecystitis: laparoscopic treatment. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6:114–122
Barron LG, Rubio PA (1995) Importance of accurate preoperative diagnosis and role of advanced laparoscopic cholecystectomy in relieving chronic acalculous cholecystitis. J Laparoendosc Surg 5:357–361
Gilliland TM, Traverso LW (1990) Cholecystectomy provides long-term symptom relief in patients with acalculous gallbladders. Am J Surg 159:489–492
Raunest J, Imhof M, Rauen U et al (1992) Acute choecystitis: a complication in severely injured intensive care patients. J Trauma 32:433–440
Savoca P, Longo W, Zucker K et al (1990) The increasing prevalence of acalculous cholecystitis in outpatients: results of a 7-year study. Ann Surg 211:433–437
Peterson SR, Sheldon GF (1984) Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation. Arch Surg 119:1389–1392
Barie PS, Fischer E (1995) Acute acalculous cholecystitis. J Am Coll Surg 180:232–244
Orlando R, Gleason E, Drezner AD (1983) Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill patient. Am J Surg 145:472–476
Niderheiser DH (1986) Acute acalculous cholecystitis induced by lysophosphatidyl choline. Am J Pathol 124:559–563
Melin MM, Sarr MG, Bender CE et al (1995) Percutaneous cholecystostomy: a valuable technique in high-risk patients with presumed acute cholecystitis. Br J Surg 82:1274–1277
Megibow AJ, Lombardo FP, Guarise A, Carbognin G, Scholes J, Macari NM, Balthazar EJ, Rocacci C (2001) Cystic masses: cross-sectional imaging observations and serial follow-up. Abdom Imaging 26:640–647
Talamini MA, Pitt HA, Hruban RH, Boitnott JK, Coleman J, Cameron JL (1992) Spectrum of cystic tumors of the pancreas. Am J Surg 163:117–124
Brugge WR, Lauwers GY, Sahani D, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL (2004) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 351:1218–1226
Fernandez-del Castillo C, Targarona J, Thayer SP, Rattner DW, Brugge WR, Warshaw AL (2003) Incidental pancreatic cysts: clinicopathologic characteristics and comparison with symptomatic patients. Arch Surg 138:427–434
Yang EY, Joehl RJ, Talamonti MS (1994) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. J Am Coll Surg 179:747–757
Mohr VH, Vortmeyer AO, Zhuang Z et al (2000) Histopathology and molecular genetics of multiple cysts and microcystic (serous) cystadenomas of the pancreas in von Hippel-Lindau patients. Am J Pathol 157:1615–1621
Sarr MG, Kendrick ML, Nagorney DM et al (2001) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: benign to malignant epithelial neoplasms. Surg Clin North Am 81:497–509
Warshaw AL, Compton CC, Lewandrowski K, Cardenosa G, Mueller PR (1990) Cystic tumors of the pancreas: new clinical, radiologic, and pathologic observations in 67 patients. Ann Surg 212:432–445
Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL (2000) Current management of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Adv Surg 34:237–248
Santos LD, Chow C, Henderson CJ et al (2002) Serous oligocystic adenoma of the pancreas, a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of three cases with ultrastructural findings. Pathology 34:148–156
Pyke CM, van Heerden JA, Colby TV, Sarr MG, Weaver AL (1992) The spectrum of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: clinical, pathologic, and surgical aspects. Ann Surg 215:132–139
Centeno BA, Warshaw AL, Mayo-Smith W, Southern JF, Lewandrowski K (1997) Cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: a prospective study of 28 percutaneous aspirates. Acta Cytol 41:972–980
Tseng JF, Warshaw AL, Sahani DV, Lauwers GY, Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C (2005) Pancreatic serous cystadenoma: tumor growth rates and recommendations for treatment. Ann Surg 242(3):413–419
Horvath KD, Chabot JA (1999) An aggressive resectional approach to cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Am J Surg 178:269–274
Warshaw AL, Rattner DW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Z’graggen K (1998) Middle segment pancreatectomy: a novel technique for conserving pancreatic tissue. Arch Surg 133:327–331
Talamini MA, Moesinger R, Yeo CJ, Poulose B, Hruban RH, Cameron JL, Pitt HA (1998) Cystadenomas of the pancreas: is enucleation an adequate operation? Ann Surg 227:896–903
Kiely JM, Nakeeb A, Komorowski RA, Wilson SD, Pitt HA (2003) Cystic pancreatic neoplasms: enucleate or resect? J Gastrointest Surg 7:890–897
Kloppel G, Solcia E, Longnecker DS, Capella C, Sobin LH (1998) Histologic typing of tumors of the exocrine pancreas: World Health Organization international histological classification of tumours, 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York
Buetow PC, Rao P, Thompson LD (1998) Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 18:433–449
Curry CA, Eng J, Horton KM et al (2000) CT of primary cystic pancreatic neoplasms: can CT be used for patient triage and treatment? AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:99–103
Brugge WR, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E et al (2004) Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study. Gastroenterology 126:1330–1336
Frossard JL, Amouyal P, Amouyal G et al (2003) Performance of endoscopically-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1516–1524
Suzuki Y, Atomi Y, Sugiyama M, Isaji S, Inui K, Kimua W, Sunamura M, Fuurukawa T, Yanagisawa A, Ariyama J, Takada T, Watanabe H, Suda K (2004) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: a Japanese multiinstitutional study of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors and mucinous cystic tumor. Pancreas 28(3):241–246
Sheehan MK, Beck K, Pickleman J, Aranha GV (2003) Spectrum of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and their surgical management. Arch Surg 138:657–662
Yamaguchi K, Ogawa Y, Chijiwa K et al (1996) Mucin-hypersecreting tumors of the pancreas: assessing the grade of malignancy preoperatively. Am J Surg 171:427–431
Tanaka M (2004) Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: diagnosis and treatment. Pancreas 28(3):282–288
Koito K, Namieno T, Ichimura T et al (1998) Mucin-producing pancreatic tumors: comparison of MR cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 208:231–237
Hara T, Yamaguchi T, Ishihara T et al (2002) Diagnosis and patient management of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas by using peroral pancreatoscopy and intraductal ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 122:34–43
Sugiyama M, Atomi Y, Kuroda A (1997) Two types of mucin-producing cystic tumors of the pancreas: diagnosis and treatment. Surgery 122:617–625
Salvia R, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Bassi C, Thayer SP, Falconi M, Mantovani W, Pederzoli P, Warshaw AL (2004) Main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: clinical predictors of malignancy and long-term survival following resection. Ann Surg 239(5):678–687
Kobari M, Egawa S, Shibuya K et al (1999) Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas comprise 2 clinical subtypes: differences in clinical characteristics and surgical management. Arch Surg 134:1131–1136
Sugiyama M, Izumisato Y, Abe N, Masaki T, Mori T, Atomi Y (2003) Predictive factors for malignancy in intraductal papillary mucinous tumours of the pancreas. Br J Surg 90:1244–1249
Kitagawa Y, Unger TA, Taylor S, Kozarek RA, Traverso LW (2003) Mucus is a predictor of better prognosis and survival in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas. J Gastrointest Surg 7(1):12–19
Sarr MG, Murr M, Smyrk TC, Yeo CJ, Fernandez-del-Castillo C, Hawes RH, Freeny PC (2003) Primary cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: neoplastic disorders of emerging importance – current state-of-the-art and unanswered questions. J Gastrointest Surg 7(3):417–428
Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Hruban RH, Fukushima N, Campbell KA, Lillimoe KD (2004) Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: an updated experience. Ann Surg 239(6):788–799
Maguchi H, Osania M, Yanagawa N et al (1998) Therapeutic strategy for mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas. Geka 60:1152–1157
Wargo JA, Warshaw AL (2005) Surgical approach to pancreatic exocrine neoplasms. Minerva Chir 60(6):445–468
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wargo, J.A., Kahng, K.U. (2011). Benign Disease of the Gallbladder and Pancreas. In: Rosenthal, R., Zenilman, M., Katlic, M. (eds) Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6999-6_73
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6999-6_73
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-6998-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-6999-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)