Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entrepreneurial Behavior: Firm Organizing Processes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research

Part of the book series: International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship ((IHSE,volume 5))

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to offer some ideas and evidence about the processes of organization formation. We look at the founding of independent for-profit businesses for insights into the nature of organization formation, in general, realizing that other kinds of organizations, such as voluntary organizations, non-profit organizations, and governmental organizations, may be founded in different ways (Aldrich & Reuf, 2006; Gartner, 1993; Gartner & Gatewood, 1993; Scott, 1997). The focus of research on entrepreneurial behavior is about exploring “how” various activities undertaken by individuals emerge into organizations. Entrepreneurial behavior is a type of organizational behavior (Bird, 1989). Entrepreneurial behavior involves the activities of individuals who are associated with creating new organizations rather than the activities of individuals who are involved with maintaining or changing the operations of on-going established organizations (Gartner et al., 1992; Gartner & Starr, 1993). This chapter does not attempt to investigate the factors and causes that might lead to the initiation of organization formation activities. Discussions of theory and evidence about “why” organizations are likely to be formed have been addressed by a number of scholars (Aldrich & Reuf, 2006; Kirchhoff, 1994; Reynolds, 1992; Reynolds & White, 1997; Reynolds et al., 2000; Schoonhoven & Romanelli, 2001; Storey, 1994), and were also the subject of two special issues of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (1992, 1993).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This section on planning was excerpted from Gartner, William B. and Jianwen (Jon) Liao (2007). Pre-venture planning. In C. Moutray (Ed.) The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006: Report to the President. Washington, DC: U. S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, pp. 212–264 (Note: That this excerpt is with permission of the author, since this is a government publication, the author holds the copyright for any reprinting of the content.)

References

  • Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, M. 1994. Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4): 645–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H., Kalleberg, A., Marsden, P., & Cassell, J. 1989. In pursuit of evidence: Sampling procedures for locating new businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(6): 367–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H. E., & Ruef, M. 2006. Organizations Evolving. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsos, G. A., & Kolvereid, L. 1998. The business gestation process of novice, serial and parallel business founders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22(4): 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alsos, G., & Ljunggren, E. 1998. Does the business start-up process differ by gender? A longitudinal study of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 6(4): 347–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. 2007. Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1: 11–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amit, R., Glosten, L. & Muller, E. 1993. Challenges to theory development in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Management Studies, 30(5): 815–834.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, J. (1982). The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Review of empirical research. Strategic Management Journal, 3(3): 197–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrow, K. J. 1974. The Limits of Organization. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T., & Nelson, R. 2005. Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 329–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltrušaitytė-Axelson, J., Sauka, A., & Welter, F. (2008). Nascent Entrepreneurship in Latvia. Evidence from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics 1st wave. Riga: Dardedze.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumol, W. J. 1993. Formal entrepreneurship theory in economics: Existence and bounds. Journal of Business Venturing, 8: 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, S. W., & Gordon, G. 1966. An entrepreneurial theory of formal organizations, Part I: Patterns of formal organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11: 315–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhide, A. (2000). The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, B. A. 1989. Entrepreneurial Behavior. Glenview, Il: Scott, Foresman and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, B. (1992). The operation of intentions in time: The emergence of the new venture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(Fall): 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birley, S. 1984. Finding the new firm. Academy of Management Proceedings, 47: 64–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birley, S. 1986. The role of new firms: Births, deaths, and job generation. Strategic Management Journal, 7(4): 361–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brixy, U., & Hessels, J. 2009. Human capital and start-up success of nascents. Institute for Employment Research, Germany, and Erasmus School of Economics, The Netherlands, Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bracker, J., Keats, B., & Pearson, J. (1988). Planning and financial performance among small firms in a growth industry. Strategic Management Journal, 9(6): 591–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush, C. G., Manolova, T. S., & Edelman, L. F. 2008. Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test. Journal of Business Venturing, 23: 547–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buenstorf, G. 2007. Creation and pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities: an evolutionary economics perspective. Small Business Economics, 28: 323–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, I., & Willard, G. E. 1993. Towards a theory of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8: 183–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W. 1996. Research on entrepreneurial alertness. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(4): 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W., & Murphy, G. B. 1996. New evidence in the pursuit of locating new businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3): 221–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. 2000. The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N. M. 1997. Entrepreneurial processes and outcomes: The influence of gender. In P. D. Reynolds, & S. B. White (Eds.), The Entrepreneurial Process: 163–178. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. 1996. Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3): 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casson, M., & Wadeson, N. 2007. The discovery of opportunities: Extending the economic theory of the entrepreneur. Small Business Economics, 28: 285–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y., & Van de Ven, A. H. 1996. Learning the innovation journey: Order out of chaos? Organization Science, 7(6): 593–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Companys, Y. E., & McMullen, J. S. 2007. Strategic entrepreneurs at work: The nature, discovery, and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Small Business Economics, 28: 301–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crookall, D. 1994. Editorial: Entrepreneurship education. Simulation & Gaming, 25(3): 333–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. L. 1984. Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2) 284–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P., & Henrekson, M. (2002). Determinants of the prevalence of start-ups and high-growth firms. Small Business Economics, 19(2): 81–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P., Steffens, P., Gordon, S., & Reynolds, P. 2008a. Anatomy of new business activity in Australia: Some early observations from the CAUSEE project. Available at: eprints.qut.edu.au/archive/00013613. Brisbane, School of Management, Faculty of Business, QUT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, P., Steffens, P., Gordon, S., & Senyard, J. 2008b. Characteristics of high-potential start-ups: Some early observations from the CAUSEE project. Available at: http://www.causee.bus.qut.edu.au/results/.

  • Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. 2000. Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12: 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmar, F., & Shane, S. 2003. Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24: 1165–1185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmar, F., & Shane, S. 2004. Legitimating first: Organizing activities and the persistence of new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 385–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diochon, M., Menzies, T. V., & Gasse, Y. 2005. Canadian nascent entrepreneurs’ start-up efforts: Outcomes and individual influences on sustainability. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 18(1): 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, K. 1997. A complex adaptive systems model of organization change. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology and Life Sciences, 1: 69–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E. 1993a. Interpretations on automatic: A different view of strategic issue diagnosis. Journal of Management Studies, 30(3): 339–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E. 1993b. The making of organizational opportunities: An interpretive pathway to organizational change. Research in Organizational Behavior, 15: 195–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E., & Jackson, S. E. 1987. Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action. Academy of Management Review, 12(1): 76–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, J. E., & Jackson, S. E. 1988. Categorizing strategic issues: Links to organizational action. Academy of Management Review, 12(1): 76–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. 2000. Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.): 733–768. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaglio, C. M., & Katz, J. A. 2001. The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Journal of Small Business Economics, 16(2): 95–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 1985. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10: 696–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 1988. Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12(4): 11–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 1989. Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(1): 27–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 1990. What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship? Journal of Business Venturing 5: 15–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 1993. Organizing the voluntary association. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(2): 103–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 2001. Is there an elephant in entrepreneurship? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4): 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. 2007. Entrepreneurial narrative and a science of the imagination. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5): 613–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., Bird, B. J., & Starr, J. 1992. Acting as if: Differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(3): 13–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., & Carter, N. M. 2003. Entrepreneurial behavior and firm organizing processes. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: 195–221. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., Carter, N. M., & Hills, G. E. 2003. The language of opportunity. In C. Steyaert, & D. Hjorth (Eds.), New Movements in Entrepreneurship: 103–124. London: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., & Gatewood, E. J. 1993. And now for something completely different. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 17(2): 87–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., Mitchell, T. R., & Vesper, K. H. 1989. A taxonomy of new business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 4(3): 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M., & Reynolds, P. D. 2004. The Handbook of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: The Process of Organization Creation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., & Starr, J. 1993. The nature of entrepreneurial work. In S. Birley, & I. C. MacMillan (Eds.), Entrepreneurship Research: Global Perspectives: 35–67. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B., & Jianwen (Jon) Liao (2007). Pre-venture planning. In C. Moutray (Ed.), The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006: Report to the President: 212–264. Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garud, R., & Van de Ven, A. H. 1992. An empirical evaluation of the internal corporate venturing process. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 93–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. 1995. A longitudinal study of cognitive factors influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5): 371–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, M. R. 1997. Identity, space and politics: A critique of the poverty debates. In J. P. Jones III, H. J. Nast, & S. M. Roberts (Eds.), Thresholds in Feminist Geography: Difference, Methodology, Representation: 29–45. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. 2000. Organizational identify, image, and adaptive instability. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, M., & Freeman, J. 1984. Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 45: 149–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayek, F. 1945. The use of knowledge in society. American Economic Review, 35: 519–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, R. F., & Link, A. N. 1988. The Entrepreneur. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. C. & Levenhagen, M. 1995. Metaphors and mental models: Sensemaking and sensegiving in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Management, 21(6): 1057–1074.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hills, G., & Shrader, R. 1998. Successful entrepreneur’s insights into opportunity recognition. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research: 30–43. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honig, B., & Karlsson, T. 2004. Institutional forces and the written business plan. Journal of Management, 30(1): 29–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. E., & Dutton, J. E. 1988. Discerning threats and opportunities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33: 370–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaish, S., & Gilad, B. 1991. Characteristics of opportunity searches of entrepreneurs versus executives: Sources, interests, general alertness. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(1): 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalleberg, A. L., Marsden, P. V., Aldrich, H. E., & Cassell, J. W. 1990. Comparing organizational sampling frames. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(4): 658–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. A. 1993. The dynamics of organizational emergence: A contemporary group formation perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(2): 97–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, J. A., & Gartner, W. B. 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review, 13(3): 429–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. 2000. Participatory action research. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, P. H. 2006. Organizing activities and founding processes of new ventures. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, B. A. 1994. Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capitalism. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirzner, I. 1997. Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process. An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 60–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leifer, R. 1989. Understanding organization transformation using a dissipative structure mode. Human Relations, 42: 899–916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, J., & Gartner, W. B. 2006. The effects of pre-venture plan timing and perceived environmental uncertainty on the persistence of emerging firms. Small Business Economics, 27(1): 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, B. 1999. A dynamic model of non-linearity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 6(1): 24–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, B. 2000. Emergence as a process of self-organizing: New assumptions and insights from the study of nonlinear dynamic systems. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13: 526–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K. J., & Gartner, W. B. 2007. Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 236–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E., & Latham, G. (1980). The Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21: 135–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey, B., 1999. Complexity theory in organization science: Seizing the promise or becoming a fad? Emergence, 1(1): 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullen, J. S., Plummer, L. A., & Acs, Z. J. 2007. What is an entrepreneurial opportunity? Small Business Economics, 28: 273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., Gasse, Y., & Elgie, S. 2006. A longitudinal study of the characteristics, business creation process and outcome differences of Canadian female vs. male nascent entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2: 441–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, G. 1996. Images of Organization (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, G. B. 2002. The effects of organizational sampling frame selection. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3): 237–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R., & Winter, S. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. New York: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. E. 1982. Organizations and Organization Theory. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, L. A., Hayne, J. M., & Godesiabois, J. 2007. An essay on the origins of entrepreneurial opportunity. Small Business Economics, 28: 363–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, M. S., Van de Ven, A. H., Dooley, K., & Homes, M. E. 2000. Organizational Change and Innovation Processes: Theory and Methods for Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. 1992. Predicting new firm births: Interactions of organizational and human populations. In D. L. Sexton, & J. D. Kasarda (Eds.), The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship: 268–297. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. 2000. National panel study of U. S. business startups: Background and methodology. In J. A. Katz (Ed.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Vol. 4: 153–227. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D. 2007. New firm creation in the United States: A PSED 1 overview. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 3(1): 1–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. 2008. Business creation in the United States: Panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics II initial assessment. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 4(3): 155–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., Hay, M., Bygrave, W. D., Camp, S. M., & Autio, E. 2000. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2000 Executive Report. Kansas City, MO: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., & Miller, B. 1992. New firm gestation: Conception, birth, and implications for research. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(5): 405–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, P. D., & White, S. B. 1997. The Entrepreneurial Process. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1984). Forecasting and small business: A study of the strategic planning process. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(2): 19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, J. 1982. Entrepreneurship. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotefoss, B., & Kolvereid, L. 2005. Aspiring, nascent and fledging entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 17, 109–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruef, M., Aldrich, H. E., & Carter, N. M. 2003. The structure of founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs. American Sociological Review, 68: 195–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasvathy, S. D. 2001. Causation and effectuation: Towards a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 243–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasvathy, S. 2008. Effectuation: Elements of Entrepreneurial Expertise. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonhoven, C. B., Burton, M. D., & Reynolds, P. D. 2009. Reconceiving the gestation window: The consequences of competing definitions of firm conception and birth. In P. D. Reynolds, & R. T. Curtin (Eds.), New Firm Creation in the United States: Initial Explorations with the PSED II Data Set: 219–238. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonhoven, C. B., & Romanelli, E. 2001. The Entrepreneurship Dynamic. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, C., Taylor, L., & Dalton, D. (1984). Strategic planning and organizational performance: A critical appraisal. Journal of Management, 10(2): 149–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. W. 1997. Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. G., & Lane, V. R. 2000. A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 43–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4): 448–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Delmar, F. 2004. Planning for the market: Business planning before marketing and the continuation of organizing efforts. Journal of Business Venturing, 19: 767–785.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, K. G., Carter, N. M., Gartner, W. B., & Reynolds, P. D. 2001. Who is a nascent entrepreneur? Decision rules for identifying and selecting entrepreneurs in the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics. Paper presented at the Babson College Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Jonkoping, Sweden, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. 1991. Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2): 23–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, D. A., McMullen, J. S., & Jennings, P. D. 2007. The formation of opportunity beliefs: Overcoming ignorance and reducing doubt. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1: 75–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. 2000. Analyzing talk and text. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.): 821–834. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. P. 2001. A comment on developing the field of entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity recognition and exploitation. Academy of Management Review, 26(1): 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. P., Hills, G. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. 1999. New venture ideas and entrepreneurial opportunities: Understanding the process of opportunity recognition. Proceedings, United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship National Meeting, San Diego, 657–671.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stake, R. E. 2000. Case studies. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.): 435–454. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. H. 1983. A perspective on entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School, Working Paper 9-384-131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. H., & Gumpert, D. E. 1985. The heart of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, 85(2): 85–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. H., & Jarillo, J. C. 1990. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(Summer): 17–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, D. J. 1994. Understanding the Small Business Sector. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedlock B. 2000. Ethnography and ethnographic representation. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.) Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.): 455–486. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. B., Clark, S. M., & Gioia, D. A. 1993. Strategic sensemaking and organizational performance: Linkages among scanning, interpretation, action, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2): 239–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, A. H., Angle, H. L., & Poole, M. S. 1989. Research on the Management of Innovation. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, A. H., & Polley, D. 1992. Learning while innovating. Organization Science, 3(1): 92–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, A. H., Venkataraman, S., Pooley, D., & Garud, R. 1989. Processes of new business creation in different organizational settings. In A. H. Ven de Ven, H. Angel, & M. S. Poole (Eds.), Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies: 221–298. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelderen, M. W., Thurik, A. R., & Bosma, N. 2006. Success and risk factors in the pre-startup phase. Small Business Economics, 26(4): 319–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkataraman, S., & Van de Ven, A. H. 1989. Qnetics new business creation case. In A. H. Ven de Ven, H. Angel, & M. S. Poole (Eds.), Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies: 228–243. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesper, K. H. 1990. New Venture Strategies (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, B. 1985. On the Importance of Being Nonlinear. Berlin: Spinger-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • William, B., & Liao, J. (Jon) 2007. Pre-venture planning. In C. Moutray (Ed.), The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006: Report to the President: 212–264. Washington, DC: U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S., & Dess, G. G. 2001. Entrepreneurship as a field of research: Encouraging dialogue and debate. Academy of Management Review, 26(1): 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spiro Institute for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Clemson University, 345 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634-1345, USA

    William B. Gartner

  2. Catalyst, Inc., New York, NY, USA

    Nancy M. Carter

  3. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    Paul D. Reynolds

Authors
  1. William B. Gartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nancy M. Carter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul D. Reynolds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to William B. Gartner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Policy, George Mason University, University Drive, Fairfax, 22030, USA

    Zoltan J. Acs

  2. Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA

    David B. Audretsch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gartner, W.B., Carter, N.M., Reynolds, P.D. (2010). Entrepreneurial Behavior: Firm Organizing Processes. In: Acs, Z., Audretsch, D. (eds) Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation