Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases of the Elderly

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Geriatric Rheumatology

  • 1208 Accesses

Abstract

Metabolic bone diseases, particularly ­osteo­porosis, are extremely consequential in the elderly population. The chapter details some of the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease. The role of nondrug therapies will also be explored.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Baron R. General principles of bone biology. In: Favus MJ, editor. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Washington, DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research; 2003. p. 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lee CA, Einhorn TA. The bone organ system. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J, editors. Osteoporosis. San Diego: Academic; 2001. p. 3–20.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  3. Hellekson KL. NIH releases statement on osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(1):161–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, et al. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone. 2004;35(2):375–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Jonsson B, De Laet C, Dawson A. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(5):417–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Leslie WD, Tsang JF, Lix LM. Validation of ten-year fracture risk prediction: a clinical cohort study from the Manitoba Bone Density Program. Bone. 2008;43(4):667–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):385–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cooper C, Campion G, Melton III LJ. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int. 1992;2(6):285–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Jaglal SB, Weller I, Mamdani M, Hawker G, Kreder H, Jaakkimainen L, et al. Population trends in BMD testing, treatment, and hip and wrist fracture rates: are the hip fracture projections wrong? J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(6):898–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lofman O, Berglund K, Larsson L, Toss G. Changes in hip fracture epidemiology: redistribution between ages, genders and fracture types. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(1):18–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Papaioannou A, Wiktorowicz ME, Adachi JD, Goeree R, Papadimitropoulos E, Bedard M, et al. Mortality, independence in living and re-fracture, one year following hip fracture in Canadians. J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2000;22(8):591–7.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Petrella RJ, Payne M, Myers A, Overend T, Chesworth B. Physical function and fear of falling after hip fracture rehabilitation in the elderly. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79(2):154–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Adachi JD, Loannidis G, Berger C, Joseph L, Papaioannou A, Pickard L, et al. The influence of osteoporotic fractures on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling men and women across Canada. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(11):903–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Papaioannou A, Watts NB, Kendler DL, Yuen CK, Adachi JD, Ferko N. Diagnosis and management of vertebral fractures in elderly adults. Am J Med. 2002;113(3):220–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wiktorowicz ME, Goeree R, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Papadimitropoulos E. Economic implications of hip fracture: health service use, institutional care and cost in Canada. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(4):271–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Salkeld G, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Easter S, Seymour J, Kurrle SE, et al. Quality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: a time trade off study. BMJ. 2000;320(7231):341–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, Scott JC, Black D. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(7):556–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Papaioannou A, Parkinson W, Ferko N, Probyn L, Ioannidis G, Jurriaans E, et al. Prevalence of vertebral fractures among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Canada. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(11):913–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Olszynski WP, Shawn DK, Adachi JD, Brown JP, Cummings SR, Hanley DA, et al. Osteoporosis in men: epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Clin Ther. 2004;26(1):15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet. 1999;353(9156): 878–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson SA, Tenenhouse A, Robertson L. Vertebral fracture definition from population-based data: preliminary results from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(8):680–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Papaioannou A, Kennedy CC, Ioannidis G, Gao Y, Sawka AM, Goltzman D, et al. The osteoporosis care gap in men with fragility fractures: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):581–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Castel H, Bonneh DY, Sherf J, Liel Y. Awareness of osteoporosis and compliance with management guidelines in patients with newly diagnosed low-impact fractures. Osteoporosis International. 2001;12:559–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Juby AB, De Geus-Wenceslau CM. Evaluation of osteoporosis treatment in seniors after hip fracture. Osteoporosis International. 2002;13:205–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kiebzak GM, Beinart GA, Perser K, Ambrose CG, Siff SJ, Heggeness MH. Undertreatment of osteoporosis in men with hip fracture. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2217–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Follin SL, Black JN, McDermott MT. Lack of diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in men and women after hip fracture. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:190–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Panneman MJ, Lips P, Sen SS, Herings RM. Undertreatment with anti-osteoporotic drugs after hospitalization for fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(2):120–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Solomon DH, Finkelstein JS, Katz JN, Mogun H, Avorn J. Underuse of osteoporosis medications in elderly patients with fractures. Am J Med. 2003;115(5):398–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sawka AM, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, Thabane L, Ioannidis G, Davison KS, et al. Are there differences between men and women prescribed bisphosphonate therapy in Canadian subspecialty osteoporosis practices? J Rheumatol. 2004;31(10):1993–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Stanley HL, Schmitt BP, Poses RM, Deiss WP. Does hypogonadism contribute to the occurrence of a minimal trauma hip fracture in elderly men? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(8):766–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Stanworth RD, Jones TH. Testosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(1):25–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sawka AM, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Gafni A, Hanley DA, Thabane L. Does alendronate reduce the risk of fracture in men? A meta-analysis incorporating prior knowledge of anti-fracture efficacy in women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dawson-Hughes B, Tosteson AN, Melton III LJ, Baim S, Favus MJ, Khosla S, et al. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):449–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Siminoski K, Leslie WD, Frame H, Hodsman A, Josse RG, Khan A, et al. Recommendations for bone mineral density reporting in Canada. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2005;56(3):178–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. http://www.iscd.org/Visitors/positions/OfficialPositionsText.cfm. 2007.

  36. Muraki S, Yamamoto S, Ishibashi H, Horiuchi T, Hosoi T, Orimo H, et al. Impact of degenerative spinal diseases on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in elderly women. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(9):724–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tosteson AN, Melton III LJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Baim S, Favus MJ, Khosla S, et al. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment ­thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):437–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lewiecki EM, Watts NB. New guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. South Med J. 2009;102(2):175–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(4):477–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rucker D, Allan JA, Fick GH, Hanley DA. Vitamin D insufficiency in a population of healthy western Canadians. CMAJ. 2002;166(12):1517–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4): 1536–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. LeBoff MS, Kohlmeier L, Hurwitz S, Franklin J, Wright J, Glowacki J. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA. 1999;281(16):1505–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kamel HK. Underutilization of calcium and vitamin D supplements in an academic long-term care facility. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004;5(2):98–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee LT, Drake WM, Kendler DL. Intake of calcium and vitamin D in 3 Canadian long-term care facilities. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(2):244–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293(18):2257–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vanderschueren D, Haentjens P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1415–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cranney A, Horsley T, O’Donnell S, Weiler HA, Puil L, Ooi DS et al. Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 158 (Prepared by the University of Ottawa Evidence-based Practice Center (UO-EPC) under Contract No. 290-02-0021. AHRQ Publication No. 07-E013.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370(9588):657–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician’s guide to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Duncan DG, Beck SJ, Hood K, Johansen A. Using dietetic assistants to improve the outcome of hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial of nutritional support in an acute trauma ward. Age Ageing. 2006;35(2):148–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Avenell A, Handoll HH. A systematic review of protein and energy supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(8):895–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(16):1999–2006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):288–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Liu BA, Gordon M, Labranche JM, Murray TM, Vieth R, Shear NH. Seasonal prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in institutionalized older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(5):598–603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Harris SS, Soteriades E, Coolidge JA, Mudgal S, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism in a low income, multiracial, elderly population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4125–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fournier MR, Targownik LE, Leslie WD. Proton pump inhibitors, osteoporosis, and osteoporosis-related fractures. Maturitas. 2009;64(1):9–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Recker RR. Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(2):70–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wallace BA, Cumming RG. Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67(1):10–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wolff I, van Croonenborg JJ, Kemper HC, Kostense PJ, Twisk JW. The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(1):1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kelley GA. Exercise and regional bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analytic review of randomized trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77(1):76–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Winegard K, Ferko N, Parkinson W, Cook RJ, et al. Efficacy of home-based exercise for improving quality of life among elderly women with symptomatic osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(8): 677–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RG, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD000340.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rubin C, Recker R, Cullen D, Ryaby J, McCabe J, McLeod K. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by a low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimuli: a clinical trial assessing compliance, efficacy, and safety. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3): 343–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Verschueren SM, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):352–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Gusi N, Raimundo A, Leal A. Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bonner Jr FJ, Sinaki M, Grabois M, Shipp KM, Lane JM, Lindsay R, et al. Health professional’s guide to rehabilitation of the patient with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14 Suppl 2:S1–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Carter ND, Khan KM, McKay HA, Petit MA, Waterman C, Heinonen A, et al. Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2002;167(9): 997–1004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(12): 2234–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sawka AM, Boulos P, Beattie K, Thabane L, Papaioannou A, Gafni A, et al. Do hip protectors decrease the risk of hip fracture in institutional- and community-dwelling elderly? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1461–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD001255.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sinaki M. Critical appraisal of physical rehabilitation measures after osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(9): 773–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Handoll HH, Parker MJ, Sherrington C. Mobilisation strategies after hip fracture surgery in adults (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD001704.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Lamb SE, Morse RE, Evans JG. Mobility after proximal femoral fracture: the relevance of leg extensor power, postural sway and other factors. Age Ageing. 1995;24(4):308–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Madsen OR, Lauridsen UB, Sorensen OH. Quadriceps strength in women with a previous hip fracture: relationships to physical ability and bone mass. Scand J Rehabil Med. 2000;32(1):37–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mitchell SL, Stott DJ, Martin BJ, Grant SJ. Randomized controlled trial of quadriceps training after proximal femoral fracture. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15(3):282–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, McMahon M, Ranganath V, Suttorp M, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(3):197–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wells G, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, et al. Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD004523.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, et al. Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD001155.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Rizzoli R, Burlet N, Cahall D, Delmas PD, Eriksen EF, Felsenberg D, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone. 2008;42(5):841–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Shane E, Goldring S, Christakos S, Drezner M, Eisman J, Silverman S, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw: more research needed. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(10):1503–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Lenart BA, Neviaser AS, Lyman S, Chang CC, Edobor-Osula F, Steele B, et al. Association of low-energy femoral fractures with prolonged bisphosphonate use: a case control study. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(8):1353–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, Edobor-Osula F, Lorich DG. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22(5):346–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(11):2267–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, Robinson V, Weaver B, Adachi J, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4): 524–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Cranney A, Wells GA. Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003;19(2):361–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Guyatt GH, Cranney A, Griffith L, Walter S, Krolicki N, Favus M, et al. Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2002;31(3):659–79. xii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chesnut III CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on ­fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(19):1434–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP, Adler RA, Eastell R, See K, et al. Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(11):3346–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rittmaster RS, Bolognese M, Ettinger MP, Hanley DA, Hodsman AB, Kendler DL, et al. Enhancement of bone mass in osteoporotic women with parathyroid hormone followed by alendronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(6):2129–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Boonen S, Adachi JD, Man Z, Cummings SR, Lippuner K, Torring O, et al. Treatment with Denosumab reduces the incidence of new vertebral and hip fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, et al. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8): 756–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Eastell R, Christiansen C, Grauer A, Kutilek S, Libanati C, McClung MR, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(3): 530–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Smith MR, Saad F, Egerdie B, Szwedowski M, Tammela TL, Ke C, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Urol. 2009;182(6):2670–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernandez TN, Feldman R, Tammela TL, Saad F, et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):745–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ellis GK, Bone HG, Chlebowski R, Paul D, Spadafora S, Smith J, et al. Randomized trial of denosumab in patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(30):4875–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jamal S, Ljunggren O, Stehman-Breen C, Cummings S, McClung M, Goemaere S, et al. The effects of denosumab on fracture and bone mineral density by level of kidney function. J Bone Miner Res. 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Brown JP, Josse RG. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 2002;167(10 Suppl):S1–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Giangregorio LM, Jantzi M, Papaioannou A, Hirdes J, Maxwell CJ, Poss JW. Osteoporosis management among residents living in long-term care. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(9):1471–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. FIT Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4118–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Boonen S, McClung MR, Eastell R, El-Hajj FG, Barton IP, Delmas P. Safety and efficacy of risedronate in reducing fracture risk in osteoporotic women aged 80 and older: implications for the use of antiresorptive agents in the old and oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(11):1832–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. The Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics. 31st ed. St. Louis: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency: what a pain it is. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(12):1457–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Reginato AJ, Coquia JA. Musculoskeletal manifestations of osteomalacia and rickets. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17(6):1063–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Basha B, Rao DS, Han ZH, Parfitt AM. Osteomalacia due to vitamin D depletion: a neglected consequence of intestinal malabsorption. Am J Med. 2000;108(4):296–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Passeri G, Pini G, Troiano L, Vescovini R, Sansoni P, Passeri M, et al. Low vitamin D status, high bone turnover, and bone fractures in centenarians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5109–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hanley DA, Davison KS. Vitamin D insufficiency in North America. J Nutr. 2005;135(2):332–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):204–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. How to select the doses of vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(4):401–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(3):257–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Mawer EB, Davies M. Vitamin D nutrition and bone disease in adults. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2001;2(2):153–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Tebben PJ, Kumar R. Fanconi syndrome and renal tubular acidosis. In: Favus MJ, editor. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Washington, DC: American Society of Bone and Mineral Research; 2003. p. 426–30.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Venning G. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ. 2005;330(7490): 524–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Venning G. Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. BMJ. 2005;330(7490):524–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD–MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009;76 Suppl 113:S1–130.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Siris ES, Lyles KW, Singer FR, Meunier PJ. Medical management of Paget’s disease of bone: indications for treatment and review of current therapies. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:94–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lyles KW, Siris ES, Singer FR, Meunier PJ. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(8):1379–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. van Staa TP, Selby P, Leufkens HG, Lyles K, Sprafka JM, Cooper C. Incidence and natural history of Paget’s disease of bone in England and Wales. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(3):465–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Hansen MF, Seton M, Merchant A. Osteosarcoma in Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:58–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Morissette J, Laurin N, Brown JP. Sequestosome 1: mutation frequencies, haplotypes, and phenotypes in familial Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:38–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Cooper C, Harvey NC, Dennison EM, van Staa TP. Update on the epidemiology of Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Barker DJ, Clough PW, Guyer PB, Gardner MJ. Paget’s disease of bone in 14 British towns. Br Med J. 1977;1(6070):1181–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Barker DJ, Chamberlain AT, Guyer PB, Gardner MJ. Paget’s disease of bone: the Lancashire focus. Br Med J. 1980;280(6222): 1105–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Selby PL. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Paget’s disease: a UK perspective. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:92–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Siris E, Weinstein RS, Altman R, Conte JM, Favus M, Lombardi A, et al. Comparative study of alendronate versus etidronate for the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):961–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Miller PD, Brown JP, Siris ES, Hoseyni MS, Axelrod DW, Bekker PJ. A randomized, double-blind comparison of risedronate and etidronate in the treatment of Paget’s disease of bone. Paget’s Risedronate/Etidronate Study Group. Am J Med. 1999;106(5): 513–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Hosking D, Lyles K, Brown JP, Fraser WD, Miller P, Curiel MD, et al. Long-term control of bone turnover in Paget’s disease with zoledronic acid and risedronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(1):142–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Siris ES. Perspectives: a practical guide to the use of pamidronate in the treatment of Paget’s disease. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(3):303–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. DeRose J, Singer FR, Avramides A, Flores A, Dziadiw R, Baker RK, et al. Response of Paget’s disease to porcine and salmon calcitonins: effects of long-term treatment. Am J Med. 1974;56(6): 858–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Liberman UA, Marx SJ. Vitamin D-dependent rickets. In: Favus MJ, editor. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Washington, DC: American Society of Bone and Mineral Research; 2003. p. 407–13.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Blumsohn A. What have we learnt about the regulation of phosphate metabolism? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13(4):397–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Reinke CM, Breitkreutz J, Leuenberger H. Aluminium in over-the-counter drugs: risks outweigh benefits? Drug Saf. 2003;26(14): 1011–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Juravinski Research Centre, St. Peter’s Hospital, 88 Maplewood Ave. L8M 1W9, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5

    Alexandra Papaioannou

Authors
  1. Lora Giangregorio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alexandra Papaioannou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandra Papaioannou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sanford Health Systems, 32nd Ave S 2400, Fargo, 58103, North Dakota, USA

    Yuri Nakasato

  2. , Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Zina Pitcher Place 109, Ann Arbor, 48109, Michigan, USA

    Raymond L. Yung

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Giangregorio, L., Papaioannou, A. (2011). Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases of the Elderly. In: Nakasato, Y., Yung, R. (eds) Geriatric Rheumatology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5792-4_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5792-4_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5791-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5792-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation